Download Section 1 A Variety of Information Systems

Senior Science
9.4 Information Systems
Section 1
A Variety of
Information Systems
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
9.4 Section 1 ::: A Variety of Information Systems
9.4.1 Information systems are many and varied and depend on the transfer of
energy from place to place
9.4.1.a
Outline the basic pattern of the information transfer process as
– code common to both parties
– message
– transmission of coded message
– decoder
9.4.1.b
Identify a range of information systems used daily
9.4.1.c
Classify these systems as
– verbal and non-verbal
– short distance and long distance
– electronic and non-electronic
9.4.1.d
Recall phenomena and events where different forms of energy are used
9.4.1.e
Identify the transformation of energy at each stage of information transfer in one
of the following devices
– land connected telephones
– mobile phones
– television
– radios
– Compact Disc players
9.4.1.f
Discuss the advantages of using a range of information systems
9.4.1.i
Gather and process first-hand and secondary information on the basic pattern of
the information transfer process in one of the following systems:
– land connected telephones
– mobile phones
– television
– radios
– Compact Disc players
to outline features that the systems have in common and use available evidence
to discuss the applications of these systems
9.4.1.ii
Gather and process information from secondary sources to develop a timeline of
communication systems introduced to society and use the available evidence to
analyse the impact these systems have had on society and predict future
directions in communication technologies
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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9.4.1.a
Outline the basic pattern of the information transfer process as
– code common to both parties
– message
– transmission of coded message
– decoder
The Communication Process
What is Communication?
Communication is the sharing of information. Information can be shared (communicated) in
many ways. People can communicate using language. This is one of the main factors
responsible for our advanced technological society. It allows people to think abstract thoughts
and to communicate these thoughts to others.
Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another. It is important to
remember that communication is a process - involving several steps.
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The Basic Pattern Of Information Transfer
What happens when people communicate?
What steps are followed (in the communication process)?
1. IDEA: The sender develops an idea or thought.
2. CODE: The idea of the sender is put into a code (some form of message that is
understood (and can be decoded) by the sender and receiver)
3. TRANSMISSION: various communication channels transmit the message.
Eg.
Sound waves - talking
Electrical currents - telephone
EM radiation - radio, TV
4. DECODE: The receiver decodes the message (since he understands the message)
5. FEEDBACK (RESPONSE): The receiver then has the idea and is able to respond to it, using
the same steps.
INTERFERENCE (NOISE)
IDEA-->
CODE-->
TRANSMISSION
-->DECODE
CARRIER / MEDIUM
-->IDEA
FEEDBACK
Interference is any problem that does not assist communication. It is normally called noise.
Certain types of communication are more affected by 'noise' than others.
Feedback is very important in communication.
Communication involves the transfer of energy from place to place.
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9.4.1.b
Identify a range of information systems used daily
9.4.1.c
Classify these systems as
– verbal and non-verbal
– short distance and long distance
– electronic and non-electronic
Variety Of Information Systems
People communicate in many ways. The method of communication varies. The technologies
used are constantly being changed.
What to do
List as many examples of information or communication systems as you can. These may be:

