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Unit III: Ch. 8/9 Study Guide Linkage Institution Two Party System o History/Eras o Why? o Pros/Cons Open, Closed Primaries Caucus Congressional v. Presidential Elections Incumbent Incumbency Advantage Party Delegates Political Participation o Conventional o Unconventional o Most Common form? Third/Minor Parties o Role o Obstacles o Pros/Cons/Impact U.S. voter turnout U.S. Elections v. Europe Political Parties o Function/Roles Role of Parties in Congress Party Leadership in Congress Critical Elections Party Realignment Party Dealignment Political Polarization o Causes/Impact Divided Government o Causes/Effects Split ticket voting National Convention o Function o Past v. Today National Committee/Chairman State v. National Parties (differences) Third Parties o Obstacles/Contributions/Impact Media/Party ID o Party Decline/move to the middle Matching Funds Superdelegates Elections o Functions Party Machines Liberalism Conservatism Winner Take All System o Pros/Cons Single Member District Platform Super Tuesday Coattails Plurality System McCain Feingold (Bi-Partisan Campaign Reform Act) FECA of 1974 Public Funding Hard money Soft Money Buckley v. Valeo Citizens United v. FEC McCutcheon v. FEC Congressional v. Presidential Elections Primary v. General Election Iowa Caucus New Hampshire Primary Frontloading PAC Referendum Initiative John Locke Federalist Papers Great Compromise Virginia Plan/New Jersey Plan Strict Scrutiny; Med. Scrutiny; Rational Basis Federalism Voting Trends/Voting Behavior Political Socialization Redistricting Amendments I-X Amendments XX-XXVII Incorporation 14th Amendment Implied Powers Amendment Process U.S. v. Nixon Gideon v. Wainwright Gitlow v. New York Miranda v. Arizona New York Times v. U.S. Barron v. Baltimore Roe v. Wade Griswald v. Connecticut Plessy v. Ferguson Citizens United v. FEC Unit III FRQs 1. Nominees for the presidency of the two major parties are chosen by delegates at national conventions. How these delegates are chosen varies across states and between the political parties. A. Define each of the following methods used by states to choose delegates to party conventions. a. Open Primary b. Caucus B. Recently, there has a been a push towards “Frontloading” in the nomination process. Discuss what is meant by frontloading, and explain why this trend is occurring. C. The Democratic Party has used superdelegates in the presidential nominating process since 1984. Explain why the use of superdelegates increases the influence of party leaders in the Democratic nomination process D. Explain why a candidate’s strategy to win the nomination is often different from the strategy developed to win the general election. 2. Minor parties (third parties) have been a common feature of U.S. politics. A. Describe the point of view expressed about minor parties in the political cartoon above. B. Identify and explain how two rules/customs of the United States electoral system act as obstacles to minor-party candidates winning elections. C. Minor parties make important contributions to the United States political system in spite of the institutional obstacles to their candidates’ success. Describe two of these contributions. 3. Political parties play important roles in United States elections and government institutions. Over the past several decades, the influence of political parties in elections has declined while their strength in Congress has increased. A. Describe two important functions of political parties in United States elections. B. Describe one important role political parties play within Congress to promote the party’s public policy agenda. C. Explain how each of the following factors has weakened the influence of political parties over the political process. Direct primaries Candidate-centered campaigns D. Explain how party polarization has strengthened party influence in Congress. 4. The framers created the electoral college to elect the president of the United States. This system influences the campaign strategies of presidential candidates. A. Describe one reason that the framers chose to use the electoral college as the method to elect the president. B. Describe the message the cartoon above conveys about presidential elections. C. Explain why California, Texas, and New York do not appear prominently in the cartoon above. D. Describe two campaign tactics presidential candidates use to win the key states identified in the cartoon above. 5. Use the chart above to help answer the following FRQ. A. Define party polarization. B. Identify a trend shown in the graph above. C. Describe two causes of party polarization in Congress. D. Describe one effect of party polarization on congressional policy making. 6. The media and candidates have used public opinion polls extensively in recent elections. A. Describe an aspect of scientific public opinion polls that makes them credible. B. Identify and explain TWO criticisms of how the media uses public opinion polls. C. Identify and explain TWO criticisms of how candidates use public opinion polls. 7. The framers of the Constitution devised a federal system of government that affected the relationship between the national and state governments. A) Compare state sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation and under the Constitution. B) Explain how each of the following has been used to expand the power of the federal government over the states. Commerce clause Mandates C) Explain how each of the following has played a role in the devolution of power from the national government to the states. Block Grants Supreme Court Decisions…..