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Chapter 14 Kinesiology
I. Kinesiology
A. Kinesiology is a multidisciplinary study focusing on exercise stress, movement efficiency, and
fitness.
B. The articular system is a series of joints that allows movement of the human body.
C. Where two bones come into contact, a joint articulation is formed, which may be immovable,
slightly movable, or freely movable. Arthrology is the study of joint structure and function.
II. Classification of Joints
A. Synarthroses are joints that lack a synovial cavity and are held closely together by fibrous
connective tissue. They are immovable.
1. Sutures are the joints between skull bones, separated by a thin layer of dense, fibrous
connective tissue. They begin to fuse together shortly after birth. Once fused, the joints are
immovable.
2. Syndesmoses joints are connected by ligaments and are very slightly movable; sometimes
classified as an amphiartrosis joint.
3. A gomphosis is a joint in which a conical process fits into a socket and is held there by
ligaments, like teeth held to the jawbones.
B. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
C. Diarthroses (synovial joints) are freely movable, with bone ends covered with articular cartilage,
and separated by a space called the joint cavity.
1. Within the joint is a joint capsule. Its outer layer is made of ligaments, and its inner layer is the
synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
2. Pivot joints allow a bone to move around a central axis, creating rotational motion, as in the
joint between the radius and the ulna of the lower arm.
3. Gliding joints allow movement in a sliding motion, as between carpals of the wrist and tarsal of
the ankle.
4. Hinge joints allow only flexion and extension, as in the phalanges of the fingers.
5. Condyloid or ellipsoidal joints can move in many directions, but cannot rotate, as in the joint
between the metacarpals and the phalanges of the fingers or metatarsals and phalanges of the
toes.
6. Ball-and-socket joints include those in which one bone’s rounded end fits into a concave cavity
on another bone, providing the widest range of movement possible in joints, as in the hips and
shoulders.
7. The saddle joint occurs when two bones have both concave and convex regions. The shapes of
thee two bones complement each other. The only saddle joint in the human body is the thumb.
III. Movements of Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)
A. The stability of a joint is determined by the shape of the bones at the joints, the ligaments that join
the bones, and muscle tone, which is usually the main stabilizing factor.
B. Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between the two bones.
C. Extension is the act of increasing the angle between the two bones.
D. Hyperextension is the ability to move beyond the normal range of motion.
E. Abduction describes movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body.
F. Adduction describes movement of the limbs toward the midline of the body.
G. Rotation is the turning of a bone around its axis toward or away from the midline.
H. Circumduction is when the proximal end of a limb remains stationary and the distal point moves in
a circle.
I. Supination describes moving the forearm so that it is anterior or superior.
J. Pronation describes moving the forearm so that it is posterior or inferior.
K. Plantar flexion is a movement that extends the foot with toes pointing down.
L. Dorsiflexion involves flexing the foot so the toes move toward the lower leg.
M. Inversion turns the sole of the fool medially (inward).
N. Eversion turns the sole of the foot laterally (outward).
O. Protraction involves a bone forward in a transverse plane.
P. Retraction involves moving a bone backward in a transverse plane.
Q. Elevation moves a bone superiorly along a frontal plane.
R. Depression moves a bone inferiorly along a frontal plane.
S. Opposition involves moving the thumb to touch the fingertips.
IV. Disorders of Joints
A. Bursitis is an inflammation of the synovial bursa that can be caused by excessive stress or tension
on the bursa.
B. Arthritis is an inflammation of the whole joint.
C. Rheumatic fever is a disease involving a bacterial infection.
D. Rheumatoid arthritis is a connective tissue disorder resulting in sever inflammation of small joints.
E. Primary fibrositis is an inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint.
F. Osteoarthritis, sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease, occurs with advancing age,
especially in people in their seventies.
G. Gout is an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joint at the base of the large toe and other
joints of the feet and legs.
V. Anatomical Planes
A. The anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, eyes forward, arms at the side, palms
and toes facing forward.
B. The coronal, or frontal plane, is a vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into
anterior (front) and posterior (back) positions.
C. The sagittal, or lateral, plane is a vertical plane running from front to back, dividing the body into
left and right sides.
D. The axial, or transverse, plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower
parts.
VI. Open and Closed Kinematic Chains
A. In a closed kinematic chain exercise, the end of the chain farthest from the body is in a fixed
position.
1. Examples include squats, push-ups, and pull-ups.
2. These movements emphasize compression of joints, making the joint more stable.
3. More muscles and joints get involved, leading to better coordination around each structure.
B. In open kinematic chain exercises, the body part farthest from the body moves the most.
1. Examples include seated leg extensions and kicking a ball.
2. These movements involve more shearing force parallel to the joint, making the joint less stable.