forms of communication or

technologies used in communication include
The list has been started for you (AT LEAST TWENTY (20) EXAMPLES)
* Signs
* Braille
* Lasers (T)
* Bar - codes
* Semaphore (flags)
*
*
*
Classification Of Communication Systems
The various forms of communication can be divided into several groups (of two).
What to do
COPY and COMPLETE the table below.
Certain types of communication can be grouped as either verbal or non-verbal. The
telephone would be an example of a verbal communication device. Signs are examples of
non-verbal communication devices.
GROUP 1
EXAMPLES
VERBAL
1. Telephone
2.
3.
GROUP 2
EXAMPLES
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
1. Signs
2.
3.
SHORT DISTANCE OR LONG DISTANCE
1.
2.
3.
GROUP 3
EXAMPLES
OR NON-VERBAL
1.
2.
3.
ELECTRONIC OR NON-ELECTRONIC
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
5
9.4.1.i
Gather and process first-hand and secondary information on the basic pattern of
the information transfer process in one of the following systems:
– land connected telephones
– mobile phones
– television
– radios
– Compact Disc players
to outline features that the systems have in common and use available evidence
to discuss the applications of these systems
Communication Systems
Information
In any communication there is
* a step involving coding,
* a step involving transmission &
* A step involving decoding.
For example in a telephone there is
* a part for coding (mouthpiece),
* a transmission part (wire - electricity) &
* A part for decoding (earpiece).
At each step there is a change in energy so that energy travels from one place to another.
Talking
Communication means the message must travel somewhere else. The brain creates a
message, coded in a particular language. The voice box then vibrates in a pattern. This
causes the surrounding air to vibrate with the same pattern. The air vibrations are called
sound waves. These spread out and carry the message through the air. Therefore, the voice
box is the coding device and the sound wave is the transmission channel. Since the sound
wave must travel through air, the air is called the transmission medium. When the sound
wave reaches the ear the pattern in the sound wave is decoded. The ear is called the
decoding device. The brain interprets the message.
The coding device and the decoding device are energy converters. These devices cause a
transformation of energy to occur. In speech, the mechanical energy of the vocal cords is
converted into sound energy. The sound energy can then travel (be transmitted) through the
air (or other matter). The decoding device, the ear, converts the sound energy back into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy causes the vibrations in the various parts of the
ear that allow us to hear.
Notes Questions
1. What is the coding device when a person speaks?
2. What is the transmission channel when a person speaks?
3. What is needed for a sound wave to travel?
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4. What is the decoding device involved in speaking?
5. Copy and complete the table for talking
Communication
Code
System
Coding
device
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
Decoding
device
6. What happens in a coding device?
7. What energy transformation occurs in the voice box?
8. What energy transformation occurs in the ear?
9. What energy is involved in transmission when a person speaks?
10. Classify talking as a communication system – verbal or non-verbal; electronic?;
Land connected telephone







The brain develops a message.
The vibrations of the voice box are converted into the vibrations of air (sound wave).
The sound waves are converted into electrical vibrations by a coding device – the
mouthpiece or microphone in the telephone.
These electrical vibrations are transmitted along wires (or converted to light to travel in
optical fibres).
When the electrical vibrations reach their destination they are decoded to become
vibrations in the air (sound waves).
The ear (the hairs in the cochlea vibrate) decodes the sound waves.
The brain interprets the message.
In all communication devices the same pattern of vibrations is transmitted through a series of
coding and decoding devices. At each of these devices a transformation of energy occurs.
This energy transformation occurs so that the pattern can be transmitted. The invention of
the telephone involved the development of new technologies.
 The microphone
- the coding device
- converts sound energy to electrical energy
 The earpiece (or loudspeaker)
Diagram
- the decoding device
- converts electrical energy to sound energy
The vibrations produced at various stages in a telephone communication
Voice box 
Microphone

Electricity
Wires
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
Ear piece

Ear
Notes Questions
11. Name the two coding devices associated with a telephone communication.
12. Name the two transmission channels associated with a telephone communication.
13. Name one other transmission channel associated with a telephone communication.
14. Name the two coding devices associated with a telephone communication.
15. Identify the main coding device associated with a telephone communication.
16. Identify the main transmission channel associated with a telephone communication.
17. Identify the main decoding device associated with a telephone communication.
18. Copy and complete the flow chart below. Use the groups of words listed below.
Vibrations in
the Cochlear
Electrical
vibrations
Vibrations
of the vocal
cords
Vibrations in
the air –
Sound
Waves
Vibrations in
the air –
Sound
Waves
Vibrations
of the




