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Chapter 17: Early Adulthood: Bio Social 20-35
Physical: strength increases at 20 –30 then decreases. Visits to the Dr. 15-44, are less than half of what they will be later in life (Young men 3/ old man 10/ Woman 6 /older women 11).
Death from disease: rare in early adulthood, Cancer is the leading killer of adults under 75, but > 1 in 10,000 in 20-34 (Per 100,000 annual deaths – 15/24=21/25-34=65/35-44=154/ 4554=354/ 55-64=1,053/ 65-74=2,553/ 75-84=5,937/ 85=15,678). Senescence: State of physical decline, in which the body becomes less strong/efficient with age. First visible aging signs: A
20 year olds skin becomes thinner, less flexible=collagen, the connective tissue, begins to decrease s 1 % per year; by 30 hair begins to gray/ baldness begins at 30, and hair gets thinner,
hormonal changes= reduced blood supply to the skin, stopping follicle production. Changes in vision: Farsightedness, difficulty with close objects, and nearsightedness, difficulty with
distant objects, aging = eyes become unable to focus on close objects; the lens cannot change shape to adjust to close–up objects. Sharpness of distance max 20 then declines, close-up
focusing begins to deteriorate at childhood, and by 60 farsightedness becomes presbyopia- aging vision and reading glasses are needed. Homeostasis: the body’s attempt to maintain
physiological functioning in a state of balance, or equilibrium; examples sweating when hot, heart rate increasing when running; homeostatic adjustments take longer in older people. Reserve
Capacity: extra capacity each organ has for responding to unusually stressful events, or conditions that demand intense or prolonged effort; aging decreases organ reserve, 50 yr. old people
retain 90% leg strength. Sex: Young men recover minutes after an orgasm; older men need more explicit or prolonged stimulation lasting hours. Women: mature sexually from adolescence to
middle adulthood. Differences in sexual timing are 1) Age related: Man takes longer, can provide more stim. to female, 2) Experience brings understanding of types of sex acts lover likes, 3)
Culture, men re raised to want sex all the time no matter what, women are taught sex is bad and can not relax till later in life, 4) Ethological: men want to spread their seed, woman restrain so
they can have a successful pregnancy, so later women’s sexual desire increases. Percent using contraception: 15-17=28%, 18-19=23%, 20-24=14%, 25-34=7%, 35+= 5%. Infertility: Men
ejaculate millions of dead sperm and 80 million live ones; men over 40 produce less sperm, and must wait 3 days to impregnate a female. Sperm develop in the testes in 74 days, anything that
impairs this will reduce the # of sperm. The older a person gets, the less fertile they are. Men commonly are infertile because they do not produce enough live motile sperm (about ¼ of all
infertile). Infertility Women: 20’s women are fertile, and by 30 ovulation slowly decreases; not occurring at all, sending many eggs down at once. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: caused
when infections in the female organs are not treated promptly (gonorrhea or chlamydia). Endometriosis: fragments of the uterine wall grow on the surface of the ovaries; it blocks the
reproductive tract, and is common in women 25 yrs of age (about 1/3 of women who have it are infertile.). Uterine infections, and fibrous tumors (fibroids), that prevent implantation. Heart
rate: Men Maximum= 20-195/ 30-190/40-182/ 50-175/ 60-162. Woman Maximum= 20-188/ 30-185/ 40-178/ 50-172/ 60-152; Resting Men= 20 through 60= 75/ woman resting= 20 through
50=72, 60+=70. In Vitro fertilization: One egg is surgically removed and fertilized in a lab, after the cells have divided 8 or 16 cell stage, then in re-implanted into the uterus. Gamete intraFallopian transfer (gift), Zygote intra-Fallopian transfer. Both have a success rate of 1 in 4, and involve inserting sperm and unfertilized ova (gametes) or fertilized ova (zygotes) directly
into the fallopian tube. Health Problems: Drug abuse/addiction: using a drug in a quantity or manner that is harmful to physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well-being. Dieting: Set point: A
particular body weight that an individual’s homeostatic processes strive to maintain. Body Mass Index: The ratio of a person’s weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters
squared. Psychological approaches: Psychoanalytic= women develop eating disorders because of their mothers/ Learning: set-up a destructive response chain (binging-purging) / Cognitive:
woman compete with men – strong, thin, controlled / Sociocultural: Outside pressure to be super thin like a super model/ Epigenetic: Adolescent girls stop eating, to stop period, stop curves,
stop growing up.
Chapter 18 Early Adulthood: Cognitive
Post Formal Thought: Less abstract, more real world problem solving, more adaptive to life’s inconsistencies, more dialectical, capable of combining contradictory elements into a
comprehensive whole. Dialectical thought: Characterized by ongoing awareness of pros & cons, advantages and disadvantages, and possibilities and limitations (incorporating beliefs and
experiences with all the contradictions and inconsistencies of life. Thesis: A proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the dialectical process. Antithesis: A proposition of belief that
opposes the thesis; the second stage of the dialectical process. Synthesis: The reconciliation of thesis and antithesis into a new and more comprehensive level of truth; the third stage of
dialectical process. James Rest: The college experience causes extreme growth in moral reasoning. Defining Issues Test (DST): A series of questions developed by James Rest and designed
to asses respondent’s level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas. Kohlberg: In order to be capable of truly ethical reasoning, a person must have
the experience of sustained responsibility for the welfare of others and the experience of irreversibility moral choice, which are the marks of adult personal experience. Gillian: Moral
reasoning: males=law and order, Females= human needs and relationships, however, as one ages their moral reasoning must change from the rigid, close minded stage, in order for a person to
synthesis the ethical principals with the life experiences of justice and care. Perry Schema: Dualism Modified = either /or, right or wrong approach/ Relative Discovered = Recognizing a
multiplicity of perspectives/ Commitments in Relativism Developed = Balancing decisions and consequences from them. Cognitive Development: Many life experiences and events, can
trigger new patterns of thinking and thus further cognitive development. James Fowler: Six stages of Faith: Stage 1: Intuitive–Projective Faith= Typical of children 3-7, mythical, magical,
powerful God. Stage 2: Mythic-Literal Faith = Middle Childhood – Taking the bible and the stories with-in it literally, a simplistic view that if I am good God will literally reward me with
something obvious. Stage3: Synthetic-Conventional Faith= Nonintellectual, tactic acceptance of cultural or religious values in the context of interpersonal relationships What feels right instead
of what makes sense, a type of social conformist view. Stage 4: Individual-Reflective Faith= Intellectual detachment from the values of the culture, and from the approval of significant other
people (understanding an old prejudice is not the thing to keep, and realize where it came from). Stage 5: Conjunctive-faith = Incorporates both powerful unconscious ideas as the power of
prayer and the love of God, and rational consciousness values such as a life is worth more than money (synthesis stage 2 and stage 4). Stage 6: Universality Faith= Persona at this stage have a
powerful vision of universal compassion, justice and love that compels them to live their lives in a way that, to most other people, seems either saintly or foolish.
