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i>Clicker Questions
[McKay West 10th ed.]
Volume II
Chapter 16
Absolutism and Constitutionalism, ca 1589–1725
1. In Western Europe, which of the following was not one of the primary groups within
rural life?
a. The independent farmer who owned enough land to support his family and who served
as an agent for the noble lord
b. Small landowners and tenant farmers who sold their best produce to earn money for
taxes, rent, and food.
c. Rural workers who worked as dependent laborers and servants
d. Serfs who were required to work for the local lord and did not own land in their own
right
2. How did the urban-rural dynamic change in Eastern Europe in the seventeenth
century?
a. Towns gained control over agricultural markets and forced rural communities to
support the services that towns provided.
b. Landlords sold agricultural products directly to foreigners, bypassing towns, which
caused the urban middle class to greatly decline.
c. Towns gained broad political privileges as they established manufacturing
establishments, linking the growing middle class to the urban environment.
d. Landlords increasingly moved to towns and established vibrant urban cultures while
leaving the rural countryside to estate managers.
3. What was Richelieu’s main foreign policy goal?
a. To destroy the Habsburg’s control of territories surrounding France
b. To destroy Protestantism in Europe
c. To destroy growing English power in its colonies and on the sea
d. To destroy reclaim French territories in northern Italy and the Pyrenees
4. What role did women play within the French patronage systems?
a. Women served as pawns who were exchanged as marriage partners, with no control
over their marriage options.
b. Women brokered alliances among families and sustained family connections, as well
as recommended individuals for honors.
c. Women offered advice to husbands but remained distinctly in the background as
etiquette demanded.
d. Women controlled the patronage networks, since marriages could not agreed on
without the consent of the bride and her mother.
5. In Austria and Prussia, what did nobles receive in exchange for growing monarchical
authority?
a. Nobles remained unchallenged masters of their peasants.
b. Nobles gained the right to establish a monopoly on manufacturing.
c. Nobles were permitted to claim church lands.
d. Nobles were granted the authority to expel all Jews from their lands.
6. How did Ivan IV seek to crush the power of the boyars?
a. He substantially diminished the power of the boyars over the peasants.
b. He forbade the boyars from service in the military.
c. He created a service nobility dependent on the state for titles and estates.
d. He required all of the boyars to live at his new royal court in St. Petersburg.
7. How did the Ottomans establish an effective bureaucracy?
a. The Ottomans established severe laws requiring immediate obedience to all
bureaucratic rulings.
b. The Ottomans required all communities to provide boys for training in bureaucratic
skills.
c. The Ottomans implemented rigorous educational standards for entrance into the
bureaucracy.
d. The Ottomans trained slaves, and the most talented slaves rose to the top of the
bureaucracy.
8. Why were religious tensions in England increasing in the early seventeenth century?
a. Puritans believed the Church of England needed to be cleansed of Roman Catholic
elements.
b. Jews were demanding greater civil rights.
c. Anglican bishops sought to reclaim church lands seized during the Reformation.
d. Catholics priests sought the right to accept positions within Anglican churches.
9. How did the coronation of William and Mary resolve the issue of sovereignty in
England?
a. Parliament was recognized as the sovereign authority, with the right to remove or
overthrow monarchs who challenged its authority.
b. Sovereignty was divided between the monarchy and parliament, and the king ruled
with the consent of the governed.
c. The monarchy was recognized as the sovereign authority, with Parliament having the
ability to shape or influence monarchical decisions.
d. The Parliament was identified as the sovereign authority, but its authority was limited
by both the courts and the monarchy.
10. The Catholic Church wanted the baroque movement to promote what sensibility?
a. An intensely emotional, exuberant sensibility that emphasized ceaseless striving
b. A highly structured and ordered sensibility that emphasized reason
c. A measured, calm sensibility that emphasized reflective contemplation
d. A mystical style promoting fear and wonder
Answer Key
1. d
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. a
9. b
10. a
Chapter 17
Toward a New Worldview, 1540–1789
1. How did Ptolemy account for the apparent backward motion of planets?
a. He asserted that the speed of the earth’s rotation increased and decreased with the
tides.
b. He asserted that the planets move in small circles as they moved along the larger
circles of their orbits.
c. He asserted that the light of planets was refracted by the earth’s atmosphere creating
the illusion of backward movement.
d. He asserted that God had created backward motion to confound the pagans and lead
them to God.
2. Why did Copernicus find Ptolemy’s system unsatisfactory?
a. Copernicus found that Ptolemy’s calculations did not account for the appearance of
meteors or other occasional bodies in the heavens.
b. Copernicus rejected Ptolemy’s reliance on arbitrary mathematical constants that made
his system more effective but had no particular rationale.
c. Copernicus believed that Ptolemy’s mathematically cumbersome and occasionally
inaccurate rules detracted from the majesty of a perfect Creator.
d. Copernicus refused to believe that God would have revealed the true nature of the
heavens to a non-Christian pagan.
3. Of his many accomplishments, what was Galileo’s greatest achievement?
a. The invention of the telescope
b. The elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method
c. The formulation of the law of inertia
d. The demonstrations that a uniform force produced a uniform acceleration
4. What was the central component of Isaac Newton’s unified system of the universe?
a. The sun’s gravitational force holds the universe in a stable system.
b. Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precisely mathematical
relationship.
c. The force of attraction in the universe emanates from a single source that drives and
orders the universe.
d. The force of attraction is balanced against an equal force of repulsion that establishes
stability.
5. How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Renaissance?
a. Renaissance writers accepted Christianity, while most Enlightenment writers rejected
Christianity.
b. Renaissance writers argued for the primacy of reason while Enlightenment authors
broadly embraced sentimentality as a central component of thought.
c. Renaissance writers were often persecuted and despised, but Enlightenment authors
rarely raised political or religious opposition.
d. Renaissance writers took inspiration from the classical past, but Enlightenment writers
believed their era had gone far beyond antiquity.
6. What did Montesquieu believe was the central condition to promote liberty and prevent
tyranny?
a. A wealthy middle class that established prosperity and valued education
b. A division of political power among a variety of classes holding unequal rights
c. A set of representative institutions that held regular elections
d. A firmly established court system that defended political rights.
7. What role did the salonnières play within salons?
a. The salonnières mediated among the individuals of different status and different
philosophical, religious, and social beliefs.
b. The salonnières provided amusements and refreshments and then withdrew as the men
at the salon began to discuss and debate issues.
c. The salonnières provided their homes but left the organizing work of the salon to male
patrons.
d. The salonnières dominated their salons with strict schedules in order to control debate
and discussion.
8. Which of the following best characterizes the “public sphere”?
a. The commercial marketplace in which authors published their books and newspapers
and journals sought subscriptions
b. An idealized space informed by critical reason where individuals discuss and debate
the issues of the day
c. A free-speech area established in most cities where individuals could speak without
fear of government persecution
d. A space inside of royal palaces where commoners were permitted to watch kings and
the nobility perform court rituals
9. How did Frederick II of Prussia provide a new justification for monarchy?
a. With his defeat of the Pugachev Rebellion, Frederick justified the monarchy in terms
of internal stability.
b. With his military victories, Frederick justified monarchy in terms of foreign conquest.
c. With his reforms, Frederick justified the monarchy in terms of practical results.
d. With his cultural activities, Frederick justified the monarchy in terms of promoting
civilization.