vocal
cords
Diagram: Sequence of vibration changes that occur with a telephone communication
19. Copy and complete the table for the telephone connected by wires.
Communication
System
Code
Coding
device
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
Decoding
device
20. Copy and complete the table for the telephone connected by optical fibres.
Communication
System
Code
Coding
device
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
Decoding
device
21. What energy transformation occurs in the microphone?
22. What two energies are used to transmit information in a telephone communication?
23. What other energy is used in a telephone communication?
24. Identify six features that telephone communication and talking have in common.
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Radio
The diagram below shows how a radio works.
Transmission
The coding device for a radio is the radio transmitter. This
consists of a set of electric circuits:
 an audio circuit producing an audio signal,
 a circuit generating a high frequency carrier signal and
 a modulating circuit that adds these to currents to produce
a modulated signal that can then be transmitted into
“space” by the aerial.
Reception
The decoding device (a diode at its simplest) converts the
modulated signal into the original audio signal that can work
an amplifier.
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The diagram shows that a communication by a radio involves three coding devices involved in
transmission. There are also three decoding devices involved in reception. As in all
communication devices the same pattern of vibrations is transmitted through this series of
coding and decoding devices. At each of these devices a transformation of energy occurs.
This energy transformation occurs so that the pattern can be transmitted.
The invention of the radio involved the development of new technologies.
 The modulation circuits
 The transmitting aerial – converts electrical energy into electromagnetic energy
 The receiving aerial - converts electromagnetic energy into electrical energy
 The diode
Notes Questions
25. Name the three coding devices associated with radio communication?
26. Name the three transmission channels associated with radio communication?
27. Name the three decoding devices associated with radio communication?
28. Name the main coding device associated with radio communication?
29. Name the main transmission channel associated with radio communication?
30. Name the main decoding device associated with radio communication?
31. Copy and complete the table for the radio.
Communication
System
Code
Coding
device
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
Decoding
device
32. Outline six features that radio and telephone communication have in common.
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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Television
Reception How can electricity carry a visual image? The device used to convert
electrical pulses into an image is called a cathode ray tube. The front of a TV screen is
one end of a cathode ray tube. The inside surface of this screen is coated with a chemical
that will glow when a beam of electrons hits it. An electron gun fires a beam of electrons at
the screen. The beam moves in lines across the screen from one side to the other (ie quickly
working across, down, across and down the screen). This is similar to how people read a
book – one line at a time working down the page. The process is known as scanning. As the
beam scans the screen, the intensity of the light produced can be varied producing a picture.
The beam and therefore the pattern of light produced is controlled by an electrical signal.
This electrical signal has a particular pattern determined by the original picture.
Recording A TV camera also has a cathode ray tube. Light from a scene enters the
camera and is focused onto the light sensitive screen. An electron gun fires a beam of
electrons onto the screen using the same scanning motion as in the TV. By a variety of
methods the visual pattern is coded into a stream of electrical impulses. The electrical
intensity of the impulses varies according to the amount of light falling on the parts of the
screen. That is an electrical pattern of the scene is created.
Transmission
The electrical pattern is transmitted using wires, radio waves or optical
fibres. To make sure the camera scan and the TV scan stay in step with each other, a
number of synchronizing pulses are also sent. One pulse is sent at the end of each line. This
tells the receiver’s electron gun to move back and start a new line.
For colour TV, a minimum of seven signals is needed at the same time.
 One signal for each of the three primary colours – the blue, red and yellow patterns
 At least two signals for stereo sound.
 At least two synchronization signals
Notes Questions
33. Draw a flow chart of the sequence of events that occurs for:
a. the reception of information by a television.
b. the recording of information by a television.
EVENT



