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Study Guide for Quiz #1 Astronomy 315 In studying for the quiz you should concentrate on your notes and exercises. I would suggest that you do not just read them over, but test yourself on your mastery of the material. You can use the questions below to aid in this process. 2: A History of the Universe Can you define these key words? Copernican Principle Hot Big Bang Model Inflation Compact Objects Mass Dark Energy Big Crunch Big Rip Big Chill Can you answer these key questions? What is our place in the universe? What is the structure of the universe from small to large scales? What are the key consequences of the hot big bang model? What was the early universe like? What were the early stars like? What is the universe composed of now? What might be the fate of the universe? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? scale = (real size) / (model size) Can you do the “Scale of the Universe Exercise”? 3: Observing Can you define these key words? Polaris Diurnal Motion Annual Motion Horizon Zenith Meridian Solstice Equinox Equator Tropics Arctic Circles North Celestial Pole Celestial Equator Right Ascension Declination Ecliptic Zodiac Precession Pseudoscience Latitude Longitude Can you answer these key questions? Describe diurnal and annual motion. How do the two compare? What is the relationship between how far the sky moves in an hour compared to a month? How would you describe the location of an object in the sky with respect to the zenith, horizon and cardinal points? What causes the Earth’s seasons? What happens on at the equinox or solstice and when do they occur? Why (and how) does the length of the day change over the course of the year? Discuss the important lines found on a globe and their astronomical meaning. Describe the celestial coordinate system. What is the ecliptic? What is the zodiac? Why is astrology not a science? Can you do the “Navigation Exercise”? 4: Light Can you define these key words? Light Electromagnetic Radiation Photon Wavelength Nanometer Frequency Visible Light Blackbody Radiation Spectrum Wien’s Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law Electromagnetic Spectrum Can you answer these key questions? What is light? What properties does light have that we can measure? How do these properties give us information about the object that emitted the light? How are the energy, wavelength and frequency of a photon related? How do your eyes perceive wavelength? How does blackbody radiation depend on temperature? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? c max = 3,000,000/T P = eAT4 Can you do the “Alberio Exercise”? 5: Telescopes Can you define these key words? Lens Refraction Focus Focal length Eyepiece Objective Refracting telescope Magnification Reflecting telescope Primary mirror Secondary mirror Cassegrain telescope Photographic plate CCD (Charge Coupled Device) Radio and Millimeter Infrared (IR) Optical Ultraviolet (UV) X-ray Gamma Ray Can you answer these key questions? What do telescopes do? What is the most important attribute of a telescope? Describe how light is refracted by a lens. What are the eyepiece and objective of a telescope? How do you compute the magnification? What are the problems with building large refracting telescope? Why are reflecting telescopes easier to make? Draw a diagram illustrating the lens placement and path of light through a refracting telescope. Draw a diagram illustrating the mirror placement and path of light through a Cassegrain telescope. Describe three types of light detectors that can be used with a telescope. What are the advantages of a CCD detector? Describe the electromagnetic spectrum from long to short wavelength. How is each type of electromagnetic radiation observed? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? mag.= f.l. objective / f.l. eyepiece Can you do the “Telescope Exercise”? 6: Light and Matter Can you define these key words? Protons Neutrons Electrons Energy Levels Absorption Emission Continuous Blackbody Spectrum Emission Spectrum Absorption Spectrum Kirchhoff’s Laws Doppler Effect Red Shift Blue Shift Doppler Broadening Collisional Broadening Can you answer these key questions? What is the basic structure of an atom? What is the structure of the electron shells around an atom? When will an atom absorb or emit a photon? How can we identify an element from its spectrum? What are the three types of spectra and how are they produced? How is the Doppler Effect used to find the motions of stars? How are spectral lines broadened? Can you do the “Light and Atoms Exercise”? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? (obs – rest)/rest = v/c 7: Photometry and Spectroscopy Can you define these key words? Photometry Spectroscopy Ground State Balmer Series Spectral Type Magnitude UBVRI scale Color Index Can you answer these key questions? What do the strength and position of a star's spectral lines tell us? How does temperature effect the locations of an atom’s electrons? Why might we be unable to see the spectral lines from an element present in a star? In what stars do we see Balmer lines and why? What does the spectral type tell us about a star? Where does our OBAFGKM sequence come from? How does the magnitude scale work? Why do we use filters when doing photometry? What is the color index and what does it tell us? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? m2 – m1 = 2.5 log10 (f1/f2) Can you do the “Spectroscopy Exercise”? 8: The HR Diagram Can you define these key words? HR Diagram Flux Luminosity Inverse Square Law Parallax Arcsecond Arcminute Parsec Apparent Magnitude Absolute Magnitude Distance Modulus Main Sequence White Dwarf Red Giant Red Dwarf Luminosity Class Selection Effect Spectroscopic Parallax Can you answer these key questions? What determines how bright a star looks to us? How does the flux of a star change with distance? What is parallax and how is it used to find the distance to a star? What is the limit to the distance you are find with parallax and why? How are the absolute and apparent magnitudes related? What are the key areas on an HR diagram? What characterizes the main sequence? How do we find the sizes of stars? Which stars are the most common? Which stars are the least common? Why do we not see very many of the most common stars when we look at the sky with our naked eye? How do we use spectroscopic parallax to find the distance? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? F = L/4d2 m-M = 5 log d – 5 Can you do the “HR Diagram Exercise”? 9: Binary Stars Can you define these key words? Mass Binary star Optical Double Visual Binary Orbital Period Inclination Kepler’s 3rd Law Semi-major axis Astronomical Unit Center of Mass Double Line Spectroscopic Binary Can you answer these key questions? Can you describe the different types of binary stars? What are some problems with observing binary stars? What properties of a binary do we measure? How do we use them to find the mass? What are some problems with the determination of mass? What is a spectroscopic binary and how do we find their masses? What are typical masses for different types of stars? What does the mass distribution tell us about stellar density? Can you use these equations and understand what all the variables are? P2 = a3 MA + MB = a3/P2 L = M3.5
