Download 2013

Achiever Home-Tuitions
ICSE-X HOME SCIENCE 2013
(Two Hours)
Answers to this Paper must be written on the paper provided separately.
You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes.
This time is to be spent in reading the Question Paper.
The time given at the head of this Paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.
Attempt all questions from Section A and any four questions from Section B.
The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].
SECTION A (40 Marks)
(Attempt all questions from this Section)
Question 1.
Distinguish between :
(a) Name any two neutral colours that highlight the use of other colours.
(b) What type of lights are suitable for a bedroom ?
(c) List two advantages of a well-planned kitchen.
(d) State two ways of taking care of carpets.
(e) Write the full form of ATM and PIN.
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
Answer 1.
(a) The two neutral colours that highlight the use of other colours are White and
Grey.
(b) Bedroom lights should usually be local lights. One tube light may be placed
at the top of the dressing table mirror. The lamp for reading in bed, should be
adjustable so light falls on the book. Study table should have separate lamp.
Bathroom needs a ceiling as well as a mirror light fixtures.
(c) The two advantages of a well-planned kitchen are :
(i) It helps in efficient use of energy and time.
(ii) It provides a comfortable working with a minimum of unpleasant
disturbances.
(d) Two ways of taking care of carpets are :
(i) Carpets should be lightly cleaned initially and afterwards clean with a
brush.
(ii) Do not drag heavy pieces of furniture over carpets because this may
damage fibres.
(e) ATM - Automated Teller Machine.
PIN - Personal Identification Number.
Question 2.
(a) Mention any two advantages of consumer education.
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
[2]
Page 1
Achiever Home-Tuitions
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Define the term 'Food Adulteration'.
[2]
State the use of optical brighteners in doing laundry.
[2]
What are primary colours ? Give two examples.
[2]
Why is freezing not considered an economical method of food
preservation ?
[2]
Answer 2.
(a) Two Advantages of Consumer Education are :
(i) To develop the ability to decide and choose things intelligently.
(ii) To always demand safe, reliable and good quality products at a
reasonable
(b) Food Adulteration : It is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food
offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances
or by the removal of some valuable ingredients.
(c) Use of Optical Brighteners : White fabrics gradually lose their whiteness with
use and age. They turn yellowish in colour. Optical brightening agents are
colourless dyes which attach themselves to the fabric and make them appear
whiter or brighter by reflecting light. They are applied to the fabric though
finishing or home laundering agents. Optical Brightness absorb light from the
UV region and reflect back in the visible region. This reflected light
counteract the effect of yellowness, thus making them appear whiter and
brighter than before. There is no chemical action so it has no harmful effect
on fabrics.
(d) Primary Colours : The primary colours are red, yellow and blue. They are
called 'primaries' because they cannot be obtained by combination of other
colours, as they are the source of all other colours.
(e) Economic Aspects of Freezing : Researches have shown that freezing of food
is not an economy but a convenience. The factors to be taken under
consideration are the initial cost of the freezer, whether food is purchased or
produced at home, the cost of electricity, packaging material and repairs. Not
all fruits and vegetables can be successfully frozen. However, beans, peas,
corns, lima beans, cauliflowers, pumpkins, squash and sweet potatoes can be
stored conveniently by freezing process.
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 2
Achiever Home-Tuitions
Question 3.
(a) Name any two eating disorders observed during adolescence.
(b) List any two characteristics of a balanced diet.
(c) Mention any two characteristics of a good soap used for washing clothes.
(d) How is direct lighting different from indirect lighting ?
(e) List two qualities of a material used on a kitchen counter.
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
Answer 3.
(a) The two most common eating disorders are :
(i) Anorexia nervosa
(ii) Bulimia nervosa.
(b) Two characteristics of a balanced diet are :
(i) It helps in controlling body weight, heart rate and BP.
(ii) Increase in exercise capacity and muscle performance.
(c) Two characteristics of a good soap used for washing clothes are :
(i) Colour of the soap should be clear and pale. Dark coloured soaps
contain impurities.
(ii) It should be hard to touch. Soaps are soft to touch, contain excess water.
Hardness should not be due to the presence of silicate, starch etc.
