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Name: _________________________________________________________________________ Date _______________ Period ______
THE CELL STRUCTURES OF EUKARYOTES
A. CELL STRUCTURES
1. Unlike prokaryotes (Archaebacteria & Eubacteria), eukaryotic cells/organisms (animalia, plantae, fungi,
protista) contain a ___________________ and membrane-bound ________________________. These ‘little organs’ are
specialized structures that carry out very specific functions within different parts of the cell.
2. A semi-fluid (gel-like) interior region of the cell called the ________________________contains water, salts and
proteins. This region does not the nucleus. Throughout this region, you find a network of protein fibers
(microtubules and microfilaments) called the _____________________________. These protein fibers anchor the
organelles within this region. These fibers can also assist in vesicle movement, movement of the cell, cell division
and ___________________________________.
3. All cells contain or are surrounded by a selectively-permeable, lipid bilayer called the ______________________________.
This barrier consists of two layers of phospholipids and serves to control what enters and exits the cell. This
layer also provides some support, protection and structure to the cell
4. In which organisms are cell walls found?___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Is the following sentence true or false? The cell wall lies inside the cell membrane.________________________
6. What are the two main functions of the cell wall? _________________________________________________________________________
7. Plant cell walls are mostly made up of what complex carbohydrate? ___________________________________________________
9. Is the following sentence true or false? Some cell structures are specific to either plant or animal cells?____________
9. What does the term ‘organelle’ mean literally? ______________________________________________________________________
10. Membrane-bound organelles (organelles that are surrounded by a membrane) make it possible for different
_________________________processes to take place at the same time in different parts of the cytoplasm. Some of
these essential processes might include protein synthesis, digestion, energy transformation, excretion of wastes
and cell division.
B. THE NUCLEUS
11. What is the primary function of the nucleus?_____________________________________________________________________________
12. What important molecule does the nucleus contain? _____________________________. This molecule directs all of the
cells activities. The interior, gel-like fluid of the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm.
13. Most nuclei contain a small, dense region known as the ___________________________________. It is within this region
that new ____________________________ are synthesized.
14. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-membrane called the nuclear envelope. There are nuclear pores along
the envelope that let certain materials into and out of the nucleus. What is the function of the nuclear
envelope?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. How is the nuclear envelope similar to the plasma membrane?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. A cell’s __________________________________, or entire set of DNA, determines the cell’s functions.
17. DNA within a cell is organized into several separate molecules called __________________________________________.
18. DNA carries the instructions for making ____________________________________.
19. The nuclear envelope contains _______________________ to permit molecules to travel between the nucleus and
cytoplasm.
20. DNA is a very long molecule. How does a cell’s DNA fit into the nucleus?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. _________________________ are small structures found in all cells that assemble amino acids (monomers) together to
form proteins polymers) with the help of enzymes.
C. ORGANELLES OF THE CYTOPLASM:
22. Organelles of the cytoplasm do not ‘float’ in the cytoplasm but are anchored or held in place by the numerous
protein fibers that make up the ___________________________________________.
23. Is the following sentence true or false? A vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that specializes in moving
products into the cell, within the cell and out of the cell. _____________________
24. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about lysosomes.
A. They contain hydrolytic enzymes that help synthesize lipids.
B. They break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
C. They produce proteins that are modified by the ER.
D. They contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down/digest lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and pathogens.
E. They are membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
F. Lysosomes are found in animal cells but not plant cells.
25. Circle the letter of each structure of each structure that animal cells contain.
A. Chloroplasts
B. Lysosomes
C. Cytoskeleton
D. ER
26. Circle the letter of each structure that plant cells contain.
A. Cell Wall
B. ER
C. Lysosomes
D. Chloroplast
27. Animal cell vacuoles are either really small or non-existent. What role does the large, central vacuole play in a
plant cell?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. How are contractile vacuoles different from other types of vacuole? Why do certain protists (paramecia) have
contractile vacuoles?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. What are the structural and functional differences between the rough ER and smooth ER?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30. The lipid components of the cell membrane (phospholipids) are assembled in the _________________________________.
Liver cells in animals contain many of these type of organelle. This organelles also functions to detoxify harmful
substances.
31. Suppose a cell’s Golgi apparatus does not function properly. How might this problem affect other cells?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA
32. The process that occurs in chloroplasts is called __________________________________________________.
33. The pigment molecule ___________________________________ traps light energy in chloroplasts.
34. The process that occurs in mitochondria is called ___________________________________________________________.
35. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
36. Is the following sentence true or false? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are enclosed by a double
phospholipid bilayer? ____________________
37. Is the following sentence true or false? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain genetic information in the
form of DNA. ______________________
38. Biologist Lynn Margulis at The University of Massachusetts proposed the Endosymbiont hypothesis. Evidence
suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendents of what kind of organisms? _________________________
39. Is the following sentence true or false? Chloroplasts are never found in animal cells. _____________
41. Is the following sentence true or false? The DNA in each one of your mitochondria was inherited from your
mother. ___________________
E. THE CELL AS FACTORY:
Match the cell structure with the part of a factory it is like.
42. Cytoskeleton
43. Nucleus
44. Ribosome
45. Golgi Apparatus
46. Chloroplasts
47. Mitochondrion
A. Furnaces burning oil for energy.
B. Customization shop.
C. Solar power plants.
D. Steel beams and columns.
E. Factory machines.
F. Main office.
SUMMARY OF CELL STRUCTURES
___1. Cell Wall
a. Found in some animal, plant, protest and prokaryotic cells. Are projections that
aid in locomotion (movement) and feeding.
___2. Centrioles
b. A membrane-bound vesicle for the temporary storage of materials like sugars,
salts and water. Plant Cells-one large; animal cells –a few small.
___3. Chloroplast (Plasmid)
c. A membrane-bound organelle that makes energy available to the rest of the
cell. Found in all eukaryotic cells.
___4. Cilia
d. Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis. Found in all prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. Found free-floating in the cell or attached Rough ER.
___5. Cytoskeleton
e. A vesicle that contains digestive enzymes for the breakdown of excess or workout cellular substances. Found in animal cells.
___6. Rough ER
f. Found in all eukaryotic cells. Provides a framework or scaffolding for the cell
and also functions like ‘tracks’ for the movement of organelles and substances
throughout the cell. It may be found in prokaryotes (although less complex).
Includes microtubules and microfilaments. Protein fibers.
___7. Smooth ER
g. Control center of the cell that contains coded instructions (DNA) for the
production of proteins and cell division. Surrounded by a double membrane
called the nuclear envelope. Found in all eukaryotes.
___8. Flagella
h. Tiny projections from cell surfaces that aid in locomotion & feeding; used to
sweep substances away. Found in some animal cells, protists & prokaryotes.
___9. Golgi Apparatus
i. A flexible, selective boundary that controls the movement of substances into
and out of the cell. Found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
___10. Lysosome
j. An inflexible barrier that provides support and protects plant cells. Found in
plant cells, fungal cells, an all prokaryotes (except Mycoplasma).
___11. Mitochondrion
k. A flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins coming from
the rough ER. Packages them for distribution to outside cell. In eukaryotes
___12. Nucleus
l. A double-membrane organelle containing the light-capturing pigment
chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis. Found in plant cells only.
___13. Plasma Membrane
m. Small membrane-enclosed sac used for transport or storage of substances.
___14. Ribosome
n. Internal membrane structure that is studded with ribosomes. Site of protein
synthesis. Found in all eukaryotic cells.
___15. Vacuole
o. Internal membrane structure. No ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis. All
eukaryotes.
___16. Vesicle
p. Found in animal cells and function in mitosis (cell division).
___17. Cytoplasm
q. Found in all cells. Anything between the plasma membrane and cell nucleus.
___18. Cytosol
r. Watery portion of the cytoplasm.