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A.P. US Mods 6/7 Artem Kholodenko 0109 Notes for pgs. 249 – 256 The Louisiana Purchase - Treaty of San Ildefonso - - Napoleon’s Plan - Jefferson’s Support and Fears - - The Louisiana Purchase - - Jefferson’s Doubts of Constitutionality - - The Lewis and Clark Expedition - Keeping out of European affairs wouldn’t be possible as long as there was European land in N. America In 1800 Spain who was weak had east and west Florida and Louisiana Territories, which was as big as the US land In this treaty on Oct. 1, 1800, Spain gave the Louisiana Ter. To France, which was emerging under Napoleon as the best military power, which was significant to Jefferson and Madison Jefferson wanted an empire that went all around the N. America, and may be even S. America, and if the French and British would reach a treaty, the US would be stuck between Brits in Canada and French in Louisiana Napoleon actually wanted a Middle East empire, and now his plan lay for the Caribbean, especially the island of Santo Domingo; Napoleon wanted to use Louisiana as a bread basket for the islands, and send his men to reestablish slavery on the islands, but yellow fever and resistance of former slaves destroyed the army Jefferson approved of the reconquest of the island by Napoleon cause he was a slaveholder too and continued to fear French presence in Louisiana His fears rose when in 1802, N. Orleans issued an order prohibiting deposit of US produce in the port for foreign customers, while the US farmers west of the Appalachians depended on that trade French failure to get the island, and US to use N. Orleans forced 2 decisions causing the US purchase of Louisiana Monroe and Livingston were sent to negotiate with France to buy N. Orleans and possibly Florida, while Napoleon realized that it wasn’t worth the $ to go for the islands and would rather put finance into the European fight, for which he needed money So he decided to sell Louisiana for $15 mil., with ¼ of that paying for the French debts toward the US, and US got uncharted land to the west whose size no one really knew, yet the US doubled its land with a 13 ½ cent an acre price Jefferson had doubts about this being constitutional, and wanted to draft an amendment to legalize this, wanting to control development of the land to save the Indians; yet he worried that it would take too long to ratify and Napoleon would change his mind and the amendment was dropped for a substitution with the treaty to the Senate which was quickly ratified Jefferson was strict to the rules yet wanted an “empire of liberty” and with more land, the backbone of the republic: farmers, would be able to prosper Most feds. opposed the buy on grounds of the importance of the eastern ports, but Jefferson didn’t agree with that No one knew anything about the Louisiana land, and Jefferson wanted to send an exploration team of Lt. Mission Starts - Toussaint Charbonneau - The Election of 1804 - - The Gathering Storm - Jefferson’s Coalition Fragments - The Death of Hamilton - Burr’s Plan for Control - - - Meriwether Lewis, who was sent to Philly to study astronomy, botany, and zoology and was instructed to study the Mississippi R. Jefferson wanted to get scientific advantages from the mission, along with information about Indians, and the environment From St. Louis in May 1804, Lewis, and 2nd in command William Clark, and about 50 others and followed the Missouri R. and in Dakota they hired a French-Canadian fur trader, Toussaint Charbonneau who was a guide and an interpreter The birth of the guide’s child reassured the people in the places they visited about their peaceful intent Sacajawea, the guide’s wife, taught Lewis and Clark how to forage wild artichokes and other plants, which was often their only food In Nov. 1805, the group reached the Pacific Ocean and returned to St. Louis with a lot of scientific information, which stimulated a want for western exploration During this time Jefferson’s fear was VP Aaron Burr The adoption of the 12th amendment in 1804, which made separate votes for pres. and VP, but Burr was not still there Between 1801 and 1804, Burr fought with feds. enough to convince reps. that he would be unsafe to renominate for VP and he was dumped for George Clinton Pinckney and King were nominated from the feds. due to lack of hope for success, and Jefferson won with a 162 to 14 electoral vote The Napoleonic was in Europe put the US into a game of chess The election of 1804 eliminated the feds. as a political power, and the reps. faced factionalism in their own party due to Burr who entered into a series of intrigues with the extreme “High” feds. in N.E. who wanted to sever the Union by forming a pro-British “Northern Confederacy” made of Nova Scotia, N.E. and NY & PA Most feds. were against this, the leader Tim Pickering wanted Burr as their leader Hamilton tried to get in Burr’s way again by publishing his “despicable