10. What was the principle idea of cameralism?
a. All elements of society should be placed at the service of the monarchy, which should
use its resources and authority to improve society.
b. The greatest prosperity for the greatest number can be achieved by limiting
government interference in the economy.
c. The adoption of intellectual freedom will permit humans to unleash their productive
capacities and improve society in all aspects.
d. An alliance of middle-class merchants and the state will provide the greatest avenue
toward economic growth.
Answer Key
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. a
Chapter 18
The Expansion of Europe, 1650–1800
1. Which of the following best characterizes agricultural production in the Middle Ages?
a. Farming methods were unable to support a large population and resulted in frequent
“die-offs.”
b. Farming methods produced vast material abundance that was siphoned off by the
nobility and the church.
c. Farming methods could sustain a large number of people but were unable to produce
material abundance.
d. Farming methods provided great stability so that the population grew in an
uninterrupted fashion.
2. Europeans learned to eliminate fallow periods in fields by
a. applying large amounts of fertilizer to fields.
b. alternating grains with crops such as peas, beans, and root crops.
c. limiting the irrigation of fields to prevent fertile top soil from washing away.
d. adopting enclosed fields.
3. The total population of Europe grew
a. steadily and consistently.
b. only as new lands in eastern Europe were incorporated into Europe.
c. until colonization drained away many of the poor in the seventeenth century.
d. following an irregular cyclical pattern.
4. Why did the putting-out system not work effectively for luxury goods?
a. Luxury goods required special training and close supervision.
b. Luxury goods required expensive raw materials.
c. Luxury goods had too few customers to form a reliable basis for business.
d. Luxury goods were considered sinful and their production condemned by the church.
5. Guild masters in France received all of the following privileges except
a. the right to produce and sell certain goods.
b. access to restricted markets in raw materials.
c. the right to train apprentices.
d. the right to borrow money against the guild common funds.
6. Which one of the following best characterizes the ideas of Adam Smith?
a. Guilds provided protection to consumers and workers through the regulations that they
enforced.
b. Wealth was best produced through merchants able to keep wages and prices at their
lowest level possible.
c. Government should leave all large scale works to the private sector which can handle it
most efficiently.
d. Free competition best protects consumers and gives all citizens a fair and equal right to
do what they did best.
7. Which of the following best characterizes the consequences of the Seven Years’ War?
a. The war was inconclusive in Europe but destroyed French power in mainland North
America.
b. The war established Spanish colonial authority in the Americas and gave Britain
dominant authority in Europe.
c. The war marked the emergence of Russia as a major European power and secured
Dutch colonial authority throughout Asia.
d. The war undermined British control over the seas and Holland established colonial
authority throughout the Americas.
8. How did the Creole populations in Spanish colonies express their sense of identity?
a. They embraced native culture as an authentic expression of the local environment.
b. They support colonial rule as the only means by which they could resist the pagan,
barbaric culture around them.
c. They supported European education and scholarship but adopted local food, art, and
customs in a conscious effort to blend the two cultures.
d. They adopted European models and styles in nearly all facets of life but came to resent
colonial rule.
9. In the seventeenth century, how did they British operate within India?
a. The British moved up and down the Indian coast, trading with local peoples and
moving on before Mughal officials could catch them.
b. The British established colonial governments that took direct control of regions of
India.
c. The British were not allowed within India but sent Arab agents to trade for local
products.
d. The British obtained trade concessions from the Mughal emperor.
10. Who provided the labor for the founding of the British colony in Australia?
a. Aboriginal peoples
b. Indentured servants
c. Convicted prisoners
d. Slaves
Answer Key
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. d
6. d
7. a
8. d
9. d
10. c
Chapter 19
The Changing Life of the People, 1700–1800
1. Which of the following best characterizes the family-living structure in eighteenthcentury Europe?
a. An extended family consisting of three direct generations living together
b. An extended family consisting of at least two sets of parents (united by sibling
relationships) and their children
c. A nuclear family consisting of a single set of parents and their children
d. A family network where numerous extended family members such as cousins, aunts,
and uncles lived under the authority of a central married couple
2. The growth in consumer goods in the eighteenth century
a. expanded opportunities for skilled female labor.
b. undermined the traditional role of wives as household managers.
c. permitted women to devote more time to childrearing.
d. required wives to enter the marketplace for the first time.
3. How did homosexuality begin to change in the late seventeenth century?
a. Homosexual men believed their same-sex desires made them fundamentally different
from other men.
b. Homosexuality began to be identified as a mental illness that could be cured.
c. Homosexuals were charged alongside witches as heretics who had taken special oaths
to the devil.
d. Homosexuals came under persecution, which led them to retreat underground.
4. Why did rural women breast-feed infants for two years or more?
a. No other source of nutrition was available for infants until they could eat adult food.
b. The need for breast-feeding limited the difficult agricultural work women could
perform.
c. Breast-feeding was believed to be an important source of bonding between infants and
their mothers.
d. Breast-feeding decreased the likelihood of pregnancy, permitting women to increase
the time between the births of their children.
5. Chapbooks were
a. instructional texts printed by governments to improve agriculture.
b. children’s school manuals.
c. short pamphlets printed on cheap paper, often with religious themes.
d. collections of images without words designed to promote royal authority.
6. During the Enlightenment, how did attitudes among the elite toward popular culture
change?
a. Elites came to see popular culture as a quaint and harmless expression of “natural
man.”
b. Elites came to see popular culture as an authentic expression of national identity.
c. Elites came to see popular culture as a tool for aristocratic control of the countryside.
d. Elites came to see popular culture as vulgar, disorderly, and filled with superstition.
7. Why did religion remain a powerful part of life for ordinary people in the eighteenth
century?
a. The church presented a powerful presence that could control all religious activities.
b. Religion was embedded in local traditions and everyday experiences.
c. Local people feared the natural world and could not imagine it without Christianity.
d. Christianity made few requirements of ordinary people but offered access to powerful
officials.
8. The angered reactions of peasants to efforts to eliminate vestiges of paganism marked
a. the growing tension between the attitudes of educated elites and the common people.
b. the peasants’ awareness of their self-identity.
c. their political immaturity.
d. the inability of peasants to comprehend the ideas of the Enlightenment.
9. Madame du Coudray received royal support to
a. teach methods of smallpox prevention.
b. discredit the work of midwives in favor of trained physicians.
c. promote the education of female physicians.
d. teach better birthing techniques to village midwives.
10. The practice of smallpox inoculation was initially risky because
a. smallpox had been wiped out of most of Europe by the eighteenth century.
b. it often caused infertility.
c. those inoculated were infectious and could spread the disease to others.
d. it made one more susceptible to bubonic plague.
Answer Key
1. c
2. a
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. c
Chapter 20
The Revolution in Politics, 1775–1815
1. The clergy in France
a. were employees of the state rather than of the church.
b. did not own any property since all church land was formally held by the crown.
c. paid a voluntary gift every five years rather than regular taxes.
d. were permitted to collect only fees based on services, such as performing marriages.