(d)
Direct Lighting
Indirect Lighting
If the light falls directly over an The light shines not on the object
object, it is said to be lighted by being viewed, but on other
direct light.
surfaces which in turn reflect
light and makes the object visible.
(e) Two qualities of a material used on a kitchen counter are :
(i) Resistant to acid stains
(ii) Easy to clean and maintain.
Question 4.
(a) Name the male and female sex hormones.
(b) List any two standardization marks.
(c) Name the method of washing used on silk garments.
(d) Give two advantages of having windows in the kitchen.
(e) State any two factors affecting the physical development of a child.
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
[2]
Answer 4.
(a) The male hormones are known as androgens (testosterone) and the two kinds
of female hormones are oestrogens and progesterone.
(b) The two standardization marks are :
(i) Wool Mark
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 3
Achiever Home-Tuitions
(ii) ECO Mark
(c) Silk should be washed with gentle handling, using kneading and squeezing
method.
(d) Two advantages of having windows in the kitchen are :
(i) Provides natural lighting
(ii) Ventilation
(e) Two factors Affecting Physical Development of a Child are :
(i) Healthy and nutritive food, comfortable clothing and a home that offers
safety 'and protection.
(ii) The protection provided by adult members, enable the child to stand on
feet and to interact with family members.
SECTION B (60 Marks)
Attempt any four questions from this Section
Question 5.
A well planned kitchen should have the advantage of various activities being
undertaken easily and efficiently. In this context, explain the :
(a) importance of proper flooring in the kitchen.
[5]
(b) working area of the kitchen.
[5]
(c) Five major types of kitchens.
[5]
Answer 5.
(a) Importance of proper flooring in the kitchen : Floors should be made of such
material and finishes which are easy to clean and maintain. The floor surface
should be smooth and maintainable with minimum effort but it must not be
too much smooth, otherwise it becomes slippery, and dangerous. To keep the
floor from being slippery adequate friction should be provided for safety. It
can be made of colourful tiles and linoleum, which are not too hard on the
feet of the housewife. Rubber tile is beautiful, resilient and keeps its finish
well. If possible, splash boards should be installed a few inches up above the
floor to help in preventing cleaning problems. Some other varieties in floor
covering are also available specifically for the kitchen.
(b) Working area of the Kitchen :
The Work triangle is used by designers to create efficient use of the kitchen.
(i) Storage centre.
(ii) Preparation and mixing centre should follow.
(iii) Cooking stove centre etc.
(a) Storage centre : Refrigerator and pantry where food stuffs are kept.
(b) Preparation and mixing centre or a sink centre : Food is chopped
and dish washing is done.
(c) Cooking stove centre : Here food is cooked. This includes serving
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 4
Achiever Home-Tuitions
centre as well.
The three major units, refrigerator, sink and cooking stove should ideally be
in a triangular arrangement to facilitate handling by the housewife. The
work-triangle among these three centres should not be less than 15 feet and
more than 22 feet. The ideal size of the kitchen is 10' x 10' or 10' x 12'.
An ideal kitchen is not only functional, but beautiful as well.
(c) Five major types of kitchen are:
(i) Pullman or Strip Kitchen : It is found in small houses in which there is
little space for a kitchen. The strip kitchen is one wall with the
components placed in a row fashion so there is more movement from
one end to the other for food preparation.
(ii) U-Shaped Kitchen : It is the best of the kitchen plans, for it does not
become thoroughfare for the family members. Three work centres on
three adjacent walls, provide a great deal of continuous counter space
for work.
(iii) Corridor Kitchen or Two Wall Kitchen : It resembles the strip kitchen,
the only difference being that it is on both sides of the wall, facing each
other. This is more workable kitchen. Its disadvantage is that it often
acts as a passage for family members on their way from one part of the
house to another; and this traffic interferes with meal preparation.
Unnecessary movement can be restricted as in the pullman type
arrangement. Storage and preparation centre is on one side and cooking
centre is on the opposite side.
(iv) L-Shaped Kitchen : This can also be regarded as a good type. It leaves
two walls empty for windows and doors and the free corner can be
utilized for keeping built-in storage or dining area. Three work centres
right to left are placed on three adjacent walls.
