Download 1105 1110 Final Exam Objectives

MODULE 1: BODY PLAN & ORGANIZATION; HOMEOSTASIS (8)
Objective 5. Give an example of each level of organization of the human body. Arrange the
levels in the correct order, from smallest to largest.
Graphic: Objective 8. Identify on a diagram or photograph the major regions of the human
body.
Objective 9. Define the directional terms used in human anatomy. Be able to identify
directions on a diagram or photograph.
Graphic: Objective 9. Define the directional terms used in human anatomy. Be able to
identify directions on a diagram or photograph.
Objective 10. Identify the three cardinal planes used to section the body.
Graphic: Objective 10. Identify the three cardinal planes used to section the body.
Objective 11. Locate the major body cavities on a diagram or photograph. Demonstrate an
understanding of the three-dimensional relationships between the body cavities.
Graphic: Objective 11. Locate the major body cavities on a diagram or photograph.
Demonstrate an understanding of the three-dimensional relationships between the body
cavities.
MODULE 2: ATOMIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION (9)
Objective 8. Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons, and
neutrons.
Graphic: Objective 8. Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons,
and neutrons.
Objective 11. Define: isotope.
Objective 18. Define: covalent bonds, including polar covalent bonds, and explain the
mechanisms underlying a covalent bond.
Objective 19. Define: ionic bonds, and explain the mechanism underlying an ionic bond.
Objective 20. Define hydrogen bonds, and explain the mechanism underlying the hydrogen
bond.
Objective 27. Define: acid and base.
Objective 30. Define: buffer.
Objective 31. Define: pH.
MODULE 3: MOLECULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION (11)
Objective 10. Give a description of the disaccharides sucrose, lactose and maltose. Include
in your description their monosaccharide composition and where they are found in the
human diet.
Objective 13. Define dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Give examples of each.
Objective 14. Define: lipid. Explain the differences between lipids and other organic
molecules, especially with respect to solubility in water (i.e., polar vs non-polar molecules).
Give examples of lipids in human biology.
Objective 15. Define: fatty acids. Define: saturation (with respect to fatty acids). Explain the
distinction between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Objective 27. Describe what is meant by protein primary structure. Be able to recognize
examples of primary structure.
Objective 28. Describe what is meant by protein secondary structure. Give examples of
secondary structure in proteins. Be able to recognize examples of secondary structure.
Objective 29. Describe what is meant by protein tertiary structure. Be able to recognize
examples of tertiary structure.
Objective 30. Describe what is meant by protein quaternary structure. Be able to recognize
examples of quaternary structure.
Objective 31. Define: denaturation. Explain how denaturation affects each level of protein
structure.
Graphic: Objective 33. Define an enzyme. Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity,
including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the
rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Objective 38. Explain the biological role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Describe how
ATP is used to produce cellular energy.
MODULE 4: CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION PART I (14)
Graphic: Objective 3. List and classify the components of the plasma membrane, as defined
by the fluid-mosaic model. Classify membrane proteins as peripheral or integral.
Objective 4. Define: permeability. Classify substances according to permeability through the
plasma membrane.
Objective 12. Discuss the physical principles underlying diffusion.
Graphic: Objective 13. Discuss the physical principles underlying osmosis.
Objective 15. Passive Transport: recognize examples of facilitated diffusion. Summarize the
critical steps in the facilitated diffusion of glucose.
Objective 17. Recognize examples of active transport. Summarize the essential features of
active transport, and compare and contrast active and passive transport.
Objective 21. Structural organelles: Name and classify organelles involved in maintaining
structural integrity of the cell. Describe cell shape specializations supported by the
cytoskeleton: microvilli, lamellipodia.
Objective 23. Synthesis organelles: Name and classify organelles involved in the synthesis of
materials needed by the cell.
Objective 24. Synthesis organelles: Explain how the Golgi complex processes materials
destined for export, for cellular processes, or for lysosomes.
Objective 27. Compare and contrast catabolism vs anabolism. Compare and contrast
endergonic vs exergonic reactions.
Objective 28. State the important features of glycolysis: number of ATP molecules
consumed, number generated, the molecule which begins glycolysis and the end-products
of glycolysis.
Objective 29. Compare and contrast glycolysis in the presence or absence of oxygen (i.e.,
aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism).
Objective 30. State the essential features of the Krebs Cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric
acid cycle): the molecule that is fed into the cycle, the molecules generated by each
“turn” of the cycle, and the number of ATP molecules generated.
Objective 31. State the essential features of the electron transport chain (oxidative
phosphorylation): how protons and electrons are moved around, how ATP is generated,
and how the structure of the mitochondrion is important for the process.
MODULE 5: CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION PART II (6)
Objective 4. Define: gene. Define: messenger RNA. Explain the process by which DNA is
transcribed to a pre-mRNA.
Graphic: Objective 6. Explain the process by which pre-mRNA is edited to a messenger
RNA.
Graphic: Objective 8. Explain how mRNA is translated into protein.
Graphic: Objective 10. Define: codon, anticodon. Summarize the steps in mRNA translation
to form protein.
Objective 15. Describe the stages of the cell cycle. Describe the events that take place in
each stage. Be able to recognize each stage in diagrams or photographs. Know the
functional significance of each stage.
Graphic: Objective 21. Define dominant and recessive genes. Explain sickle cell anemia and
albinism in terms of Mendelian genetics. Construct and analyze Punnett squares for
analysis of dominant and recessive gene inheritance.