2. Prior to the French Revolution, important sections of the nobility
a. had returned to their estates in the countryside, for they found themselves increasingly
marginalized by growing monarchical authority.
b. embraced liberal Enlightenment values and frequently joined with the bourgeoisie in
opposing the monarchy.
c. had almost no experience with either the new consumer culture or growing trade and
manufacturing.
d. firmly opposed all reforms as a threat to their noble privileges and as rejection of
religious authority.
3. Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General when
a. peasant rebellions spiraled out of control throughout the countryside.
b. military troops began to rebel because they were not being paid.
c. merchants began to refuse government currency for payment of bills.
d. investors refused to loan the government further money as protests swept the country.
4. The term the Great Fear refers to the fear that
a. mercenaries hired by noble landlords would seek revenge on peasants who had
rebelled.
b. peasants would attack noble households and kill the members of the noble families.
c. troops would rebel against orders to fire on French men and women.
d. the king would reject any efforts at constitutional reform.
5. How did the position of free people of color in St. Dominigue change as the
Enlightenment progressed?
a. The colonial government granted them rights equal with Europeans.
b. They began losing rights, such as to own property and live where and how they
wished, that they had previous held.
c. They gained rights if they owned property and could prove that neither they nor their
parents had been slaves.
d. They received full rights as property owners but were denied any political rights.
6. What did the Declaration of Pillnitz assert?
a. Austria and Prussia would intervene in France to restore Louis XVI’s monarchical rule
if necessary.
b. The values of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen should be
exported to the rest of Europe.
c. Church officials who did not support Revolutionary reforms from the pulpit would be
condemned as traitors.
d. All lands held by noblemen who fought in foreign armies against the Revolution would
be confiscated.
7. The effort during the Terror to eliminate Catholic symbols and beliefs was called
a. the Catholic revolution.
b. the Naturalist movement.
c. the Spiritual Renewal crusade.
d. the dechristianization campaign.
8. How did the experiences of the Terror and the Directory alter the political views of the
Abbé Sieyès?
a. The Abbé Sieyès came to believe that only democratic regimes could secure political
rights.
b. The Abbé Sieyès came to believe in the necessity of strong rule from above.
c. The Abbé Sieyès came to believe in the centrality of property ownership as the
defining characteristic of the citizen.
d. The Abbé Sieyès came to believe that the activities of war would undermine the
progress of liberty.
9. How did Napoleon present himself in his memoirs?
a. As an idealist overcome by pride and ambition
b. As a romantic liberator whose work was undermined by reactionary enemies
c. As a friend of the common laborer who failed to appreciate the power of tradition
d. As a defender of Christianity against the forces of radicalism
10. How did Napoleon’s Spanish foes respond when he attempted to make Spain a
French satellite?
a. They welcomed the opportunity to rid themselves of the Bourbon king who ruled.
b. They fled to the hills and waged an uncompromising guerrilla war.
c. They embraced him as a liberator from feudalism.
d. They launched a full-scale military resistance that led to Napoleon’s first major defeat
on the battlefield.
Answer Key
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. b
9. b
10. b
Chapter 21
The Revolution in Energy and Industry, ca. 1780–1860
1. How did changes in agriculture help to bring about the Industrial Revolution?
a. The greater demand for farm labor expanded wages and created a great market for
consumer goods.
b. The collapse in the agricultural economy made more workers willing to accept work in
manufacturing, keeping labor prices low.
c. The transformation of crop land into pasture land for the raising of sheep provided the
central commodity needed by the emerging textile industry—wool.
d. Bountiful crops and low food prices left the ordinary English family still with some
income to purchase manufactured goods.
2. How did Richard Arkwright’s water frame transform the process of spinning cotton
thread?
a. The water frame required workers to adopt standardized techniques that gave the
manufacturer more control over the process of production.
b. The water frame permitted the efficient spinning of cotton in the home, thus saving the
manufacturer the need to form central factories.
c. The water frame’s need for power required the creation of large, specialized factories
that employed a great number of workers.
d. The water frame undermined the cotton industry by providing an effective means to
spin wool into fine thread.
3. During the peak of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, which of the following best
characterizes the effect on the British people?
a. Population, individual wealth, and national wealth increased dramatically
b. Population and national wealth increased dramatically but individual wealth remained
flat.
c. Population and individual wealth increased dramatically while national wealth
remained flat.
d. Population, individual wealth, and national wealth remained flat.
4. Which of the following best characterizes David Ricardo’s iron law of wages?
a. The price of labor would always be driven by the price of basic commodities, such as
iron.
b. Wages had to advance ahead of price increases in order to create the demand for
supply.
c. Because of pressing population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level.
d. Prices and wages existed in a binary relationship that could never become broadly
separated.
5. How did industrial development alter the composition of the middle class?
a. The better-paid workers in factories joined the middle class as they gained both
financial stability and an ability to pursue education and further advancement for their
children.
b. Factory owners and industrial capitalists joined the middle class, which previously had
been composed of mainly merchants and professional people.
c. The middle class quickly expanded to include the majority of the population,
accounting for everyone except the destitute and the extremely wealthy.
d. Most of the nobility, who were struggling financially, came to view themselves as part
of a new middle class.
6. Why were members of ethnic and religious minorities often among the early
industrialists and bankers?
a. They viewed new industrial production as an opportunity to remake society so that
they could benefit.
b. Denied access to many traditional occupations, they entered eagerly into banking and
the new industries.
c. Members of dominant ethnic and religious groups were often forbidden from entering
into industrial work that was deemed dishonorable.
d. Minorities groups often pooled their resources in order to have the needed investment
funds to launch new business.
7. How did early industrialization affect the family?
a. Families often came to work in factories as family units, with children working
alongside their parents.
b. Families gave the disciplining of children over to the factory owners who oversaw
their work.
c. Families were separated, as parents worked in factories and children were sent to
poorhouses.
d. Families placed children in schools while they worked in the factories, significantly
advancing education and literacy.
8. How did the discipline of the clock and the machine affect married women of the
laboring classes?
a. The relentless discipline of the machine prevented a woman from pacing herself
through pregnancy or breast-feeding a child.
b. In early industrialization, children could not be attended to while their mothers worked
on ear-splitting machinery.
c. The costs associated with more children led women to more commonly seek factory
employment.
d. Factory discipline relieved mothers of many of their responsibilities concerning their
children.
9. The key demand of the Chartist movement was that
a. children under age nine be forbidden from working in factories.
b. all men be given the right to vote.
c. the wages of men and women be made equal for equal work.
d. labor unions be recognized as the official voice of the laboring classes.
10. The effort to develop a single, national trade union in Britain was led by
a. educated factory workers.
b. members of Parliament.
c. social reformers.
d. skilled craftsmen.
Answer Key
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. c
Chapter 22
Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815–1850
1. What action did the Congress of Vienna take in order to inhibit future French
aggression?
a. The French army was ordered disbanded for twenty-five years.
b. Austria was given extensive land on France’s eastern border.
c. Spain was given funds to establish an army on the French border.
d. The Low Countries were united under an enlarged Dutch monarchy.