(v) Broken U-Shaped Kitchen : This provides good continuous space for
working whereas in the U-shape the continuity is broken up.
Question 6.
Budgeting is the art and science of planning one's income and expenditure to live a
comfortable lifestyle that also ensures adequate savings. In this context explain
the:
(a) factors affecting a family budget.
[5]
(b) objectives of savings.
[5]
(c) necessary steps taken while writing a cheque.
[5]
Answer 6.
(a) Factors affecting family budget are :
(i) Composition of the Family : The number of members in the family
along with the earning members, affects the family budget.
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 5
Achiever Home-Tuitions
(ii) Family Life Cycle : At which stage is the family at present i.e., whether
beginning family, expanding family or contracting family.
(iii) Economic Status : The expenditure varies with the standard of living
that the family has to maintain.
(iv) Religious Ceremonies and Celebrations : The amount of entertainment
done by the family and observing and maintaining old traditional values,
bring forth a number of ceremonies to be performed in the traditional
form.
(v) Place of Stay : If the family lives in a small town, rates are
comparatively low, overall expenses on necessities are less and so the
family can spend on luxury ' items. The distance of place of work from
home also affects the family budget.
(b) Objectives of Saving are :
(i) It reduces economic insecurity especially in old age after retirement.
(ii) Help in period of physical inability : During illness.
(iii) For future use
(iv) No debt
(v) Good Habit
(vi) Maintain standard of living
(vii) Becomes a source of Income.
(viii) Useful in making big purchases like house, car, etc.
(c) Necessary steps taken while writing a cheque are :
(i) Date : A cheque is honoured by the bank, if it is presented within a
reasonable time after the date of issue. As such, it is very important that
the correct date be inserted carefully on the cheque.
(ii) Payee : Payee is the person to whom the amount written on the cheque
is made payable. His name must be legible and correctly written. If the
drawer of a cheque draws the cheque for himself, the word 'self should
be written after the words 'Pay to...'.
(iii) Amount : The amount should be written very carefully, both in words
and figures. The amount written in words and figures should be the
same. Otherwise the banker would not honour the cheque.
(iv) Drawer's Signature : A cheque must be carefully and correctly signed by
the drawer. The drawer's signature should be complete, genuine and put
preferably in ink. The signature must tally with the specimen signature
given by him to the bank, at the time of opening the account.
(v) Alterations : Any kind of alteration in the cheque can be done only by
the drawer. The alterations may be related to the date, the amount, the
name of the payee or the nature of payment. But it is very essential that
each alteration must be confirmed by the drawer's signature.
(vi) Counterfoil: The counterfoil remains with the depositor. In the
counterfoil are briefly inserted the date of the cheque, the name of the
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 6
Achiever Home-Tuitions
payee, the amount of the cheque, etc. It is a useful record for reference
at any time, as well as it is indispensable for preparing a Bank
Reconciliation Statement.
Question 7.
Good nutrition is important for all ages. In this context :
(a) Discuss the diet and feeding pattern of a pre-school child.
[5]
(b) Describe the maintenance ofprpper nutrition during adolescence.
[5]
(c) Explain the need for adequate nutrition and a balanced diet for the
elderly.
[5
Answer 7.
(a) Diet and feeding pattern of a pre-school child : The diet of children 1-6 years
should supply adequate amounts of essential nutrients (calcium, phosphorus,
proteins, Vit. A, Vit. B, Vit. C and Iron). The rate of growth and development
of infants and pre-school children depend to a large measure on the adequacy
of the diet consumed by them. Children can share family meals by the time
they are two years old. It is advisable to keep foods, which are too fatty or
too sweet out of children's menu. Such food may fill his limited space,
without providing the nutrients needed.
It is good to give appetizing beverages such as fruit juices and milk to the
children. It is good to serve part of milk in the form of curd/butter milk,
kheer, custard or ice cream. Fruits, Nutritional snacks, crisp crackers or toast
are liked by the child at this stage.
The pre-school child is almost constantly active. His interest gets easily
diverted from food. Therefore, following points must be cared for
development of food habits in the pre-school child :
(i) Meals should be served at regular intervals in a pleasant environment.
