Download Dialect A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by

Dialect
A regional or social variety of a
language distinguished by
pronunciation, grammar, or
vocabulary, especially a variety of
speech differing from the standard
literary language or speech pattern of
the culture in which it exists.

Example: As students will notice at
once, dialect and local color play
no clear part in the humor of this
story.
Prose
Ordinary speech or writing, without
metrical structure
.
Example: It's a comic book kind of
story anchored in novelistic prose, so
it's definitely my kind of read.
Parable
A short story that uses familiar events
to illustrate a religious or ethical point
Related adjs.

Example: His story became a
parable for the fickleness of art
and life.
Fable
A usually short narrative making an
edifying or cautionary point and often
employing as characters animals that
speak and act like humans.
Example: Perhaps they're part fable,
perhaps their part fantasy.
Genre
A type or class
Example: Perhaps they're part fable,
perhaps their part fantasy.
Figure of speech
An expression that uses language in
a nonliteral way, such as a metaphor
or synecdoche, or in a structured or
unusual way, such as anaphora or
chiasmus, or that employs sounds,
such as alliteration or assonance, to
achieve a rhetorical effect
Example: Language Is Not the
Frosting, It's the Cake
Extended metaphor
metaphor that continues into the
sentences that follow
example: I graduated from the
University of Life. All right? I received a
degree from the School of Hard Knocks.
And our colors were black and blue, baby.
I had office hours with the Dean of
Bloody Noses. All right? I borrowed my
class notes from Professor Knuckle
Sandwich and his Teaching Assistant, Ms.
Fat Lip Thon Nyun. That’s the kind of
school I went to for real, okay?"
Personification
an ontological metaphor in which a
thing or abstraction is represented as
a person.
Example: "Oreo: Milk’s favorite
cookie."
Synecdoche
is a figure of speech[1] in which a term is used in one
of the following ways:
Part of something is used to refer to the whole
thing (pars pro toto), or