2. Why did Metternich conclude that strong governments were necessary in society?
a. Only strong governments could protect the individual liberties of the people against
tyranny.
b. Only strong governments could restrain the self-serving and baser elements of human
behavior.
c. Only strong governments could undermine the forces of nationalism.
d. Only strong governments could resist the power of the Catholic Church to control
society.
3. Johann Gottfried von Herder inspired early advocates of nationalism by asserting that
a. nations were naturally antagonistic toward one another because they had differing
cultures.
b. nations were defined by access to natural resources that shaped their societies.
c. each people had emerged in isolation from others and formed a distinct and unique
culture.
d. each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity.
4. The idea of “imagined communities” refers to
a. the use of idealized social policies in order to craft a perfect society.
b. the conservative reaction against nationalism that praised the local village and
neighborhood.
c. the adoption of social networks as the key element in social advancement.
d. the effort to bring millions of strangers together around an abstract national identity.
5. As a cultural movement, Romanticism was
a. firmly tied to a conservatism that looked idealistically to the past.
b. firmly tied to a radicalism that dreamed of vast social reform.
c. compatible with many different political beliefs.
d. firmly tied to a liberalism that promoted middle-class values.
6. In central and eastern Europe, how did literary romanticism and early nationalism
often reinforce each other?
a. They promoted the advancement of science as deriving from distinct national values.
b. They praised industrial development as reflective of a national spirit of adventure.
c. They rejected religion as a restraint on national greatness.
d. They sought a unique greatness in the folk songs, tales, and proverbs of the common
folk.
7. Why did Great Britain offer only a slow and inadequate response to the Great Famine
in Ireland?
a. The British government wanted to decrease the population of the badly over-populated
island.
b. The British government feared Irish rebellion and wanted to weaken the radical
elements in Ireland.
c. The British government lacked any administrative apparatus that could offer aid on
such a massive scale.
d. The British government was committed to a rigid laissez-faire ideology that
discouraged government interference.
8. Which of the following best characterizes the consequences of the Revolution of 1830
in France?
a. The revolution resulted in the restoration of full royal authority and the ability of the
Catholic Church to once again play a major role in French politics.
b. The revolution overthrew the national legislature but maintained the ruling Bourbon
dynasty on the throne.
c. The revolution produced few reforms, and republicans and the poor were bitterly
disappointed.
d. The revolution marks the emergence of a true democracy in France.
9. What was the political goal of the middle-class Prussian liberals prior to 1848?
a. To transform Prussia into a liberal constitutional monarchy that would unify Germany
into a single nation
b. To secure the rights of private property against the oligarchic Prussian government
c. To establish the rights in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
within Prussia
d. To promote the Prussian military as an avenue for social advancement for middle-class
merchants.
10. The Austrian Empire survived the revolution of 1848 by
a. calling on the Catholic Church to declare all rebels heretics.
b. unifying the Germans within the empire to suppress all other groups.
c. playing off ethnic groups against each other.
d. adopting the liberal reforms demanded by republicans.
Answer Key
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. c
Chapter 23
Life in the Emerging Urban Society, 1840–1900
1. Large cities maintained the size of their populations by
a. loosening sexual restrictions so that illegitimate births were not condemned.
b. providing subsidies to working-class women to remain at home and have many
children.
c. laws that expanded the geographic size of cities to include more communities outside
the city walls.
d. immigration from rural areas, because more died in cities each year than were born.
2. What authority did cities gain with Great Britain’s first public health law in 1846?
a. The authority to quarantine those with contagious diseases
b. The authority to establish hospitals for the poor
c. The authority to build modern sanitation systems
d. The authority to seize private land that was needed for waste disposal
3. Which of the following best describes late nineteenth-century social structure?
a. Society became marked by a large, dominant, and increasingly self-confident middle
classes, which came to define social norms.
b. The growing incomes of the poor reduced the income disparity between rich and poor
and helped to foster a stronger sense of nationalism throughout the society.
c. Numerous subclasses formed, which created a confusing hierarchy in which one group
merged into another and which prevented unified middle or working classes from
forming.
d. The laboring poor became self-conscious of their weakened position in society and
unified into labor unions that began to effectively undermine elite power.
4. The families of wealthy entrepreneurs
a. rejected the high arts of music, theater, and opera as wasteful activities that distracted
from the pursuit of family wealth.
b. emphasized the mere chance and luck that had resulted in their success and the failures
of others.
c. lived stern, ascetic lives that reinforced a sense of their social inferiority.
d. enjoyed cultural activities but stressed a strict code of behavior and morality.
5. How did churches in the United States differ from those in Europe?
a. Churches in the United States remained committed to conservative religious teaching,
while those in Europe adopted liberal interpretations of scripture.
b. Churches in the United States were deeply connected to various state governments,
while in Europe the church and state remained separate.
c. Churches in the United States were often closely identified with an ethnic group rather
than a social class.
d. Churches in the United States were identified with distinct political positions, while in
Europe churches embraced diverse political beliefs.
6. How did the consequences for pregnancy of an unmarried women change in the late
nineteenth century?
a. Pregnancy increasingly led to young women being kicked out of their parental home
and falling into a life of crime and prostitution.
b. Pregnancy increasingly led to marriage and the establishment of a two-parent
household.
c. Unwed pregnancy lost its social stigma as states encouraged population growth with
social benefits for poor mothers.
d. Unwed pregnancy increasingly was condemned by church officials who demanded that
young, unwed mothers give their children up for adoption.
7. In the nineteenth century, why did parents often blame themselves for any
abnormalities in their children?
a. Both Protestant and Catholic churches taught that the consequences of sins by the
parents were passed to their children through conception.
b. Prevailing medical theories led parents to believe that their own emotional
characteristics, especially at the time of conception, were passed on to their children.
c. Folk wisdom taught that children’s abnormalities resulted from conception that
occurred during unfavorable astrological alignments.
d. Darwin’s teaching of evolution suggested that any childhood abnormalities indicated
that the parents had poor, defective genes.
8. Which of the following best characterizes the theories of Sigmund Freud?
a. Early childhood experiences in which a child had repressed strong feelings caused
unhappiness and other emotional difficulties later in life.
b. Emotional and psychological difficulties resulted from the failure of individuals to
accurately apply human rationality to their private lives.
c. Imbalances in brain chemistry caused emotional and psychological difficulties that
could be modified and controlled with medication.
d. Humans were fundamentally driven by a desire for power and order that could only be
contained by strong social and cultural constraints.
9. Realist writers believed that
a. society was stabilized by firm moral values that guided human behavior.
b. individual freedom provided the antidote to a society limited by social custom.
c. right and wrong were established as inalterable laws of nature.
d. heredity and environment determined human behavior, which followed inalterable
natural laws.
10. In War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy’s central message is that life’s enduring values are
found in
a. human love, trust, and everyday family ties.
b. the activities accomplished through human free will.
c. profound religious belief.
d. the pursuit of truth.
Answer Key
1. d
2. c
3. c
4. d
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. a
Chapter 24
The Age of Nationalism, 1850–1914
1. Which of the following best characterizes nineteenth-century nationalism?
a. Nationalism was associated with conservative political views.
b. Nationalism was associated with liberal political views.
c. Nationalism was associated with authoritarian governments.
d. Nationalism was adopted by many different political views and governments.