(ii) Child should be comfortably seated.
(iii) Children also enjoy colourful foods just as adults do.
(iv) Favourite foods should not be served too often at the cost of nutrients.
(v) A food is more likely to be accepted, if it is given in a form which can
be easily handled, chewed and some favourite food are also included in
the same meal.
(b) Maintenance of proper nutrition during adolescence : Fast growing, active
teens may, have tremendous energy needs Requirements for Protein, Calcium
and Iron are also increased at this stage. In boys the height gain at this period
is about 20 cm and weight gain is about 18 kg in girls it is a bit less. Food
rich in calcium protein and Iron must be included in their diet. To ensure
sufficient supply of protein, calcium and Iron, Milk, egg, whole grain cereals
and green vegetables should be included in the diet.
Adolescents require large amounts of nutrients to support the acceleration in
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 7
Achiever Home-Tuitions
growth during this period. As much as twice the calcium, iron, magnesium
protein and zinc are incorporated into developing tissues during the growth
spurt as compared to the years before and after this period. Due to increased
energy needs, the recommended intake for vitamin B increases. Vitamin D is
important in formation of longer bones. The requirement of other vitamins
like A, C, E and B also increases.
Calorie requirements for both boys and girls should be adjusted according to
their activities. If some one is loosing weight, calories, can be increased in
the diet. In case someone is showing the tendency to put on weight, the
intake of calories needs to be reduced. The B vitamins are needed in
increased amounts, especially by boys to met extra demand of energy
metabolism and muscle tissue development.
One of the most critical and important nutrients for this age is calcium. This
is needed to provide material for the growth of the skeleton and the teeth, and
for other physiological functions. Owing to uneven distribution of calcium in
foods, an adolescent must use milk products as the prime source. Other
sources of calcium rich food can also be tried. Some investigators have found
that emotional stress and strain, which are quite characteristic of the
adolescent period; may interfere with the retention of calcium.
Iron for body tissues and blood is very essential. Onset of menstrual cycle in
girls, increases their iron requirement. Extra iron should be supplied by
sufficient intake of leafy vegetables.
Requirement of iodine also increases during this period, specially in case of
girls. The use of iodized salt and iodine rich foods will provide an adequate
intake. Adolescents are physically more active than adults. They feel hungry
all the time. It is necessary to train adolescents to eat properly at regular meal
times, in a relaxed manner. Nutritional Snacks can also be, used in between
their regular meals.
(c) Need for adequate nutrition and a balanced diet for elderly : A balanced diet
for adults includes a reasonable amount of complex carbohydrates with a
high fiber content to provide the energy required for all day to day activities.
The soluble and insoluble fiber facilitate in the digestion of food and easy
elimination of body wastes. Adults' dietary needs include some amount of
protein too, to maintain muscle mass and ensure proper blood circulation.
Small amounts of low fat dairy products and lots of fresh fruits and
vegetables are included in every meal so that the body gets all the fats,
vitamins and minerals that it needs from them. Drinking adequate fluids in
the form of water, juices, or soups is essential to keep the body well hydrated
and the skin supple.
Diets for adults vary according to age, sex, level of physical activity and their
physical condition. A balanced diet for young adults in their teens, who are
still growing, should focus on providing quality proteins to build muscle
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 8
Achiever Home-Tuitions
mass and provide the building blocks for growth and development. Good
nutrition helps to prevent diet-related diseases and improves the quality of
life for everyone in the family. The normal diet for adults is supplemented
with additional sources of calcium, iron and other minerals and vitamins
when a woman is pregnant or is lactating.
Nursing mothers need to ensure that they eat small well-balanced meals
spread through the day so that their body is not forced to draw on its reserves
of minerals like calcium and iron to feed the baby with nutrient rich breast
milk. A balanced diet for adulthood starts with inculcating healthy eating
habits in infants and young children.
Question 8.
Consumer rights are an important part of our economic lives. In this context
explain :
(a) Any five consumer rights.
[5]
(b) The harmful effects of the following adulterants :
(i) Lathyrus (Kesari dal)
(ii) Toxic colouring.
[5]
(c) Any five points to be kept in mind to overcome consumer related
problems.
[5]
Answer 8.
(a) The consumer rights are as follows :
(i) Right to be informed : Means right to be informed about the quality, V
quantity, purity and price of goods so as the consumer should insist on
getting all : the information about the product or services before making
a choice or a decision to enable him to desist from falling prey to high
pressure selling techniques.
(ii) Right to Choose : Means right to be assured, wherever possible, of
access to variety of goods and services at competitive price, satisfactory
quality and service at a fair price. It also includes right to basic goods
and services. This is because q| denial for the majority of its fair share.
This right can be better exercised in a competitive market where a vast
variety of choices available to the consumer.
(iii) Right to be Heard : Means that consumer interests will receive due to
consideration at appropriate forums. It also includes right to consumer
welfare. The consumers should form non-political and non-commercial
consumer organizations and other bodies to give them unity and a
platform to voice their problems.
(iv) Right to Seek Redressal: Means right to seek redressal against unfair
trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers. Consumers
must make complaint for their genuine grievances. Many a times their
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 9
Achiever Home-Tuitions
complaint may be very large. They can also take the help of consumer
organizations in seeking redressal of their grievances.
(v) Right to Consumer Education : Means the right to acquire the
knowledge and skill to be an informed consumer throughout life.
Ignorance of the rights is responsible for their exploitation. They should
know their rights and must exercise them. Only then consumer
exploitation will be prevented.
(b) (i) Harmful effects of Lathyrus : Excessive consumption of kesari dal
produces lathyrism (a form of crippling paralysis of both lower limbs),
mainly in boys and men in the age group of 5-45 years. If a diet consists
of 40% or more of lathyrus then this disease manifests itself in 2-4
months. The disease starts with stiffness of the knee joints and legs with
pain around the knee and ankle joints with in 10, to 30 days of the onset
of the symptoms, paralysis of the lower limbs sets in. The patient
gradually becomes crippled as his knees are bent and stiff.
(ii) Harmful effects of Toxic colouring : These colourings are carcinogenic
in effect, Intake of these colours produces various abnormalities of
bones, eyes, skin; lungs, ovaries, testicles, mental retardation, anaemia
and accumulation of lead in the body and blood.
(c) Five points to be kept in mind to overcome the problems faced by the
consumer are:
(i) Always do market surveys and tap all the sources of information (e.g.
TV, magazines, newspapers, salespersons etc.) before buying a product.:
(ii) Buy from Sadar Bazar, Big Bazar, authorized company showroom,
cooperative store or other reliable shop of good reputation in your area.
This will enable you to buy good quality products at right price. Take
bills, receipts and guarantee cards for all purchases made and keep them
safely.
(iii) Read labels carefully for brand names, ingredients, net weight,
maximum retail price, expiry date and standardization mark.
(iv) Instead of loose items preferably buy properly packed and labelled
products.
(v) Do not accept irregular weights like bricks and stones. Be alert and
vigilant about the weights and measures and the procedure used by the
seller.
Question 9.
Adolescence is a time of heightened emotional tension resulting from physical and
glandular changes that constantly occur. In this context, discuss the:
(a) Role of the endocrine glands.
[5]
(b) Effects of sex hormones at puberty.
[5]
(c) Skin changes at this stage and ways to prevent it.
[5]
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 10
Achiever Home-Tuitions
Answer 9.
(a) Role of endocrine glands : The endocrine system is made up of glands that
regulate and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers created
by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to
coordinate the functions of different parts of the body. These hormones
regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes
of the body), and sexual development and function. It has a role in hormone
production as well as in digestion.
(b) Effects of Sex Hormone at Puberty :
(i) Development of hair in public region and in the arm pits.
(ii) In boys, development of facial hair, cracking and deepening of voice.
(iii) In girls, development of breasts, and thickening of hips.
