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Mangrove Forests 101 Manisha, Haley, Cailin, Tamara Precipitation and Temperature Ranges • Hurricanes, Tsunamis, Heavy Rain, and occasional drought • 1000 to 1500 mm of precipitation per year • Annual Average Temperature: 22 Degrees Celsius (72 Degrees Fahrenheit) Ranges from 5 Degrees Celsius to 35 Degrees Celsius (41 Degrees Fahrenheit to 95 Degrees Fahrenheit) Invasive Species •hard to invade due to high salinity, flooding, anaerobic soil conditions •few invasive species •Possible mix at ecotones. Important Abiotic Factors • Salinity: Average Level -- 34.5% • Water Levels: 1.5 to 8 feet deep • Humidity: Relative Average of 79%-80% Plant Adaptations • Roots adapted for stability • Salinity adaptation by salt exclusion or salt excretion. • Aerial roots used to collect atmospheric gases due to anaerobic soils. • viviparity and propagule dispersal for reproductive adaptation Global Locations • Between 25 Degrees North Latitude and 25 Degrees South Latitude • 75% of Costal Vegetation in tropical and subtropical areas around the world • Most are in the Pacific Ocean Common Animals anole Tree crabs Black iguana Island leaf toed gecco Mudflat fiddler crab grackle White crown pigeon Tree frog Yellow warble Wood storks Animals Continued… manatee Salt water crocodile Mangrove monitor Flying fox Sea snakes Mud skippers walabee Insects • Make up largest number of species • Feed on detrius, decaying vegetation on forest floor and the sea shore • Ants make up majority of population Garden spider Stringing caterpillars Leaf mines Common Plants White orchids Mangroves Dancing bulbs Reeds Saltbush Hibiscus Ferns Threats • 35% mangrove forests are gone • Clearing: make room for agricultural land, human settlement, and industrial areas • Overharvesting: wood used for firewood and charcol prduction • River chagnes: dams and irrigation prevent water reaching the forests • Overfishing • Pollution • Climate changes Adaptations • Roots – Withstands currents and storm – Take in oxygen • Leaves – Toxic • Seeds – Germinate before leaving plant • Filter out salt from roots Ecological Services -sustaining biodiversity -removal of carbon -maintaining the makeup of gases in the atmosphere -regulating supply of water -controlling floods -preserving soil conditions -recycling nutrients -filtering pollutants -removing waste Food Web -plants and mangrove trees- main producers -Fishes and crabs- primary consumers -birds- secondary consumers. Symbiotic Relationships • Special interaction between organisms • Can be helpful or harmful • Crabs feed on mangrove leaves and other nutrients and then recycle them back into the mangrove forest Keystone species • Crabs – crucial in the process of leaf litter – soil becomes aerated when they burrow • Periwinkles – Found on roots, stems, and the shells of animals • Snails – Important in the turn over of organic material Unique Creatures Mangrove Tree Crab Spectacled Caiman Flying Fox Swamp Wallaby Jabiru Endemic Species • A species that has a habitat that is limited to a particular area • Mangrove Monitor • Reddish Egret • Pygmy Three-Toed Sloth • These species are often endangered species Thank you.
