Download Zoology Final Study Guide

Zoology Final Study Guide
1. Know the following evolution terms.
a. coevolution – 2 species evolve together, pollinators and flowers, monarch
butterflies and milkweed
b. convergent evolution – species evolve separately to same end (ex: wings)
c. adaptive radiation – rapid growth in diversity of species
2. How are natural selection and evolution related? Species evolve through natural
selection
3. What is an adaptation? trait that increases ability to survive & reproduce
4. What is artificial selection? selection by people for breeding (dogs, cows, chickens)
5. How are eras and periods related? periods divide eras
6. Know the following Porifera terms
a. osculum – hole at top of sponge, water enters and exits
b. archaeocyte/choanocyte – build things in sponges
c. spongin – soft skeleton
d. choanocyte
e. spicule – spiky skeleton
7. What are the 2 phases of the sponge life cycle? Which is motile? – larva (motile) and
mature/adult (sessile)
8. Why is water flow important to sponges? – feeding, excretion, respiration
9. What are the 3 layers of a cnidarian body? What does each layer do? – epidermis:
protection, mesoglea: holds shape/amoeboid cells, gastrodermis: lines GV cavity
10. What is a cnidocyte? – stinging cells (ex: nematocyst)
11. What are the 2 phases of a cnidarian life cycle? Which is sessile? – polyp (sessile),
medusa (motile)
12. What do the following cells detect?
a. ocelli - light
b. statocyst - gravity
13. What is the common name of these classes of cnidarians?
a. Scyphozoa – true jellies
b. Hydrozoa – hydras
c. Staurozoa – star jellies
d. Cubozoa – box jellies
e. Anthozoa – anemones/corals
14. Which muscles are most important in turbellarian locomotion? - longitudinal
15. What is the advantage of flatworms staying flat? – diffusion can occur
16. What is the job of the protonephridia? – processes nitrogenous wastes
17. To which higher organ is the ganglia related? - brain
18. Know the following parasitic worm terms.
a. opisthaptor – connects to host (Velcro)
b. proglottid – segment in tapeworms
c. gravid – segment chock full of eggs
19. Know the following annelid terms.
a. metamerism - segmentation
b. tagmatization – specialized segments
c. septa – divisions between segments
d. annuli – secondary divisions in leeches
e. clitellum – unsegmented, used in reproduction to slide fertilized eggs off of
body
20. What is the habitat and diet of
a. oligochaete? – (earthworms) soil and shallow water, eat decaying plants
b. polychaete? – tubes, sands, rocks (water), food: scavengers, predators, filter
feeders
c. hirudenean? – (leeches) water, imbibe blood
21. Which 2 chemicals do leeches release that allows them to feed undetected? –
anticoagulant (stops clotting), anesthetic (numbs bite site)
22. Know the following mollusk terms.
a. bivalve – clams, mussels (2 shells)
b. cephalopod – squids, octopi, cuttlefish, nautiluses
c. gastropod – snails, slugs, nudibranchs (sea slugs)
d. visceral mass – organs
e. mantle – secretes shells
f. head-foot – locomotion and sensory functions
23. From which body part did tentacles evolve? - head-foot
24. How might a nudibranch use nematocysts? - eats jellies, absorbs stingers, uses for
defense
25. What are the layers of a mollusk shell? periostracum, prismatic, nacreous
26. What is the purpose of the radula? feeding thru scraping
27. How do mollusks respire? gills in mantle cavity
28. Know the following arthropod terms.
a. hypodermis – outermost living layer
b. procuticle – inner layer of exoskeleton
c. epicuticle – outer layer of exoskeleton
d. sclerotization – hardening of exoskeleton
e. ecdysis – shedding of exoskeleton
f. hemocoel – body cavity in arthropods, contains blood
g. metamorphosis – change from immature to adult (reduces competition)
h. oviparous – eggs hatch outside
i. ovoviviparous – eggs hatch inside
j. viviparous – embryo develops inside
29. What is the common name of these orders of arthropods?
a. Araneae - spiders
b. Scorpionida - scorpions
c. Acarina – mites and ticks
d. Opiliones – harvestmen, daddy long legs
e. Coleoptera - beetles
f. Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths
g. Diptera – true flies
h. Hymenoptera – ants, bees, and wasps
30. What body parts do arthropods possess to respire? – spiracles  tracheae  tracheoles
 book gills/lungs
31. What are pheromones? What purpose may they serve? – chemical messages that affect
behavior and development – mating, caste regulating, alarm
32. What are biramous appendages? -2 part appendages …serially homologous
appendages? – appendages that developed from same origin
33. What controls the escape response in crayfish? – giant neurons
34. What adaptations have afforded hexapods such great success on land? desiccation
resistant eggs, flight, exoskeleton, metamorphosis
35. What is the difference between direct and indirect flight? direct – muscles acts on
wings, indirect – changes shape of exoskeleton
36. How do arthropods
a. see? eyes, detect 0.1 degree of motion
b. hear? tympanum
c. smell/taste? chemoreceptors
d. sense touch? mechanoreceptors
37. What are the names of the pupa phase in
a. moths? cocoon
b. butterflies? chrysalis
c. flies? puparium
38. What is kin selection? Worker bees protect sisters (share 75% of genes)
39. What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome animal? Protostome:
mouth develops first, Deuterostome: anus develops 1st
40. Which animals are included in the phylum Echinodermata?
41. Know the following Echinodermata terms
a. tube feet
b. pyloric cecum
c. madreporite
d. ossicles
42. What is unique about chordates?
43. What are pharyngeal slits?
44. What is the purpose of a notochord? …a dorsal nerve chord?
45. What is the common name of Enteropneusta? …of Urochordata? …of Cephalochordata?
46. What is unique about blood flow in urochordates?
47. Why might a hagfish secrete slime?
48. Describe hagfish skeletal structure.
49. What do hagfishes eat?
50. Where and when might you find an Ostracoderm?
51. What do adult lampreys eat?
52. Where do lampreys reproduce?
53. What is the defining characteristic of all members of Gnathostomata?
54. What is an advantage of paired appendages?
55. Which animals are in class Chondrichthyes?
56. What are placoid scales?
57. Describe shark teeth
58. Describe pectoral fins of skates and rays.
59. How do ratfishes differ from other members of their class?
60. Which member of class Sarcopterygii can survive long periods of aestivation?
61. Which member of class Sarcopterygii is thought to be the ancestor of amphibians?
62. Which enlarged anterior body part of sturgeons and paddlefish help them to find food?
63. What is the term for modern bony fishes?
64. To which class do frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians belong?
65. Which two conditions make caves ideal habitats for salamanders?
66. Why is caecilian sight weak?
67. Why are amphibians not found in high latitudes?
68. What are immature anurans called?
69. What is a caudal fin?
70. What does Ectothermic mean?
71. How do reptiles lose heat? …gain heat?
72. When reptiles are underwater, blood does not flow to their _____________.
73. Why are alligators limited to a smaller geographic range than crocodiles?
74. What characteristics set tuataras apart from lizards?
75. What does endothermic mean?
76. Which part of the bird’s digestive tract may be augmented by sand or gravel?
77. Which bird activity requires large amounts of food and oxygen?
78. Which bird senses are stronger than human senses? Which are weaker?
79. What is the largest order of birds?
80. Use the mammal questions to review for mammals.