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Unit 3 Vocabulary – World History 1. Hijrah - The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar 2. Monastery - A community of men who have taken religious vows 3. Chivalry - Code of conduct for medieval knights, based on ideals of honor and courtesy 4. Calligraphy - The art of beautiful handwriting 5. Guild - Medieval business association of merchants or craftsworkers 6. Qur’an - The holy book of Islam 7. Sunni - The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad 8. Clergy – Persons, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services. 9. Al-Andalus – A Muslim ruled region in what is now Spain, established in the eighth century A. D. 10. Caliph - Supreme leader of Islam, chosen as the: successor” to Muhammad 11. Shi’a - The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Islam 12. Sufi - A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means 13. Excommunication - Formal exclusion from membership or participation in a church 14. Crusades - Military expeditions by European Christians in the 11th-13th centuries to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims 15. Pax Mongolica – The “Mongol Peace” – the period of peace and prosperity from the mid-1200s to the mid 1300s when the Mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Asia 16. Vernacular - The language of everyday speech, not of scholars, in a country or region 17. Pastoralist - A member of a nomadic group that herds domesticated animals 18. Vassal – In feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services 19. Feudalism – Political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land Unit 3 Vocabulary – World History 20. Icon - A Christian religious image or picture 21. Magna Carta - A document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later these rights came to be extended to all classes 22. Fief – An estate of land granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe 23. Secular - Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters 24. Sacrament - One of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people 25. Lay investiture - The appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles 26. Parliament - A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation 27. Arabesque - Complex, ornate designs that usually incorporates flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns (Islamic art does not contain the images of living beings) 28. Gothic - Architecture of the twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches 29. Reconquista - The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492 30. Shari’ah - Islamic code of law that includes rules for all aspects of life 31. Inquisition - A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy – especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s 32. Simony - The selling of official positions in the medieval Roman Catholic Church 33. Serf - A medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate