Download review sheet- benchmark 2

REVIEW SHEET- BENCHMARK 2
Unit 2: Macromolecules:
Examples are:
Subunits are:
Used for:
Carbohydrates Monosacccarides- Monosaccarides Energy
(CH2O)
glucose
storage
Polysaccaridesstarch
Lipids (CHO)
Fats, oils, waxes
Glycerol and
Energy
fatty acids
storage
Proteins(C, H,
O, N)
Enzymes
Amino acids
Nucleic
Acids(C, H, N,
O, P)
DNA RNA
nucleotides
Test
for:
Iodine
turns
blue in
starch
Brown
paper
bag
Structure
or enzymes
to catalyze
reactions
Store
genetic
information
1. What is a monomer? The subunit of a macromolecules (ie. One paper
clip in a chain of many paper clips)
2. What is a polymer? Many monomers all attached together.
Unit 3: The Cell
3. Draw an animal and plant cell. Label the following organelles in each.
**********Write the function of each organelle.**************
a. Nucleus: control center of cell, contains genetic information
b. Cytoplasm liquid matrix of the cell that holds all the organelles
c. Plasma membrane the outside lipid bilayer of the cell that is
semi-permeable- it lets some substances pass through, but not
all
d. Cell wall- found only in plant cells, helps plants cells have a
rectangular structure
e. Mitochondria- “powerhouse of cell” where ATP is produced
during cell respiration
f. Vacuoles- storage organelles
g. Chloroplast- only in plant cells; where photosynthesis happens
h. Ribosomes made out of rRNA; where proteins are made
4. What type of molecule forms the plasma membrane? phospholipid How
is it arranged in the membrane? Lipid bilayer: hydrophobic tails point
inward and hydrophilic heads point outwards What is selectively
permeable? Letting certain substances pass through membrane, but
not all Draw a picture of the plasma membrane.
5. What is the difference in shape between plant and animal cells?
Which organelles are found only in plant cells? Plant cells have
chloproplasts and cell walls and a square shape. Animal cells don’t have
those organelles and are circular.
Define the following terms::
a. Concentration gradient a difference in the amount of a
substance on two sides of a membrane
b. Diffusion when a substance moves down its concentration
gradient from high to low concentration. This requires no
energy
c. Osmosis- movement of water across a membrane
d. Active transport- requires energy to move a substance against
its concentration gradient from low to high concentration
e. Passive transport- moving a substance across a membrane
without using energy
f. Semi-permeable membrane- a membrane that lets only certain
substances pass through
g. Transport proteins- these are found in plasma membranes and
allow certain substances to pass through
6. Define the following terms. Which way does water move when cells
are placed in the following solutions?
a. Hypertonic- means there is more solute outside the cell.,
Water moves outside the cell. The cell shrivels.
b. Hypotonic- Means there is more solute inside the cell. Water
moves in the cell and it might burst.
c. Isotonic- there is equal concentration of solute outside and
inside the cell. There is equal movement of water in and out of
the cell.
7. Does the surface area to volume ratio increase or decrease as cells
get larger? How does this affect the cell? There is less surface area
for the volume of the cell as it gets larger, so the ratio decreases.
This makes it difficult for the cell to exchange materials with its
environment.
8. Define each of the following. Draw a picture for each phase (f-j).
Draw a chromosome and label the sister chromatids and centromere.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
The Cell cycle
Mitosis
Chromosomes
Chromatid
Centromere
Interphase DNA replicates
Prophase chromosomes condense (form visible X shape)
Metaphase chromosomes line up in center of cell
Anaphase sister chromatids separate
Telophase the two daughter cells separate completely
Unit 4: Cell Energy Photosynthesis and Respiration:
10. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide plus water yields glucose and oxygen (this only happens in
sunlight)
11. What is the equation for cell respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H20 + ATP
Glucose and water is broken down to carbon dioxide and water and yields
ATP
12. What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?
Autotrophs make their own food (ie. Plants do photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs need to obtain food from the environment (ie. Humans)
Unit 5: Genetics
13. Compare mitosis and meiosis in the following chart:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Occurs in body cells or
Body cells (somatic
Sex cells (gametes:
sex cells?
cells)
sperm and egg)
Stage Names:
Prophase I
Prophase 1, Metaphase
Metaphase I Anaphase
I, Anaphase I,
I Telophase I
Telophase I, Prophase
II, Metaphase II,
Anaphase II, Telophase
II
# of daughter cells
2
4
Ploidy of daughter cells
Diploid (2n)
Haploid (n)
Unit 6: Inheritance and DNA technology: Look at review sheet for most
recent test
Unit 7: Evolution: Review notes for new test and vocabulary:
1. spontaneous generation
2. biogenesis
3. operin hypothesis
4. simple organic molecules
5. endosymbiont theory
6. prokaryote
7. eukaryote
8. natural selection
9. variation’
10. adaptation
11. batesian mimicry
12. mullerian mimicty
13. vestigial structure
14. stabilizing selection
15. disruptive selection
16. directional selection
17. speciation
18. gradualism
19. punctuated equilibrium
20. divergent evolution
21. convergent evolution