34. Copy and complete the table for the television.
Communication
Code
Coding
Transmission channel
System
device
Transmission medium
Decoding
device
35. Outline six features that radio and telephone communication have in common.
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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Research -
Mobile telephones
Mobile phones combine the technologies of telephones and advances in radio communication
to provide people with high speed, private and mobile communication.
The Task
Gather and process first-hand and secondary information on the basic pattern of the
information transfer process in mobile phones
 to outline features that mobile phones have in common with radio communication and
 use available evidence to discuss the application of mobile phones
What to do
1. Describe how the system of mobile phone telephone communication works. Use one
diagram to help with the description.
[6 marks]
Marking Criteria
Uses own words to provide several essential features of a mobile phone system
including
 Cells
 Variation in frequencies used
 Connection with traditional telephone system
Labeled diagram showing cells
Uses own words to provide some features of the system with labeled diagram used
Provide some features of the system and / or labeled diagram used
2. Answer true (T) of False (F) for each of the following statements.
Marks
5-6
3-4
1-2
[5 marks]
a. Mobile phones operate using the same frequency at all times
_____
b. Mobile phone communication is completely private
_____
c. Mobile phones have a small aerial
_____
d. The transmission channel for a mobile phone is an electromagnetic wave _____
e. Mobile phones could be regarded as a long distance communication device
f.
A coding device used in a mobile phone is an earpiece
_____
g. A pattern of vibrations is transmitted by a mobile phone
_____
h. Transformations of energy occur in mobile phone communication
_____
i.
Mobile phones could be classified as non-electronic communication
_____
j.
Information in mobiles is coded in modulated radio waves
_____
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____
3. Copy & complete the table to summarize basic pattern of communication for a mobile
phone.
[5 marks]
Communication
System
3
H3, H4
Code
Coding
device
9.4.1.a
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
Not a HSC style question
Decoding
device
Marks
Marking Criteria
One mark for each part of the table
5
Marks
0-5
4. Outline the features that mobile phones have in common with radio communication
[3 marks]
4
H3, H4
9.4.1.i
HSC style question
Marks
Marking Criteria
Outlines at least three essential common features of mobile & radio communication
Identifies common features
5. Discuss the applications of mobile phones
3
Marks
3
1-2
[6 marks]
Use a table like the one below to help structure the answer.
Issue 1
Points for
Issue 2
Points for
5
H3, H4
Points against
Points against
9.4.1.i
HSC style question
Marking Criteria
Identifies at least two issues
Provides significant and detailed points for and/or against for each issue
Identifies at least two issues
Provides some detailed points for and/or against one issue
Identifies at one issue
Provides points for and/or against one issue
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Marks
6
Marks
5-6
3-4
1-2
Compact Discs
In a compact disc a physical pattern is recorded. A series of flats and bumps exists on what
appears to be the flat disc surface. As the disc spins, laser light is reflected from the disc
surface. The reflections are picked up by a photodiode that creates an electric current. As
such the photodiode is the decoding device for a CD. Different amounts of light are reflected
from the flat areas and the bumps. The electrical pattern produced depends on the amount of
laser light reflected to the photodiode. This electrical pattern is digital, and is an exact replica
of the original signal used to create the CD recording.
To ‘burn’ (or code) a CD the reverse process occurs. A changing electric current controls a
laser beam that burns a pattern of flats and bumps on the disc.
Since only laser light touches the disc surface there is little or no wear of the CD surface. It is
interesting to note that a compact disc spins at several rpm; more than a million pieces of
information can be recorded every second; there are about 600 tracks per millimetre on a
disc.
Notes Questions
36. How is data stored on a Compact disc?
37. What energy change occurs in a photodiode?
38. Research
What is meant by digital?
39. Discuss the idea of a transmission channel for a CD.
40. Copy & complete the table to summarize basic pattern of communication for a CD.
Communication
System
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
Code
Coding
device
Transmission channel
Transmission medium
14
Decoding
device
Diagram
A diagrammatic summary of the coding devices, decoding devices, transmission
channels, transmission media and energy changes in communication systems.
Energy Mechanical
Changes to Sound
Coding
device
Sound to
Electrical
Transmission
Channel
Coding
device
Electrical to
Electromagnetic
Transmission
Channel
Coding
device
Transmission
Channel
CD Burner
To Storage
Radio

Wave
TV
Transmitter
Voice
Box
Sound

Waves
Microphone
Electrical

Current
Radio
Transmitter
Radio

Wave
Ear
Sound

Waves
Loudspeaker
Electrical

Current
Radio
Receiver
Radio

Wave
Talking ----------------------------------------- Telephone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Radio ----------------------------------------------------------------
Decoding
device
Energy
Sound to
Changes Mechanical
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
Transmission
Channel
Decoding
device
Electrical
to Sound
15
Transmission
Channel
TV
Receiver
Radio

Wave
CD Player
From
Storage
Decoding
device
Transmission
Channel
Electromagnetic
to Electrical
9.4.1.d
Recall phenomena and events where different forms of energy are used
Using Energy
Every day people use several types of energy. The use of energy generally involves the
conversion of one type of energy into another.

When you switch on a light you used electrical energy to produce light energy.

When walking around the house you convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.