opinion” of Burr, and Burr challenged him to a duel, mortally wounding Hamilton at Weehawken, NJ on July 11, 1804 Burr was indicted in 2 states for the murder, still VP and now hatched a new plan, allying with the unsavory gen. James Wilkinson, military Gov. of Louisiana, who’s been paid by Spain as a secret agent since 1780s The 2 wanted to separate the west states into an independent confederacy and the idea of the conquest of Mexico and West Florida was brought up and presented their ideas to the westerner, Brits, Mexico, W. Florida Jefferson only took action after a year, and by 1806 Burr and 50 followers were going down the Ohio and Wilkinson’s Betrayal - Burr Panics and Gets Caught - Burr Not Guilty - Jefferson and the Quids - - Effect of the Yazoo Scandal - Florida Purchase - The Suppression of American Trade US Prospers from European Wars - - Mississippi R. to join Wilkinson at Natchez; he wasn’t there to greet them though Wilkinson realized that the Brits weren’t interested and Jefferson was looking for them, he wrote to Jefferson about the conspiracy and hid in N. Orleans, proclaiming himself the most loyal follower of the president In Oct. 1806, Jefferson denounced the conspiracy and Burr panicked He tried to escape to W. Florida, but was caught, brought to Richmond and put on trial for treason Justice Marshall told that Burr had to be proven of not only treason intentions, but also acts Jefferson was furious, but Marshall was just following the constitution, thus giving Burr the “not guilty” verdict Burr fled to Europe where he tried to make Napoleon make peace with Britain and have an Anglo-French invasion of the US and Mexico He returned to the US in 1812 and had 2 illegal children in his 70s and divorced for adultery at 80, dieing in 1836 Another challenge Jefferson faced was a group of reps. known as the Quids who were led by John Randolph, a man of abounding wit, who’s mind was set in the 1770s period of beliefs and ideals: “country” of farmers against corruption rule Jefferson started with the same beliefs but realized their limit, with these ideals being of those who were out of power and not in governance Jefferson learned to compromise with his gain of power, while Randolph remained frozen in an earlier time period and denounced the change of purity of 1776 After a 1801-1805 term in the House of Representatives, he turned on Jefferson during the Yazoo land scandal during which in 1795 Georgia sold the huge Yazoo tract for a fraction of its value to 4 land companies that bribes the entire legislature In 1803 5 mil. acres were awarded to the Yazoo buyers as compromise to those whose purchase was cancelled Then they collided on the purchase of Florida from Spain Randolph was more mad the Jefferson’s act of deception in requesting $ for great expenses without informing the Congress than in the idea of getting the land Jefferson privately informed the Congress, including Randolph of the plans for the purchase of Florida, but to Randolph it seemed like another betrayal of virtue The Burr and other events posed a challenge to Jefferson’s foreign affairs In 1803 the Peace of Amiens collapsed and Brit. and France resumed war, while the neutral US prospered at Britain’s expense US ships carried sugar and coffee from the French and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean to Europe and provided Napoleon with supplies, driving the sugar and coffee prices down form the Brit. West Indies Re-exportation - The Essex Case - Orders in Council - The Berlin Decree - 2nd Order in Council - Milan Decree - - - The British concluded that the US prosperity was the cause of the British economic difficulties Re-export trade began, coming from the Rule of 1756, where laws of trade made in peace couldn’t be changed in time of war; so US ships brought foods to their US ports and re-exported them to Europe In 1805 Britain made this illegal while trying to defeat Napoleon In May 1806 Orders in Councils were established to blockade parts of Europe to trade In theory it softened the Essex, by letting US trade with some parts, including France, while they had cargoes to Brit. Napoleon responded in Nov. 1806 with the Berlin Decree which proclaimed a blockade of the British Isles and any ships attempting to enter or leave British ports could be seized by the French The British answered with another Order in Council which required all neutral ships trading in the blockaded zones of Europe to stop at British ports to secure licenses Napoleon replied with the Milan Decree which said that any vessel that listen to Brit. regulations or allowed to be searched by the royal navy was to be seized by France These events basically outlawed US trade because if a US ships did one thing for one country, it was subject as a target for another Much of the French fleet was destroyed in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 Royal navy ships hovered just off the coasts of NY and other areas