2. In the 1850s, how did Camillo di Cavour build support for Sardinia’s leadership of
northern Italy?
a. He sought papal endorsement by restoring lands to the church and reestablishing
clerical courts.
b. He championed the rights of peasants and small landowners who were threatened by
industrialists seeking to seize their land for economic development.
c. He launched a building program of highways and railroads and promoted civil liberties
while limiting clerical privileges.
d. He established a large army in Sardinia to demonstrate the ability of the royal family to
protect the northern Italians.
3. Which of the following best characterizes the newly unified Italy in the 1860s?
a. Popular nationalism had been turned in a politically conservative direction.
b. The propertied classes and the common people formed a close, unified social and
cultural bloc.
c. Italy adopted nearly universal male suffrage.
d. The agrarian north remained economically backward in comparison to the industrial
south.
4. How did Otto von Bismarck respond to the Prussian defeat of Austria in 1866?
a. Austria was burdened with heavy reparation payments.
b. Austria was offered generous peace terms but required to withdraw from German
affairs.
c. Austria was required to join the German Confederation, which was under Prussian
control, as a secondary state.
d. Austria lost all of its northern territories to Prussia.
5. In Russia, what was Sergei Witte’s innovation in industrialization?
a. Witte encouraged foreigners to invest in Russia and locate their factories there.
b. Witte identified how to use agricultural surpluses to fund industrial development.
c. Witte created zoning laws that gave the state control over the geography of industrial
development.
d. Witte removed Russia from the gold standard, which freed credit markets to fund
industrial development.
6. What was the goal of Germany’s Kulturkampf?
a. To subject the Catholic Church in Germany to government control
b. To eliminate the avant garde and modernist artists who challenged traditional state
authority
c. To promote German musicians, artists, and authors as the greatest practitioners of their
arts
d. To restore and repair the great German cathedrals
7. Following the Dreyfus Affair, the French government
a. required all Jews to live in special sections of cities.
b. limited voting rights to those with significant property holdings.
c. severed all ties between the state and the Catholic Church.
d. created strict censorship laws to prevent criticism of the military.
8. In the wake of its defeat at the hands of Prussia in 1866, Austria was forced to divide
its empire with
a. the Ottoman Empire.
b. Bosnia.
c. Hungary.
d. Serbia.
9. How did German labor unions change in the early twentieth century?
a. They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than disseminating
socialist doctrine.
b. They linked themselves with nationalist political movements to justify economic laws
limiting the work of ethnic minorities.
c. They began to sponsor acts of violence against machinery and the property of their
employers.
d. They overthrew their leaders who were intellectuals and appointed new leaders from
among their own working-class members.
10. Which of the following does not correctly characterize the socialist parties in Europe
before 1914?
a. The socialists in Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire tended to be the most
radical.
b. French socialist parties were deeply tied to the trade union movement and thus
abandoned radicalism.
c. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
d. Marxists parties were very weak in Spain and Italy.
Answer Key
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. b
Chapter 25
The West and the World, 1815–1914
1. Which of the following best characterizes the long-term development in the differences
between the industrializing and the nonindustrializing regions of the world?
a. The high living standards achieved by Europeans as compared to the rest of the world
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provided the foundation for industrialization.
b. Industrialization opened the gap between wealth and well-being among various
countries and regions from the 1750s through the 1940s.
c. Income levels stagnated in the nonindustrializaing regions before 1913.
d. Third World counties only made real economic progress in the era of decolonization in
the 1940s and afterward.
2. How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa most significantly
dovetail with Western interests?
a. Railroads were owned and operated by Western companies who thereby gained
economic and political control in these lands.
b. Railroad construction opened large sections of these lands to military invasion.
c. Railroad construction in these lands connected seaports with inland cities to facilitate
the inflow of Western goods rather than linking cities within a region or country.
d. Railroad construction occurred across culturally sensitive lands such as burial grounds,
which undermined local religious sects.
3. How did the role of France and Great Britain in Egypt transform nineteenth-century
imperialism?
a. In Egypt, France and Great Britain demonstrated that European powers could simply
establish indirect influence in a country without having to take a direct and expensive role
in governing the land.
b. France and Great Britain took a direct role in managing Egypt, rather than simply
making sure Egypt was open to European trade and investment.
c. In Egypt, France and Great Britain showed the advantages that had accrued to
European warfare with the industrial revolution, so that a small number could now
dominate a much larger population.
d. France and Great Britain demonstrated that the control of a few strategic locations,
such as the Suez Canal, would allow Europeans to dominate entire regions.
4. Which one of the following correctly characterizes the different patterns of migration
out of Europe in the nineteenth century?
a. The British Isles accounted for a small proportion of migrants—less than 10 percent—
from the 1840 to 1920.
b. Migration from Germany decreased as industrialization developed in German lands.
c. Nearly all migrants from the British Isles were victims of rural poverty, while skilled,
industrial technicians remained at home.
d. In Italy, slow industrial growth encouraged migration right up to 1914.
5. The Berlin conference on Africa established what basic principle in regard to
Europeans’ authority in Africa?
a. European claims to African territory had to rest on effective occupation in order to be
deemed legitimate.
b. Europeans could claim rights to natural resources, but political authority had to be left
in the hands of native peoples.
c. Europeans could only claim land for which they could also provide resources to aid
local economic development.
d. Europeans had to respect local ethnic and political divisions in establishing boundaries
for European colonies.
6. What basic principle guided the conflicts among European powers over their imperial
ambitions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
a. All imperial expansion had to be approved by the other European powers.
b. The rights of native peoples had to be respected.
c. Imperials goals and conflicts were not worth launching a great war in Europe.
d. New imperial lands could not be claimed unless the means existed to support the new
colony.
7. How did the imperial presence in India differ from that in most other Asian and
African lands?
a. Imperial authority was focused on trade, with little attention to Indian society.
b. Britain allowed local rulers in India to manage local affairs as long as tribute was paid
to the British imperial offices.
c. The British Army in India refused to allow local peoples to serve within the military.
d. India was ruled directly by the British for an extended period of time.
8. Who served as the intermediaries between British rulers and the Indian people?
a. Christian missionaries, who worked closely with native peoples
b. High-caste Hindus, who had received British educations
c. Hindu merchants long accustomed to working with Western merchants
d. Muslims with a longer tradition of interaction with Europeans
9. How did the British transform political arrangements within India?
a. The British eliminated all local Indian rulers and officials to centralize political
authority.
b. The British abolished the caste system and undermined the primary source of India
social structure.
c. The British created a unified, powerful state in which all people were brought under
the same law.
d. The British established free trade within India, thereby undermining the power of the
merchant class.
10. What charge did the Boxers make against Christian missionaries?
a. The Christian missionaries were secret agents of Western governments laying the
ground work for a Western invasion.
b. The Christian missionaries practiced ritual cannibalism in their religious services.
c. The missionaries were undermining Chinese reverence for their ancestors and thereby
threatening the Chinese family and society.
d. The Christian missionaries failed to understand Confucian doctrine, which did not
violate Christian teaching.
Answer Key
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. b
9. c
10. c
Chapter 26
War and Revolution, 1914–1919
1. What was the widespread attitude toward war as World War I began?
a. War represented a failure of political leaders to resolve issues peacefully.
b. War would alleviate the problems of overpopulation and unemployment faced in many
nations.
c. Modern technology would make war less destructive.
d. War was a heroic, glorious activity that would end quickly.