A thing (a "whole") is used to refer to part of it
(totum pro parte), or


A specific class of thing is used to refer to a
larger, more general class, or

A general class of thing is used to refer to a
smaller, more specific class, or


A material is used to refer to an object
composed of that material, or
A container is used to refer to its contents.
Example: "The sputtering economy
could make the difference if you're trying
to get a deal on a new set of wheels."
Antithesis
(Greek for "setting opposite", from
ἀντί "against" + θέσις "position") is a
counter-proposition and denotes a
direct contrast to the original
proposition. In setting the opposite,
an individual brings out a contrast in
the meaning (e.g., the definition,
interpretation, or semantics) by an
obvious contrast in the expression.
Example: "Love is an ideal thing,
marriage a real thing."
Apostrophe
The apostrophe ( ’ , often rendered
as ' ) is a punctuation mark, and
sometimes a diacritic mark, in
languages that use the Latin alphabet
or certain other alphabets.
Example: "Blue Moon, you saw me
standing alone
Without a dream in my heart
Without a love of my own."
Flashback
an interjected scene that takes the
narrative back in time from the
current point.
Example: "A rule of thumb: If you feel
a need to have a flashback on the first
or second page of your story, either
your story should begin with the
events of the flashback, or you should
get us involved with some compelling
present characters and events before
flashing back."
Shift
generally means to change
example: "The bridge was still open
then, and I was up there one day
mowing the grass alongside the road,
just minding my own business, when
I see something moving out of the
corner of my eye."
Style
an aspect of literary composition
example: "Style is character. It is the
quality of a man's emotion made
apparent; then by inevitable
extension, style is ethics, style is
government."
Refrain
A repeated utterance or theme.
Example: I was going to make a
joke but I refrained.
Elegy
a mournful or plaintive poem or song,
esp a lament for the dead
example: O Captain! My Captain!” is
Walt Whitman's elegy on the death of
President Lincoln
Rhythm
The sense of temporal development
created in a work of literature or a
film by the arrangement of formal
elements such as the length of
scenes, the nature and amount of
dialogue, or the repetition of motifs
Example: "What does seem to be clear is
that rhythm is useful to us in communicating:
it helps us to find our way through the
confusing stream of continuous speech,
enabling us to divide speech into words or
other units, to signal changes between topic
or speaker, and to spot which items in the
message are the most important."
Meter
The measured arrangement of words
in poetry, as by accentual rhythm,
syllabic quantity, or the number of
syllables in a line.
Example: The As SYR..|..ian came
DOWN..|..like the WOLF..|..on the
FOLD
Free verse
Verse composed of variable, usually
unrhymed lines having no fixed
metrical pattern.
Example: The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
Accent or stress
The relative prominence of a
particular syllable of a word by
greater intensity or by variation or
modulation of pitch or tone.
Example: a half note among quarter
notes
Metrical poetry
Of, relating to, or composed in poetic
meter
Example: They have their flowers,
too, it being June,
And here or there in brambled darkand-light
Are small, five-petalled blooms of
chalky white,
As random-clustered and as loosely
strewn
Blank verse
Unrhymed verse having a regular
meter, usually of iambic pentameter.
Example: descending from the midnight stars....
through a path enlightened by a merry gleam...
walked in he through a childhood dream...
into what thoughts,what world of screams...
and faces stared down upon...their eyes spoke a strange
suspicion...
one presence too alien,for an age old vision...
few hopes too high for a broken nation...
his first steps, i do remember..
through falling leaves of a trembling faith...
and through my silent secret's chamber..
along with voices versing wraith...
with every step my boy grew older..
his senses numb, his feelings colder..
with every death of a friendly soldier...
burned my boy,but was left to smolder....
Couplet
A unit of verse consisting of two
successive lines, usually rhyming and
having the same meter and often
forming a complete thought or
syntactic unit
Example: The river runs toward its
destiny
While I ride toward my mother, the
sea
Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which
exaggeration is used for emphasis or
effect
Example: I’ve told you a million times
Consonance
Close correspondence of sounds
Example: At midnight, in the month of
June,
I stand beneath the mystic moon.
An opiate vapor, dewy, dim,
Exhales from out her golden rim,
And, softly dripping, drop by drop,
Upon the quiet mountain top,
Steals drowsily and musically
Into the universal valley."
Foot or feet
A basic unit of meter consisting of a
set number of strong stresses and
light stresses.
Iamb: Unstressed, stressed
Trochee: Stressed, unstressed
Spondee: Stressed, stressed
Dactyl: Stressed, unstressed,
unstressed
Anapest: Unstressed, unstressed,
stressed
Iambic pentameter
A line of verse consisting of five
metrical feet
Example: But, soft! what light through
yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
That thou her maid art far more fair than she:
Be not her maid, since she is envious;
Her vestal livery is but sick and green
And none but fools do wear it; cast it off.
Rhyme
Correspondence of terminal sounds
of words or of lines of verse.
End Rhymes
Rhyming of the final words of lines in a poem.
Internal Rhymes
Rhyming of two words within the same line of poetry
Exact rhyme
words that rhyme exactly the same way
approximate rhyme
words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of
sound correspondence but are not perfect rhymes.
Onomatopoeia
The formation or use of words such
as buzz or murmur that imitate the
sounds associated with the objects or
actions they refer to.
Example: Brrrrrrriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinng! An
alarm clock clanged in the dark and
silent room."
Sonnet
a verse form of Italian origin
consisting of 14 lines in iambic
pentameter with rhymes arranged
according to a fixed scheme, usually
divided either into octave and sestet
or, in the English form, into three
quatrains and a couplet
example:
FROM fairest creatures we desire increase,
That thereby beauty's rose might never die,
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
Feed'st thy light'st flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament
And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content
And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.
Ballad
A narrative poem, often of folk origin
and intended to be sung, consisting
of simple stanzas and usually having
a refrain.
Example:
There is a cry in endless night
And question still as always why
There is a love in broken heart
It still resist to ever die
There is a light from moon and stars
To bring some light in empty eyes
What was my fault and guiltiness
I asked angels witness me
There is still time to wait and hope
And there still to do a lot
There is still God who holds all keys
There is still you I wish to kiss
There is a chance to broken heart
And I don’t know how it will come
But here still faith and truth and love
Beyond the darkness there is a light
There is still you and me, we both
There is still memories not lost
There is an never ending love
Which will find place or I will die
Assonance
Resemblance of sound, especially of
the vowel sounds in words
Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is
used for the whole (as hand for
sailor), the whole for a part (as the
law for police officer), the specific for
the general (as cutthroat for
assassin), the general for the specific
(as thief for pickpocket), or the
material for the thing made from it (as
steel for sword).
Aphorism
A tersely phrased statement of a truth
or opinion; an adage.
Euphemism
The act or an example of substituting
a mild, indirect, or vague term for one
considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
Purpose
A result or effect that is intended or
desired; an intention.
Audience
The spectators or listeners
assembled at a performance
Antecedent
A preceding occurrence, cause, or
event