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Thursday August 25, 2016 Outcome: SWBAT to explain the origins of the three monotheistic religions; Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Agenda: 1) Reading Quiz 8.1 & 8.2 Study for Unit 1 Part 2) Bellwork 1 Test 3) Correct 4) PPT 5) “People Hunt” review activity 6) Work on study guide Bellwork Continue to fill out your religions and philosophies chart Origins of Judaism and Christianity Monotheism The three major religions that originated in Southwest Asia are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All are based on monotheism, a belief in one god. Each religion has a sacred text, or book, which is at the core of its faith. Each book is a collection of writings compiled over time. None was written by the central figure of the faith. Origins of Judaism Judaism is the oldest of the three monotheistic religions. It began as a set of beliefs and laws practiced by ancient Hebrews (people in Southwest Asia) Its book is the Hebrew Bible Torah Written by Jewish scholars with the intent of unifying the Jewish community Jews believe that one day a human leader will come as a messenger of God and bring about a golden age. They call this leader the messiah. Origins of Judaism The Bible names Abraham as the father of the Jews. According to Jewish belief, God called to Abraham and made him an offer. If he left his home and his family, God would make him the founder of a great nation and bless him. He and his family moved to Canaan (the promised land), in present-day Israel. Abraham believed that everything was created by a single God, and he began to teach this belief to others. Core Beliefs: Observance of the Law New covenant—God’s agreement with Abraham (pg. 41) 1) God declared that He would have a special relationship with Abraham and his descendants. 2) God declared that Canaan would one day belong to the Israelites. As a result, the Israelites viewed Canaan as their “promised land.” Mosaic Law 10 Commandments (pg. 43) Set of laws that Jews believe God gave to them through Moses Prayers and worship Ethics and ritual Diet and food preparation Divided and Conquered Beginning with the Babylonians, followed by the attack of the Romans, the Kingdom of Israel was eventually split into two Kingdoms (Judea and Israel) The Jews were then sent out of Canaan and Jerusalem. This conquest and collapse resulted in the Diaspora (When a group of people leave their homeland and move to many different locations separately). All of the world’s Jewish communities today that do not live in presentday Israel are part of the Jewish Diaspora. When Romans attacked Jerusalem again in 70 CE, Jews moved away from the land again, until the modern state of Israel was formed in 1947. Origins of Christianity Origins of Christianity In 30 CE, a Jew named Jesus began preaching new ideas about Judaism in Roman-controlled Judea. According to the Christian New Testament, Jesus preached only to his fellow Jews. Jesus’ teachings were firmly rooted in Jewish tradition, however he believed the old laws of Judaism should be replaced by a simpler system based on love of one’s fellow human beings. He began to grow popular, especially among the poor and women. Jewish leaders did not want Jesus and the disciples to threaten their power and asked the Romans to arrest him. Origins of Christianity Jesus was arrested, tried, and crucified by the Romans The Romans found him guilty of speaking against Jewish laws and sentenced him to death by crucifixion, or by being hung on a cross. He died in 33 CE, after preaching for only three years. Origins of Christianity Jesus had 12 close followers, or disciples. Paul of Tarsus , a man who had never met Jesus spread his message around the world. (In fact he has been among those who persecuted Jesus’ followers) Paul had a vision of Jesus after the crucifixion that told him to teach Jesus’ ideas to non-Jews. He immediately converted to the new faith. Paul traveled to build churches throughout the ancient world in Corinth, Rome, and other cities. The New Testament records Paul’s journeys through a series of letters that he wrote. Paul taught them how to live their lives in these letters which would become part of the new testament. Origins of Christianity By 100 CE, the growth of Christianity was left to a new generation of people who had never known Jesus and who did not know Jewish laws. Roman authorities fought the growth of Christianity. Roman officials suspected Christians of disloyalty to Rome because they refused to honor the emperor with sacrifices or honor the Roman gods. Christians were often arrested and killed. Most Christians practiced their religion in hiding, but their numbers continued to grow and the religion spread. Origins of Christianity By the early 4th century, Christianity reached members of the Roman emperor’s family. In 313 CE The Roman Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. He was not a Christian himself However, his mother was a Christian A new type of Christian church was formed, the Catholic Church which means universal Origins of Islam Origins of Islam The Prophet Muhammad was an Arab born in 570 CE, in Mecca, which is in present-day Saudi Arabia. He was a merchant known as “al-Amin,” the trustworthy one. According to Islamic tradition, in 610 CE, while he was praying in a cave, he had a vision of the angel Gabriel, a figure in the Hebrew Bible. The angel gave him messages from God (Allah), calling him to be the messenger of God. Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam. He urged Arabs to give up their worship of pagan gods and to instead worship God. Origins of Islam Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca for Medina in 622 CE. This flight is known as the Hijrah. He rejected traditional Arab gods which angered Mecca’s merchants, who feared that neglect of their gods would disrupt trade. Facing persecution Muhammad and some of his followers left Mecca for Medina “the city of the prophet” The Islamic calendar begins at this date. Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims and brought peace among many of the clans of Medina. As his reputation grew, thousands of Arabs adopted Islam. By the time he died in 632 CE, Islamic control of central Arabia was well underway. Origins of Islam When Muhammad died, Muslims disagreed about who should be chosen to be His successor. The split between Sunni and Shiite The Shi’a comprise 10%—15% of Islamic followers today and the Sunni comprise close to 90%. Origins of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam is the term for the religion’s five main beliefs. They are accepted by all Sunnis and Shi’as, but the Shi’as have added several other practices to form the Branches of Religion. The Five Pillars The Five Pillars are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Believe in only one God and Muhammad is his messenger. Pray in the direction of Mecca five times a day. Donate money to the poor. Fast during the month of Ramadan. Make a journey, or häjj, to Mecca at least once. Origins of Islam Islam has other rules, including what Muslims are allowed to eat and drink. Also, the Qur’an, their sacred book, explains a concept called jihad (Jihad requires believers to meet the enemies of Islam in combat). Unlike the Torah and the Bible, Muslims believe the Qur’an are the sacred words of God.