2. What was the primary result of the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905?
a. France lost control of its North African colonies.
b. Italy gained its first African colonies and claimed Great Power status.
c. Great Britain launched its first efforts at decolonization.
d. Many nations began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate
Europe.
3. As Germany gained territory on the eastern front, it
a. installed a vast military bureaucracy to govern the territory.
b. instituted a slash-and-burn policy to prevent Russia from ever being able to draw
resources from the region.
c. massacred local populations of Russians, Ukraines, and others who might resist
German rule.
d. Treated the non-Russian populations with great respect in order to earn their loyalty.
4. The British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against the Ottoman Turks by promising
a. to form an exclusive agreement for oil from the region.
b. to reinforce and supply Arab troops with the latest military armaments.
c. to respect the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina.
d. the creation of an independent Arab kingdom.
5. How did women’s role in the workforce change after war ended?
a. While many women chose to return home, new professions were now open to women.
b. Women remained in the workforce in large numbers, pursuing many new career
opportunities.
c. Women were largely forced out of the workplace.
d. Women were allowed to remain in the workforce in low-paying positions but lost all
opportunity for advancement.
6. Why did agrarian socialist Alexsander Kerensky refuse to confiscate large
landholdings in Russia when he became prime minister in July 1917?
a. He feared such an action would lead to the complete disintegration of Russia’s peasant
army.
b. He believed that such an act violated the property rights of the nobility and middle
classes.
c. He thought that such an act would lead to a rebellion by aristocratic army officers
d. He feared that such an act would undermine the state’s creditworthiness and make it
difficult to continue to finance the war.
7. What was the Red Army’s strategic advantage in its battle with the White Army in
Russia?
a. The Red Army controlled the center while the White Army had to attack from the
fringes.
b. The Red Army had access to sea ports to obtain supplies that the White Army lacked.
c. The Red Army retained all of the equipment and supplies from the Tsartist Army.
d. The Red Army was supported and supplied by a large network of socialist groups
throughout Europe.
8. How did the German military seek to avoid responsibility for the loss of the war?
a. They claimed that the Russian Revolution had undermined the war efforts and thus the
socialists were to blame.
b. They insisted that moderate politicians take responsibility for suing for peace.
c. They pointed to the intervention of the United States and blamed the diplomatic corps
for its failures to keep the United States neutral.
d. They emphasized their ability to keep most fighting on foreign soil.
9. Which of the following best characterizes the population of those territories from
which Palestine was formed?
a. The majority of the population was Jewish.
b. The majority of the population was Arab.
c. The majority of the population was Turkish.
d. The majority of the population was Egyptian.
10. Which of the following best characterizes the Turkish society promoted by Mustafa
Kemal?
a. Kemal sought to establish an Islamic theocracy ruled by Muslim clerics.
b. Kemal desired to establish a state in which Islamic officials would rule the social and
cultural life but not economic life.
c. Kemal wanted to create a modern, secular Turkey ruled by a one-party state.
d. Kemal wished to have Islamic officials control the educational systems but permit
broad religious toleration.
Answer Key
1. d
2. d
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. b
10. c
Chapter 27
The Age of Anxiety, ca 1900–1940
1. What was Friedrich Nietzsche’s primary critique of Western philosophy?
a. Western rationalism and science were the only hopes for humankind to overcome its
animalistic nature and achieve a lasting progress.
b. The innate goodness of the individual was the foundation for all moral and universal
virtue whose achievement was the purpose of human existence.
c. Western philosophy had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions
and animal instincts that drive human activity and true creativity.
d. The sinfulness of man condemns human existence to intellectual slavery to the few
great minds that could identify God’s purpose in the universe.
2. What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by stating “man is condemned to be free”?
a. Because capitalism focuses on securing one’s self-interest, the resultant society leaves
most people free in theory but bound by severe poverty.
b. Because God gave humankind free will, humans face God’s wrath for their sinfulness.
c. Because democratic governments allow individuals to choose their leaders, humans
may choose evil, depraved people to lead them.
d. Because life is meaningless, individuals must create their own meaning and define
themselves through their actions.
3. In Civilization and Its Discontents, why did Sigmund Freud assert that Western
civilization was unhappy and inescapably neurotic?
a. Freud argued that Christianity placed upon Western society unnatural restrictions over
their sexual lives and created severe anxieties.
b. Freud argued that individuals had to renounce irrational instincts to live in groups, but
these instincts were then left unfulfilled.
c. Freud argued that industrialization had removed humankind from its proper
environment in nature and left individuals disoriented about their place within the natural
world.
d. Freud argued that the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet
Union demonstrated that democratic government had released humankind from the
political and social hierarchies by which individuals made sense of their world.
4. The novels and stories of Franz Kafka portrayed
a. the despair found in the internal monologues of the conscious self.
b. the hope for humankind found in scientific discovery.
c. helpless individuals crushed by inexplicably hostile forces.
d. the joy of family and friends as the only counterweight to the loss of religious faith.
5. Which of the following does not correctly identify one of the impacts of consumer
society?
a. Housework and private life were increasingly organized around an array of modern
appliances.
b. The aggressive marketing of fashionable clothing and personal care products
encouraged a cult of youthful sex appeal.
c. The automobile and the rise of tourist agencies opened people to increased mobility
and travel.
d. Specialized and individualized products undermined the importance of mass-produced,
brand-name products.
6. During World War I, national leaders realized that
a. audiences found visual images of warfare too disturbing to watch.
b. they could no longer control public opinion in the face of mass media.
c. movies offered a distraction to the troops and were an effective means for spreading
propaganda.
d. radio networks allowed private citizens to follow the course of the war individually.
7. How did the German government respond to the economic difficulties created by the
French seizure of the Ruhr region?
a. The German government began printing money to pay its bills, causing terrible
inflation.
b. The German government began to mobilize its military for a strike against France.
c. The German government began to seize French property in Germany in compensation.
d. The German government began to support terrorist actions within France, particularly
in Paris.
8. How did the Dawes plan created a financial circuit?
a. Germany purchased industrial machinery from United States’ firms, which improved
its economy so that it was able to pay reparations to the United States.
b. France and Great Britain borrowed money from the United States, which it used to
help reconstruct the Germany economy, which then could make reparation payments to
the United States.
c. France and Germany jointly borrowed money from Great Britain to restore the Ruhr
region and then shared tax revenues from the region, which were used to repay loans to
Great Britain.
d. Germany obtained private loans from the United States in order to pay reparations to
France and Great Britain, who in turn could then repay the large war debts they owed the
United States.
9. In Europe, why did Scandinavian countries respond the most effectively to the Great
Depression?
a. Their economies had not yet industrialized and were little affected by the credit crisis.
b. They sustained national credit through an innovative system of personal credit, linking
lenders and borrowers.
c. They built on a strong tradition of cooperative community action.
d. The industries in Scandinavia were basic raw materials, such as coal and iron, for
which demand remained strong.