When using a toaster electrical energy is converted into a type of radiant energy –infra
red (felt as heat)

When you talk mechanical energy is converted into sound energy.
Notes questions
41. What type of energy is stored in petrol?
42. What type of energy is associated with a moving car?
43. What energy conversion occurs in a car?
Communication Systems and energy
Information systems depend on the transfer of energy from place to place. The coding device
and the decoding device used in communication systems are energy converters. These
devices cause a transformation of energy to occur.
Notes Questions
44. What type of energy is needed to work a loudspeaker?
45. What type of energy is heard when listening to a loudspeaker?
46. What energy transformation occurs in a loudspeaker
47. What type of energy is transmitted by a radio?
48. What type of energy is produced in a receiving aerial?
49. Identify the energy transformation that occurs in three coding or decoding devices.
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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9.4.1.e
Identify the transformation of energy at each stage of information transfer in one
of the following devices
– Land connected telephones
– Mobile phones
– Television
– Radios
– Compact Disc players
Energy changes in a mobile phone.
The flow chart shows the events in the transfer of information for a mobile phone.
Identify the transformation of energy that occurs at various points in the flow chart.
Possible energies include: mechanical, sound, electrical, radiant.
ENERGY
TRANSFORMATION???
EVENT
Brain develops an idea

Electrical impulses travel from brain to voice box via nerves.

Electrical impulses converted into sound wave by the voice box

Sound travels through the air and reaches microphone in the mobile

Microphone converts sound wave into an electrical signal

Electrical signal from microphone is added to a high frequency
alternating current to produce a modulated high frequency signal

This HF signal can be transmitted by aerial in the form of a microwave

Microwave travels through air or space to microwave dish that collects,
cleans, amplifies and then retransmits the wave to another mobile.

Aerial of second mobile detects and then converts the microwave into a
high frequency electrical current.

Circuit in the phone separates the original electrical signal from the HF
alternating current

