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Qin Dynasty World History/Napp “In the third century B.C., the Qin Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty. It emerged from the western state of Qin. The ruler who founded the Qin Dynasty employed Legalist ideas to subdue the warring states and unify his country. In 221 B.C., after ruling for over 20 years, the Qin ruler assumed the name Shi Huangdi, which means ‘First Emperor.’ The new emperor had begun his reign by halting the internal battles that had sapped China’s strength. Next he turned his attention to defeating invaders and crushing resistance within China to his rule. Shi Huangdi’s armies attacked the invaders north of the Huang He and south as far as what is now Vietnam. His victories doubled China’s size. Shi Huangdi was determined to unify China. Shi Huangdi acted decisively to crush political opposition at home. To destroy the power of rival warlords, he introduced a policy called ‘strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches.’ He commanded all the noble families to live in the capital city under his suspicious gaze. This policy, according to tradition, uprooted 120,000 noble families. Seizing their land, the emperor carved China into 36 administrative districts. He sent Qin officials to control them. To prevent criticism, Shi Huangdi and his prime minister, the Legalist philosopher Li Su, murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars. They also ordered ‘useless’ books burned. These books were the works of Confucian thinkers and poets who disagreed with the Legalists. Practical books about medicine and farming, however, were spared. Through measures such as these, Shi Huangdi established an autocracy – a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.” ~ World History 1- What dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty? 2- What ideas did the ruler of the Qin Dynasty employ? 3- What does “Shi Huangdi” mean and who was Shi Huangdi? 4- Why did Shi Huangdi halt internal battles and crush resistance to his rule? 5- How did Shi Huangdi double China’s size? 6- What did Shi Huangdi command all noble families to do? 7- How was Shi Huangdi’s policy regarding noble families a weakening of the branches but a strengthening of the trunk? 8- Why did Shi Huangdi and Li Su murder hundreds of Confucian scholars? 9- What books were considered useless and burned? 10- What books were spared from burning? 11- Why was Shi Huangdi’s government an autocracy? An Interesting Note: Although a tyrant, Shi Huangdi is considered the founder of unified China. The word Qin is the origin of China. - Why is China named for the Qin dynasty? Centralization - Shi Huangdi’s sweeping program of centralization included the building of a highway network of more than 4,000 miles The Great Wall - Scholars hated Shi Huangdi for his book burning - Poor people hated him because they were - Also, he set the same standards throughout forced to work on the building of a huge China for writing, law, currency, and defensive wall weights and measures – even down to the length of cart axles - Earlier, Zhou rulers had erected smaller walls to discourage attacks by northern - This last standard made sure that all nomads vehicles could fit into the ruts of China’s main roads - Shi Huangdi determined to close the gaps and extend the wall almost the length of the - Under Shi Huangdi’s rule, irrigation empire’s border projects increased farm production - Enemies would have to gallop halfway to - Trade blossomed, thanks to the new road Tibet to get around it system - The Great Wall of China arose on the - Despite these social advances, harsh taxes backs of hundreds of thousands of peasants and repressive government made the Qin regime unpopular - Many of the laborers worked on the wall and died, victims of the crushing labor or the harsh winter weather Questions: - What were the positive and negative effects of Shi Huangdi’s rule? - How did Shi Huangdi centralize and unify China? - Why did scholars hate Shi Huangdi? - Why did poor people hate Shi Huangdi? - Why do some historians call the Great Wall of China – “the longest cemetery on earth”? - Why was the Great Wall of China built? - What blossomed as a result of Shi Huangdi’s road construction? “The Qin Dynasty lasted only a short time. Though fully as cruel as his father, Shi Huangdi’s son proved less able. Peasants rebelled just three years after the second Qin emperor took office. One of their leaders, a peasant from the land of Han, marched his troops into the capital city. By 202 B.C., the harsh Qin Dynasty gave way to the Han Dynasty, one of the longest in Chinese history.” ~ World History - Why did the Qin Dynasty collapse? - What rivers flowed through the Qin Dynasty? - Where was the Great Wall of China located? - What countries were China’s neighbors? - Identify important cities in Qin China. “From the Yellow Sea in the east to the Gobi Desert in the west, the Great Wall twisted like a dragon’s tail for thousands of miles. Watch towers rose every 200 to 300 yards along the wall. In the time of Shi Huangdi, hundreds of thousands of peasants collected, hauled, and dumped millions of tons of stone, dirt, and rubble to fill the core of the Great Wall. Slabs of cut stone on the outside of the wall enclosed a heap of pebbles and rubble on the inside. Each section of the wall rose to a height of 20 to 25 feet.” ~ World History In China, the building of the Great Wall and the use of the tribute system are examples of attempts by different dynasties to limit (1) foreign influence (2) the spread of Confucianism (3) Chinese peasant rebellions (4) natural disasters (5) cooperation within China The Qin ruler who destroyed rival armies, burned books, and built a magnificent tomb filled with clay soldiers was named (1) Shi Huangdi (2) Confucius (3) Hanfeizi (4) Wudi (5) Laozi The rule of Shi Huangdi, legalism, and the tomb of terra cotta soldiers are most closely associated with the (1) Maurya Empire (2) Qin dynasty (3) Persian Empire (4) Hellenistic culture Base your answer to the question on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies. “By nature men are pretty much alike; it is learning and practice that set them apart.” ~ Confucius (K’ung-fu-tzu) This statement suggests that significant human differences in the world are mostly due to differences in (1) physical appearance (2) inherited characteristics (3) emotions (4) culture In ancient China, one effect on government of the teachings of Confucius (K’ung-fu-tzu) was the high status of (1) soldiers (2) merchants (3) farmers (4) scholars “…If from now on the King starts by rising early and going to bed late, and if the ministers take oaths among themselves to cut out the evils of parties and merriment, be diligent in cultivating frugality and virtue, do not allow private considerations from taking root in their minds, and do not use artifice as a method of operation in government affairs, then the officials and common people will all cleanse and purify their minds and be in great accord with his will….” ~ Yi Hang-no, Korean Royal Adviser Which Confucian principle is reflected in this statement? (1) The ruler must set an example for the people. (2) Respect for elders is the foundation of civilization. (3) Virtue increases with education. (4) Compassion and sympathy for others is important.