10. In the mid 1930s, political tensions in France grew and the government was forced to
resign over
a. recognition of the Soviet Union.
b. the Spanish Civil War.
c. the occupation of the Ruhr.
d. the loss of Alsace to the Germans.
Answer Key
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. c
7. a
8. d
9. c
10. b
Chapter 28
Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919–1945
1. In the Soviet Union, the New Economic Policy
a. seized peasant grain without payment.
b. outlawed all private traders and small handicraft manufacturers.
c. retained state ownership of heavy industry, railroads, and banks.
d. failed miserably in the 1920s.
2. What did Trotsky mean by his doctrine of “permanent revolution”?
a. Socialism in the Soviet Union could only succeed if socialist revolutions swept across
Europe.
b. Soviet leadership must focus on transforming the Soviet Union according to a socialist
model.
c. The Soviet Union should abandon non-Russian territories so that they can experience
their own national revolutions.
d. A socialist revolution requires that the working classes constantly challenge the
political leadership of the nation.
3. In Stalin’s Soviet Union, what was the key to improving one’s position in society?
a. Joining the Communist Party
b. Holding specialized skills and technical education useful to the state
c. Willingness to inform on neighbors for suspect activities
d. Working hard in whatever capacity the state indicated
4. How were living standards affected by the economic policies in the latter 1920s and
1930s?
a. Living standard rose sharply, permitting the average person a small amount of comfort.
b. Living standards in agriculture grew substantially as new farm equipment improved
crop yields.
c. Living standards in manufacturing grew substantially as better-managed factories
increased production.
d. Living standards fell sharply to below the standards before the First World War.
5. Which of the following best describes Hitler’s experience with World War I?
a. Hitler avoided military service because of his frail health, but followed the war closely
from news reports.
b. Hitler served bravely in the German army and was devastated when Germany was
defeated.
c. Hitler fought in the German army on the Eastern front, where he developed a hatred for
the Russians.
d. Hitler served as an officer in the Austrian army, where he became infuriated at the
incompetence of the Austrian high command.
6. What conclusion did Hitler draw from his trial and conviction for rebellion?
a. He would have to come to power through electoral competition rather than armed
rebellion.
b. The judiciary was prejudiced against his views of Germany’s future.
c. The Nazi party must form its own large, independent army.
d. He needed to study law in order to prepare for the numerous conflicts he anticipated in
the future.
7. What role did the Nazis envision for women in the Third Reich?
a. Women were to provide the basic labor in factories and on farms so that their husbands
could participate in public and military life.
b. The Nazis gave little thought or attention to women and considered them to be simply
members of the household under male authority.
c. Women were to demonstrate Aryan superiority by their ability to successfully
negotiate the demands of families and careers.
d. Women were to be the protectors of hearth and home who focused on domesticity and
raising children in accordance with Nazi ideals.
8. Why did Hitler seek to gain control of the skies in the Battle of Britain?
a. To prevent Britain from being able to obtain supplies from the United States
b. To prepare for an amphibious invasion of Britain
c. To force Britain to ally with Germany in an assault on the Soviet Union
d. To compel Britain to adopt Nazi policies without having to take over Britain politically
9. Which of the following best describes the Warsaw Uprising?
a. Jews in the Warsaw ghetto organized a revolt against Nazi army units when word
arrived that the ghetto was to be emptied and all Jews sent to concentration camps.
b. When the Polish Home Army sought to seize Warsaw from the Nazis before the arrival
of Soviet troops, the Soviet army halted its advance so that the Nazis could destroy the
Polish insurgents.
c. When the Soviet Union advanced into Warsaw, driving out the Nazi forces, members
of the Warsaw resistance rose up to drive out the Soviet troops, only to be slaughtered by
those troops.
d. Jews in the Warsaw ghetto successfully fought off Nazi troops who sought to execute
them as Soviet armies approached, but then were seized by the Soviet troops and
deported to Siberia.
10. How did the Soviet Union sustain support for the war among its citizens?
a. It drew upon Russian nationalism rather than communist ideology to rally the people.
b. It promised substantial political reforms following the war, including greater civil
liberties.
c. It tied the fate of the war to the fate of worldwide socialist and communist movements
who looked to the Soviet Union for leadership.
d. It promised land reforms for the peasantry, including expanded ownership of private
land.
Answer Key
1. c
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. b
9. b
10. a
Chapter 29
Cold War Conflict and Consensus, 1945–1965
1. Where did many European Jews settle in the decade following the war?
a. In the newly created state of Israel
b. In South America
c. In Germany
d. In North Africa
2. Stalin refused to permit free elections in Eastern Europe because
a. his generals would rebel if the Soviet Union had to abandon land they had won.
b. he knew that they would result in anti-Soviet governments.
c. the Soviet Union had no system for such elections.
d. such an idea violated Marxist doctrine.
3. What sparked Stalin’s decision to blockade access to West Berlin, requiring the Berlin
Airlift to supply the city?
a. The NATO nations announced the placement of nuclear weapons in Turkey.
b. The Western allies replaced the currency in West Germany and West Berlin.
c. The United States offered support to South Korea to repel an attack by the communistbacked North Korean forces.
d. The Western allies announced the conclusion of the de-Nazification campaign.
4. For ordinary people, Big Science
a. had little effect on their daily lives.
b. primarily produced fear of technological innovations and their threat to humankind.
c. made food and consumer goods more available and affordable.
d. should be strictly controlled by the government for society’s benefit.
5. How did Stalin justify the reimposition of harsh dictatorial measures following the
Second World War?
a. Returning soldiers had been corrupted by their time fighting in Germany, and the state
needed to identify those who could not be reformed.
b. The Soviet Union had to remain prepared to fight the inevitable war that would occur
as long as capitalism existed.
c. The army had become too powerful and had to be brought back under the control of the
Communist Party.
d. The United States had developed the atomic bomb for the purpose of destroying
communism.
6. How did the de-Stalinzation campaign affect the Soviet economy?
a. The standard of living began to rise.
b. Industrial production was wracked by labor strikes.
c. Peasants seized collectivized land as their private property.
d. The value of the Soviet currency collapsed.
7. With its independence, India established a foreign policy of
a. alliance with the Soviet Union by joining the Soviet bloc.
b. alliance with the United States through a secondary membership in NATO.
c. nonalignment, in which it dealt with both the United States and the Soviet Union.
d. isolationism, which rejected all external alliances.
8. The movement toward independence for India was complicated by
a. the desire of the United States to establish military bases in India.
b. conflict between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority.
c. the unwillingness of the British Labour Party to be blamed for “losing India.”
d. India’s desire to form an alliance with the Soviet Union.
9. How did West Germany respond to its labor shortage in the 1950s and 1960s?
a. West Germany established generous social benefits and labor protections to prevent
workers from migrating abroad.
b. West Germany established strict controls over workers’ ability to change jobs without
approval of the employers whose work they were leaving.
c. West Germany established a guest worker program in which the guest worker was to
return to his or her home country after a certain number of years.
d. West Germany removed all border controls in order to encourage all possible
immigration.
10. How did European migration patterns change in the postwar era?
a. Europe only permitted internal migration between countries with relatively equal
wealth.
b. Rather than the poor leaving Europe, Europeans saw a tremendous “brain drain” of
talent to the United States.
c. European outflow migration shifted from Western Europe to largely southern Europe.
d. Europeans faced an influx of migrants from former colonies and foreign states.
