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Review Ottoman Safavid and Mughal Warfare Arts World History/Napp Ottoman - Train Janissaries Safavid - Battle Ottomans Mughal - Conquer India - Conquer Constantinople - Ally with European states - Battle Persians and British - Magnificent mosques, pottery, rugs, and jewelry - Blend Persian and Turkish influences - Combine Persian and Indian motifs - Excel at carpet making and painting - Excel at architecture and painting Government - The sultan governs through local rulers called pashas - The shah trains administrators - The emperor controls semiindependent states Trade - Merchants are the privileged class - Geography limits trade - Trade with Europeans Religion - Sunni Muslim - Religious tolerance - Shi’ite Muslim - Religious orthodoxy - Muslim, Hindu - Religious tolerance Women - Social restrictions - Can own land, inherit property, seek divorce, and hold senior government posts - Social restrictions - Are kept secluded and made to wear veils - Some social restrictions - Serve as warriors, landowners, political advisers, and businesspeople - What did the Ottomans conquer; what did the Mughals conquer? - How did the Ottomans and Safavids differ religiously? - How were women treated differently in the Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire? - How were the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals similar? - What is the primary difference between Sunni Muslims and Shi’ite Muslims? - In what artistic area did the Safavids excel? Use of cannons, foot soldiers, and muskets Capture of Constantinople in 1453 Formation of the janissaries as an effective fighting force Which empire is associated with these characteristics? 1. Austro-Hungarian 2. Ottoman 3. Spanish 4. Mughal Which statement best describes an effect of the westward expansion of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent? 1. Wealthy citizens adopted Russian dress. 2. Islam became a major religion in the Balkans. 3. Trade was disrupted throughout the Indian Ocean. 4. Janissaries were stripped of their military power By the late 1500s, the Ottoman Empire governed an area that extended from 1. southwestern Asia to eastern Europe and into northern Africa 2. the Arabian Peninsula across northern Africa and into southern Spain 3. Mongolia across the central Asian kingdoms 4. the Indian subcontinent to the Straits of Malacca The 1453 conquest of Constantinople is an important turning point in global history because it 1. ushered in Pax Romana 2. began the Middle Ages 3. contributed to the rise of the Ottoman Empire 4. signified the end of the Napoleonic Wars Which characteristic is associated with the rule of both Akbar the Great and Suleiman The Ottoman Turks viewed Constantinople the Magnificent? as being strategically important because it 1. promoting equal rights for women 1. was the birthplace of the Prophet 2. expanding the role of legislative bodies Muhammad 3. forcing the conversion of citizens 2. would allow them to control the 4. practicing religious tolerance Vatican 3. was a crossroads between Europe Which geographic region made up much of and Asia the Ottoman Empire? 4. would provide them with access to 1. Scandinavia the Persian Gulf 2. Iberian Peninsula 3. Indian Subcontinent Akbar the Great tried to unify the Mughal 4. eastern Mediterranean Basin Empire and create peace between the different people of India by For which achievement is Suleiman the 1. promoting a policy of religious Magnificent best known? toleration 1. building the Dome of the Rock in 2. forcing all people to adopt modern Jerusalem dress 2. spreading Christianity into the Balkan 3. building the Taj Mahal to inspire Peninsula healing 3. conquering Russian capital of Moscow 4. establishing Buddhism as the state 4. uniting the Ottoman Empire under an religion efficient government structure Which event marked the rise in power of the Ottoman Empire in 1453? 1.birth of Muhammad 2.conquest of Constantinople 3.siege of Vienna 4.death of Saladin The rule of Akbar the Great is important because he 1. admired legalism and emphasized oppression 2. recognized natural laws and supported democracy 3. accepted diversity and practiced religious toleration 4. supported equality and outlawed the caste system The location of the Ottoman Empire had an impact on the 1. trade between Europe and Asia 2. conquest of Spain by the Muslims 3. spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia 4. decline in the Atlantic slave trade Which factor most contributed to the cultural diversity of the Ottoman Empire? 1. legal system based on the Qur’an (Koran) 2. central location spanning Europe, Africa, and Asia 3. alliances with the Russians and Hapsburgs 4. reliance on colonies in the Americas Captured the city of Constantinople in 1453 Benefited from rich trade along the Mediterranean Sea Ruled by Suleiman the Lawgiver Which empire best fits these descriptions? 