MODULE 6: MICROBIOLOGY (7)
Graphic: Objective 2. Identify the primary shapes and arrangements of the bacteria.
Graphic: Objective 5. Explain the growth phases and reproduction of bacteria.
Objective 6. Define symbiosis and identify the three symbiotic relationships bacteria may
form with a host.
Objective 13. Describe the nature of the following bacterial organisms: Chlamydia,
Rickettsias, and Mycoplasmas. Describe their physical nature as compared to other
bacteria, and give an example of infections caused by each group.
Objective 14. Describe the general nature of viruses in terms of:
· General considerations and viral classification
· Viral structure and nucleic acid considerations
· Viral replication process within the host cell
· Mechanisms of viral pathogenicity
· Treatment and prevention
Objective 16. Broadly define the fungi to include:
· General Concepts
· Molds and yeasts. Differentiate their main characteristics
· Medical importance of pathogenic fungi
Objective 17. Describe, in the following terms the nature of parasitic organisms, to include
protozoa and helminths (worms).
· Habitat and medical classification
· Basic biology of the protozoa and helminth
· Pathogenic mechanisms
· Recognition of parasites in the host
MODULE 7: TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION (11)
Objective 1. Name the four types of tissue found in the human body.
Objective 3. Describe naming conventions for the cell shape and layering of epithelial tissue.
Graphic: Objective 3. Describe naming conventions for the cell shape and layering of
epithelial tissue.
Objective 12. Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
Objective 14. Define merocrine, apocrine and holocrine secretion, and give examples of
each.
Graphic: Objective 14. Define merocrine, apocrine and holocrine secretion, and give
examples of each.
Objective 15. Describe the basic features and cell types of connective tissue.
Objective 21. Describe the five main types of junctions between cells. Name the most
common locations or tissue types where each type of junction is found.
Graphic: Objective 21. Describe the five main types of junctions between cells. Name the
most common locations or tissue types where each type of junction is found.
Objective 22. Define, and name key features of, the different types of epithelial membrane:
mucous, serous, and cutaneous.
Graphic: Objective 22. Define, and name key features of, the different types of epithelial
membrane: mucous, serous, and cutaneous.
MODULE 8: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (11)
Objective 2. Identify and describe the tissue type making up the epidermis. Identify and
describe layers of the epidermis. Describe renewal of the epidermis.
Graphic: Objective 2. Identify and describe the tissue type making up the epidermis. Identify
and describe layers of the epidermis. Describe renewal of the epidermis.
Objective 4. Explain how each of the layers and their cell types (stem cells, keratinocytes,
melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and discs) and substances (keratin,
extracellular lipids) contribute to the function of the epidermis.
Objective 5. Identify and describe the three main skin pigments. Know which layer of the
skin contains each pigment.
Objective 6. Identify and describe the dermis and its layers. Know the tissue types that make
up each layer.
Objective 8. Identify and describe the subcutaneous tissue. Know the tissue types that make
up the subcutaneous tissue.
Objective 10. Name the sensory nerve endings of the skin. Explain the basic function of each
type.
Graphic: Objective 12. Give the location of nails, describe their anatomy, and demonstrate
knowledge of their function.
Objective 13. Describe the anatomy of hair and associated structures.
Objective 17. Describe the process of tissue and wound repair.
Objective 19. Name the important features that distinguish first-, second– and third-degree
burns. Be able to describe and use the “Rule of Nines” method for determining the extent
of burned skin.
MODULE 9: SKELETAL SYSTEM (12)
Objective 2. List the cellular components of bone tissue. List the extracellular components
of bone tissue.
Graphic: Objective 3. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone.
Objectives 9 & 10. Explain how hormones are involved in bone growth and maintenance.
Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and
blood calcium regulation.
Objective 13. Classify bones according to shape.
Graphic: Objective 14. Identify the bones of the skull on a photograph or diagram.
Graphic: Objective 15. Identify the bones of the vertebral column on a photograph or
diagram. Compare and contrast characteristic features of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and
sacral vertebrae.
Graphic: Objective 16. Identify the bones of the thorax on a photograph or diagram.
Graphic: Objective 17. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper extremity on a
photograph or diagram.
Graphic: Objective 18. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity on a
photograph or diagram.
Objective 22. Explain the functional classification of joints. Define: synarthrotic,
amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints, giving examples of each.
Objective 23. Explain the anatomical classification of joints. Define: fibrous, cartilaginous, and
synovial joints, giving examples of each.
Objective 25. Describe the key features of a synovial joint.
MODULE 10: MUSCULAR SYSTEM (11)
Objective 2. Identify and name important features of the three types of muscle tissue:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Objective 8. Define: myofibrils; transverse tubules (T tubules); sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Objective 9. Describe the organization of the myofibril.
Objective 10. Name the components of the sarcomere. Explain the function of each named
component.
Graphic: Objective 10. Name the components of the sarcomere. Explain the function of
each named component.
Objective 11. Define: neuromuscular junction. Be able to properly label the components of
the neuromuscular junction on a diagram.
Objective 12. List, in order, the events which occur in a motor neuron and at the
neuromuscular junction that result in an action potential in the muscle cell.
Objective 13. Describe the sequence of events that link the muscle cell action potential to
the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Objective 14. List the sequence of events from an increase in calcium in the muscle cell to
contraction of the muscle.
Objective 15. Explain the cross-bridge cycle.
Objective 28. Define: origin, insertion, action, prime mover (agonist), antagonist, synergist,
fixator for a muscle or groups of muscles.