Answer Key
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. d
Chapter 30
Challenging the Postwar Order, 1960–1991
1. What new foreign policy did Willy Brandt pursue for West Germany?
a. An attempt to atone for Germany’s Nazi past by supporting colonial independence
movements around the globe
b. A determined effort to undermine East Germany economically in order to force
German unification.
c. A commitment to international peacekeeping in order to demonstrate Germany’s
commitment to NATO and the United Nations.
d. A comprehensive peace settlement for central Europe that included recognition of East
Germany.
2. The reforms of the Second Vatican Council were designed to
a. firmly establish the Catholic Church’s opposition to modernization.
b. appeal to newly liberated people in former colonies by criticizing imperialism.
c. democratize and renew the Catholic Church and broaden its appeal.
d. undermine the appeal of communism and socialism.
3. Among the student movements, groups such as the Italian Red Brigades and the West
German Red Army Faction
a. promoted “the long march through the institutions” in order to reform the society from
within.
b. fired the imagination of new generations of youth as they continued protests
throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
c. turned to violence and terrorism to try to bring radical change.
d. copied military tactics while working for peaceful change through negotiation.
4. In the 1960s, how did the nations in the Soviet bloc respond to their economies lagging
behind the Western nations?
a. They strengthened government regulation of the economy in order to create greater
efficiency.
b. They seized the remaining elements of private enterprise in the states in order to better
manage the economy.
c. They largely abandoned state-planning in their economies and embraced free-market
principles.
d. They implemented limited forms of decentralization and market policies to allow some
private ownership of business.
5. How did the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States affect the budget of the
federal government?
a. Sharp reductions in social spending permitted tax decreases while still creating a
balanced budget.
b. Decreases in social spending offset increases in military spending to establish a
balanced budget.
c. Increases in social and military spending combined with tax decreases resulted in
substantial increases in budget deficits.
d. Increases in military spending were offset by decreases in social spending, which
permitted tax reductions with only slight increases to the federal budget deficit.
6. What development spurred the antinuclear movement into much greater activity?
a. The creation of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
b. The declaration of a policy of nuclear first strike by the Reagan administration
c. The Cuban Missile Crisis
d. The decision by NATO to deploy limited-range nuclear missiles in Western European
7. The Eastern bloc nations had difficulty transitioning to postindustrial economies
because they
a. lacked the knowledge to produce advanced forms of technology.
b. were dedicated to protecting and promoting the working class.
c. believed that such a transition would violate Marxist doctrine.
d. rejected the idea that an economy could move beyond its industrial phase.
8. The Polish Pope John Paul II challenged the communist regime by preaching
a. submission to the church first and then to the state.
b. the love of Christ and country and the inalienable rights of man.
c. about the moral corruption of communism.
d. about the religious foundations of private property.
9. Why did the Communist government in Poland legalize Solidarity and agree to free
national elections in 1989?
a. The Communists believed that only compromise with Solidarity would prevent an
invasion by the Soviet Union.
b. The Communists believed that they would still rule the government and that Solidarity
would keep workers in line.
c. The Communists believed that Solidarity would crumble when faced with the difficult
realities of governing the country.
d. The Communists believed that the Western governments would reward Poland for its
actions with new loans of needed funds.
10. How did Mikhail Gorbachev attempt to save the Soviet Union in the early 1990s?
a. He appealed to Soviet nationalism as a unifying force within the nation.
b. He proposed a loose confederation of the fifteen Soviet republics.
c. He threatened to use nuclear weapons against any republic that sought independence
from the Soviet Union.
d. He called upon the army to restore the authority of the Soviet Union over its member
republics.
Answer Key
1. d
2. c
3. c
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. b
9. b
10. a
Chapter 31
Europe in the Age of Globalization, 1990 to the Present
1. Which of the following best characterizes the developments in Russia in the 1990s and
2000s?
a. Russia only slowly embraced political and economic liberalism and then, after the
economy improved, adopted both much more substantially.
b. Russia rejected economic liberalism but fully embraced political openness.
c. Russia rejected political liberalism at the beginning and turned against economic
openness as the economy improved.
d. Russia initially moved toward economic reform and political openness but then
returned to its authoritarian traditions.
2. In the 2000s, how did Russian intellectuals understand the relationship between freemarket capitalism and a nation’s political system?
a. Free-market capitalism required authoritarianism in order to control corruption and
prevent chaos.
b. Free-market capitalism produced a newly order society around the pursuit of selfinterest.
c. Free-market capitalism required liberal, democratic governance in order to secure
private property.
d. Free-market capitalism undermined authoritarian governments through its assertion of
self-interest.
3. In the late 1990s, NATO sought to reverse the military aggression of Slobodan
Milosevic through
a. a ground invasion.
b. destructive bombing campaigns.
c. threats of nuclear attack.
d. offers of development aid and funding.
4. During the Bosnian War, both Serbs and Bosnian Muslims pursued policies of
a. land collectivization.
b. Social leveling.
c. ethnic cleaning.
d. income redistribution.
5. One consequence of the long-term decline in birth rates in the Western nations would
be
a. an expansion of military conflict as the sole means for the West to maintain its
dominance.
b. a drastic increase in taxes to support the costs of pensions and health care for those
retired.
c. a collapse in the world market for most commodities.
d. the loss of highly educated, technical workers to foster continued economic growth.
6. Which of the following best characterizes the responses of ordinary people to the
monetary union in which many European nations joined?
a. Most anticipated that the monetary union would produce a long and prosperous era of
economic growth.
b. Many resented the stringent financial standards imposed on their national budgets and
the resulting reductions in social benefits.
c. Most believed that monetary union would require Europe to form a common foreign
policy and military force.
d. Many rejected the monetary union in a burst of nationalistic fervor.
7. Tikka masala represents
a. the process of “cultural decolonization” by which formerly colonized people reclaimed
native food traditions.
b. the hybrid manner in which people merged various food traditions.
c. the influence of Caribbean food products on European diets.
d. the adoption of Indian cuisine by the people of Great Britain.
8. Which of the following correctly characterizes the correlation between childbirth rates
and women’s education and economic success?
a. The more educated and financially successful a woman is, the more likely she is to
have at least three children.
b. Middle class women tend to have two to three children regardless of their personal
financial success.
c. There is no correlation, positive or negative, between childbirth rates and women’s
education and economic success.
d. The more educated and financially successful a woman is, the more likely she is to
have one or no children.
9. How have U.S. military resources shifted since 1990?
a. Resources have shifted from regions where conflict over the spread of communism was
predominant to regions that are oil producing.
b. Resources have shifted from being deployed abroad to being maintained in the home
country and then transported to locations when needed.
c. Resources have shifted from bases within the countries of U.S. allies to bases in hostile
territory.
d. Resources have shifted from being sea-based on aircraft carriers to being land-based.
10. How has Russia sought to expand its political influence in the first decade of the
twenty-first century?
a. Through expanding economic markets
b. Through its control over energy resources
c. Through the activities of the Russian mafia
d. Through seizure of new lands and territories
Answer Key
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. d
8. d
9. a
10. b