1. Roman 2. Ottoman 3. Mongol 4. Songhai The Ottomans were a strong trading empire through the mid-1600s because they 1. controlled access to the eastern Mediterranean Sea 2. had the most powerful navy in the world 3. dominated West African caravan routes 4. conquered most of Asia One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about periods of 1. political stability and religious tolerance 2. religious conquest and persecution 3. isolationism and cultural stagnation 4. modernization and political disunity Dominated the eastern Mediterranean Sea (1500s) Conquered Egypt and Syria (1517) Laid siege to Vienna (1529) Which empire is most closely associated with these events? 1. Ottoman Empire 2. Spanish Empire 3. Persian Empire 4. Russian Empire The ability of the Ottoman Empire to expand its borders depended on 1. military assistance from western Europe 2. extensive trade with the Americas 3. alliances formed during World War I 4. strategic location between Europe and Asia Base your answer to the question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which statement can best be supported by the information shown on this map? 1. The Ottoman Empire included parts of northern Africa. 2. The Safavid Empire controlled the entire Indian subcontinent. 3. The Mughal Empire occupied territory adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. 4. The Ottoman Empire conquered less territory than either the Safavid or the Mughal Empire. Location — included lands surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea People — Turks, Arabs, Greeks, Muslims, Christians, and Jews Nickname during the 19th and early 20th centuries — “Sick Man of Europe” Which empire is described by these characteristics? 1. Gupta 2. Mongol 3. Roman 4. Ottoman “The Ottoman sultans were enthusiastic patrons of the arts. The period from Mehmet II to the early eighteenth century witnessed a flourishing production of pottery; rugs, silk, and other textiles; jewelry; and arms and armor. All of these adorned the palaces of the rulers. Artists came from all over the world to compete for the generous rewards of the sultans. By far the greatest contribution of the Ottoman Empire to world art was in architecture, especially the magnificent mosques of the last half of the sixteenth century. The Ottoman Turks modeled their mosques on the open floor plan of Constantinople’s Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia, creating a prayer hall with an open central area under one large dome. In the mid-sixteenth century, the greatest of all Ottoman architects, Sinan, began building the first of his 81 mosques. One of Sinan’s masterpieces was the Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul. Each of his mosques was topped by an imposing dome, and often the entire building was framed with four towers, or minarets. The sixteenth century also witnessed the flourishing of textiles and rugs. The Byzantine emperor Justinian had introduced silk cultivation to the West in the sixth century. Under the Ottomans the silk industry resurfaced. Factories produced silks for wall hangings, sofa covers, and especially court costumes. Rugs were a peasant industry. The rugs, made of wool and cotton in villages from different regions, each boasted their own distinctive designs and color schemes.” ~ World History 1- Why did artists come from all over the world to the Ottoman Empire? 2- What did the Ottoman Turks model their mosques on? 3- Who was Sinan? 4- What was each of Sinan’s mosques topped with and framed with? 5- Who was Justinian and what did he introduce to the West? 6- What did Ottoman factories produce? 7- What was a distinctive element of rug production in the Ottoman Empire? “Called ‘the Magnificent’ by Europeans who both feared and admired him, Süleyman I was a brilliant sixteenth-century military strategist who raised the Ottoman Empire to the height of its glory – more than doubling the landholdings he inherited from his father. During his 46-year reign (1520–1566), he personally led his armies on 13 campaigns, encouraged the growth of architecture and the fine arts, and played a key role in European politics of the day. Yet in spite of his power and his many achievements, Süleyman also endured great tragedy – driven to execute not only his dearest friend but also two of his own sons.” ~ World History - What were Suleiman’s greatest successes and greatest tragedies? 1- What seas did the Ottomans have access to? 2- On what continents did the Ottomans conquer lands? 3- Why was the Ottoman Empire a great location for trade? 4- What part of Europe did the Ottomans conquer? 5- What important rivers did the Ottomans control? 6- What present-day country is located mostly in Anatolia? 7- Why is the Persian Gulf important – think geography? 8- What geographic feature limited Ottoman expansion in Africa? 9- Was the Ottoman Empire located near the Mughal (Mogul) Empire? 10- Was the Ottoman Empire located near the Safavid Empire?