Ear piece converts electrical signal into sound wave

Sound wave travels to persons ear

Ear converts the sound Into electrical impulses

Electrical impulses travel to brain via nerves where the message is
interpreted
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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9.4.1.ii
Gather and process information from secondary sources to develop a timeline of
communication systems introduced to society and use the available evidence to
analyse the impact these systems have had on society and predict future
directions in communication technologies
Communication technologies and benefits to society - Comprehension
Animals communicate using facial expressions, sounds, body positions and body features.
Early people probably communicated in a similar way to animals - by facial expressions and
sounds. Over a long period of time, people developed (invented) language (words). The
benefit to society was that language allowed ideas to be expressed more easily.
Quality
Writing was an important technological development in communication. Society benefited from
writing because it improved the quality of communication. It allowed complicated messages
to be sent over long distances. The memory of the messenger was no longer important.
Such written information was important for business people and military leaders. Writing also
allowed information to be stored for later use.
Writing required materials. People throughout history developed materials on which to write.
Such materials included papyrus, parchment, velum and Paper. Cai Lun invented paper in
China in AD 105.
Quantity
A major advance in written communication occurred with the development of printing. Printing
benefited society because it allowed more books to be made. This resulted in a much wider
spread of knowledge (to many people). Before the invention of printing, books were hand
copied - therefore very few books were produced.
The invention of movable type was an important technological development in printing. It
allowed the same carved letters to be used, separated and used over and over again. Movable
type made printing much faster. This allowed many, many more books to be produced.
Other technological advances further improved written communication. These also improved
the quantity of information communicated.
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*
*
*
In 1811 a steam engine was used to drive a printing press. This made printing much
faster.
In 1868 the first practical typewriter was patented.
Photography was invented in 1826.
Speed
Writing and printing improved the quality and quantity of communication. They had no effect on
the speed of communication. Over long distances communication was quite slow. For example,
the first European settlers to reach Australia could wait for as long as three years to receive
replies to letters sent `home' to England, by boat.
Science discovered and developed electricity. This allowed great advances in communication.
An important technological advance, using electricity, occurred in 1840. Samuel Morse
developed the telegraph. The telegraph increased the speed of communication over large
distances. It used a system of dots and dashes (Morse Code) to code messages. Submarine
telegraph cables were laid to link people separated by water. Using a series of manned
repeater stations the first telegram was sent 20 000 miles from London to Australia in 1872.
Telegraph communication was much quicker than sending a letter by boat.
Laying submarine cables (wires) is very expensive. An Italian scientist, Guglielmo Marconi,
developed wireless communication around 1895. Wireless communication was much cheaper
than the telegraph using wires. Wireless telegraph was much faster and it allowed ship-to-ship
communication.
Private Communication
One problem with the telegraph, either cable or wireless was that it required skilled operators.
As such it was not private since all communications passed through the hands of these
operators. The telephone, invented by Alexander G. Bell in 1876, removed this problem. The
advantages of the telephone were that it was simple to use, and allowed rapid, private and long
distant communication.
Mass Communication
To communicate a message to a large number of people can be a difficult task. Many, many
years ago town criers were employed. With the invention of rapid printing presses, leaflets and
newspapers could spread information widely. Today, however, the task of mass communication
is occurs by using radio and TV.
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What to do
1
2
Copy and complete the table below by
a) Listing all the technological or scientific advances mentioned
b) Outlining how these advances benefited society.
SCIENTIFIC OR
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE
BENEFIT TO
SOCIETY
Invention of language
* allowed ideas to be expressed more easily
Invention of writing
*
*
Copy and complete
Steam engine, Speed, Telephone, Thousands, typewriter, Quantity,
Television, Paper, Radio, Radio, Quality, Television,
a. Writing increased the _____ of communication.
b. Printing increased the _____ of communication.
c. The discovery of electricity led to an increase in the _____ of long distance
communication.
d. Private, rapid long distance communication became possible with the _____.
e. The invention of the ______ and _____ helped speed up printing and contributed to
an increase in the quantity of communication.
f. Rapid, long distance communication with ships was possible with the invention of the
_____.
g. Long distance communication has been possible for _____ of years.
h. The most modern form of mass communication is _____.
i.
Paper had to be invented before writing was developed.
j.
One advantage of _____ communication is that it does not need a physical link for
communication to occur.
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
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9.4.1.ii
Gather and process information from secondary sources to develop a timeline of
communication systems introduced to society and use the available evidence to
analyse the impact these systems have had on society and predict future
directions in communication technologies
9.4.1.f
Discuss the advantages of using a range of information systems
ASSIGNMENT
A History Of Communication
What to do
1. For a disaster situation (eg bush fire danger), discuss advantages of using a range of
communication devices.
[5 marks]
Marking Criteria
Identifies at least two issues
Provides significant and detailed points for and/or against for each issue
Identifies at least two issues
Provides some detailed points for and/or against one issue
Identifies at one issue
Provides points for and/or against one issue
2. Develop a time line of the communication systems or technologies
Marks
5
3-4
1-2
[5 marks]

The time line must contain a minimum of twelve and a maximum of fifteen
communication systems or devices.

One communication advance for each of the following time periods must be included:
 Before 1900.
 Between 1940 and 1980
 After 1985

Information from the web site www.phonetics.com.au must be used.
information from this site must also be identified.

World Book Encyclopaedia – Communication has a useful time line.
Marking Criteria
Timeline contains all the following features
 Set out as a timeline
 At least 12 systems or technologies
 Mandatory dates covered
 Specified web site used and identified
Marks
5
Some of the features incomplete
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
The
1-4
21
3. Analyse the impact two of these systems or technologies have had on society
[10 marks – 2 x 5 marks]

The following format must be used for each system or technology

Maximum of 250 words for each system or technology

Use the comprehension exercise for ideas – quantity, quality, speed, mass
communication, private communication
Communication system or technology
This section carries the least weight for
marks – 1 to 2 marks
Date discovered / developed
Brief description of the communication
device / system
Analyse the impact of the communication system on society.
 If possible, name the system replaced by new development
 List benefits to society and or list problems created (if any)
 Other
Marking Criteria – for each system
Identify date discovered
Brief description of the communication device/system
Identify several general impacts on society
Add detail by outlining specific examples of impact
Outline benefits and problems of communication technology
Identify date discovered
Brief description of the communication device/system
Identify a few general impacts on society
Outline some examples of impact
Outline benefits and/or problems of communication technology
Identify date discovered
Brief description of the communication device/system
Identify one or two general impacts on society
Identify benefits and/or problems of communication technology
© P Wilkinson 2002-04
22
This section carries the
most weight for marks –
3 to 4 marks
Marks
5
3-4
1-2