(iv) In mature women, growth of uterus wall for the development of the
foetus
(c) Skin changes during adolescence : Sometimes it may seem like your skin is
impossible to manage, especially when you wake up and find a huge zit on
your nose or a cold sore at the corner of your mouth. The good news is that
there are ways to prevent and treat common skin problems. The skin may be
suffering from one of these five troubles :
1. Dryness
2. Greasiness
3. Blackheads
4. Spots-probably acne
5. Superfluous hair
Here are some tips to help prevent breakouts and clear them up as fast as
possible:
(1) Keep your face clean to prevent additional dirt and oil from clogging
your pores.
(2) Don't pop pimples. Popping pimples can push infected material further
into the skin, leading to more swelling and redness, and even scarring.
(3) One of the best ways to prevent acne or pimples is to drink plenty of
water.
(4) Avoid eating fatty foods, chocolates, cream cakes, sweets etc. and add
lots of fresh vegetables, salads and fruits to your diet.
(5) If you wear glasses or sunglasses, make sure you clean them frequently
to keep oil from clogging the pores around your eyes and nose.
(6) If you get acne on your body, try not to wear tight clothes, which don't
allow skin to breathe and may cause irritation.
(7) Remove your makeup before you go to sleep. When buying makeup,
make sure you choose brands that say "noncomedogenic" or
"nonacnegenic" on the label. Throw away old makeup that smells or
looks different from when you first bought it.
(8) Protect your skin from the sun. A tan can cause the body to produce
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 11
Achiever Home-Tuitions
extra sebum, which may worsen your acne, not improve it.
Question 10.
Write short notes on the following :
(a) Different methods of laundering clothes.
(b) Advantages of using detergents over soaps.
(c) Any five factors influencing the choice of carpets in a living room.
[5]
[5]
[5]
Answer 10.
(a) Different methods of laundering clothes are :
(1) Friction Washing Method : This method is suitable for washing strong
fabrics like cotton.
Friction can be applied as follows :
(i) Washing by hand friction : This means rubbing vigorously with the
hand. It is suitable for cleaning very soiled small articles like small
garments, handkerchief, etc. It is economical in the use of soap.
(ii) Friction by use of a plastic scrubbing brush : It is suitable for very soiled
household articles made of strong fabric, e.g., dusters.
(iii) Beating with a stick : Large articles like bed sheets are washed by this
method but this might damage the fabric.
(2) Kneading and Squeezing Method : This method is used for delicate
fabrics like silk, woollens, rayon, etc. This method does not damage the
fabric or change its shape as only gentle rubbing with hands is done.
(3) Washing by Machine Method : Washing machine is a labour saving
device, especially useful for large institutions. Nowadays, it is being
used at home also. The washing time varies with types of fabrics and
amount of soiling. Woollens take less time than cottons to get cleaned.
The instructions with the machine should be read carefully before using
it. Washing machines are available in two models - automatic and semiautomatic. The advantage of using washing machines is that you can dry
the clothes in the spinner so that manual wringing of clothes is avoided.
This is especially useful while washing heavy articles like bedcovers,
curtains, etc.
(b) Advantages of using detergents over soaps are :
(i) They are readily soluble even in cold water.
(ii) They have lower surface tension. Therefore, they have more efficiency
than soaps.
(iii) They are easy to rinse out.
(iv) They are efficient even in hard water, unlike soaps.
(v) Detergents do not combine with the salts of the water to form deposits
on the fabric.
(vi) They are cheaper than soap.
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 12
Achiever Home-Tuitions
(c) Five factors influencing the choice of carpets in a living room are :
(i) Size of Carpet : Carpets are made in strips, squares and broadloom
widths.
A narrow width of carpet is known as body-width or strips. Carpets which
are wider than body width are known as broadloom.
(ii) Colour : Colour should be in accordance with the furnishing used. A
large room can have a dark-coloured carpet. In a small room the colour
of the carpet should blend with the colour of the wall, showing
continuity and wider space.
(iii) Plain or Patterned : Plain carpets go well with patterned upholstery
material. Oriental carpets look good in formal rooms.
(iv) Care Needed : While choosing a carpet, one should look for how much
care and maintenance do they require.
(v) Stains : Carpets with a shiny surface show sal and crushed marks more
easily. Dark shades show lint. So medium shades are more practical.
+919841013527
www.indiantutors.in
Page 13