Chapter 19 Early Adulthood Psychosocial Development:
Erikson: Developmental perspective, Intimacy Vs Isolation= Young adults who have resolved the adolescent identity crisis; to share one’s personal life with someone else. The sixth stage of
the eight, where adults want to find someone to share there lives with, instead of being all-alone. Intimacy: The young adult must face the fear of ego less in situations which call for selfabandon: in the solidarity of close affiliations, sexual unions, close friendships and in physical combat, in experiences of inspirations by teachers and intuition from the recesses of the self;
Without this one can become deeply isolated. Generativity Vs Stagnation = the seventh stage, adults seek to be productive through vocation, avocation, or child rearing, which without adults
stop developing. Freud: Psychoanalytical =A healthy adult is one who can work and love. Maslow: After basic needs for survival are met, adults next seek love and belonging. Social
Clock=the stages of life, and the behaviors appropriate to them, ate set by social standards rather than by biological maturation (middle age begins when society believes it does). Gateways to
attraction: The various qualities, such as appearance and proximity that are prerequisites for the formation of close friendships and intimate relationships. Homogamy = marriage between
individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, SES, religion, ethnic background. Heterogamy= Marriage between individuals who tend to
dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, SES, religion, ethnic background. Social Homogamy: The similarity with which a couple regard leisure interests and role
preferences. Exchange theory; Marital Equality = marriage is an arrangement in which each person contributes something useful to the other, something the other would find difficult to
attain alone. Role overload = the stress of multiple obligations that may occur for a parent in a dual-earner family. Role buffering = the common situation dual-earner families in which one
role that a parent plays reduces the disappointments that may occur in the other roles.
Chapter 20: Middle Adulthood – Biosocial Development.
Hearing losses: Involve 3 biological factors – sex, genes and age. 1st Women don’t begin to loose hearing until about 50, Men begin to show signs of hearing loss by age 30, loosing their
hearing twice as fast as woman. 2nd usually genes and age interact, with genes determining how quickly hearing loss becomes apparent. 3rd Some hearing loss is the result of prolonged
exposure to noise; deafness is a rarity in middle adulthood. Vision losses: By age 35, a 50% reduction in elasticity impedes the ability of the lens to change focus from near to far and back,
resulting in the need for bifocals. Other areas of vision loss: depth perception, eye muscle, resilience, color sensitivity, adaptation to darkness, Glaucoma causes eventual blindness, and can
start around age 40. Vital Body systems: immune system declines: cancer, arthritis, diabetes, emphysema, and cirrhosis. Auto immune disease = The autoimmune system malfunctions, body
attacks itself. Global disease burden= a measure that combines indicators of premature death with indicators of disability this measure can be calculated for he entire world, which makes it a
global number. Mortality=The number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population. Morbidity = Rate of diseases of all kinds in a given population. Disability=Lack of
ability to do some basic activity. Vitality = How healthy and energetic-physically, intellectually, and socially- an individual actually feels. Quality-adjusted life years (QUALs)= Indicate
how many years of full vitality are lost to a particular physical disease or disability; expressed in terms of life expectancy.
Chapter 21 Middle Adulthood
General Intelligence: Intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities. People have general levels of varying abilities. Fluid Intelligence: Those types of basic intelligence that
make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Underlying abilities such as short-term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking; it may decrease with time. Crystallized Intelligence:
Reflects accumulated learning, vocabulary and general information are examples, it may increase with age. Sternberg’s Three forms of intelligence: Analytic Intelligence: Analytic, or
academic, aspect consists of mental processes that foster efficient learning remembering, and thinking; planning, strategy selection, attention and information processing. Creative Intelligence:
The capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative when dealing with new situations. This is prized whenever life circumstances change, or new challenges arise; creativity is a better IQ
measurement. Practical Intelligence: The capacity to adapt one’s behavior to the contextual demands of a given situation; includes an accurate grasp of the expectations and needs of the people
involved and an awareness of the particular skills that are called for along with the ability to meet. Gardner’s eight intelligences: (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodykinesthetic, natural, social understanding, and self understanding). Multidirectional; not just increase or decrease they follow different paths= abilities may hold steady, may decrease or
increase depending much they are used. Contextual= where you are and where you were= The way a person handles a change in their life can either decrease their cognitive abilities or
increase them (retirement sitting watching TV or Volunteering at a center). Plastic: change=A particular characteristic is shaped by many environmental influences; abilities once thought to be
fixed are now realized to be more flexible. Expert: Someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable about a specific intellectual topic or practical ability than the average person.
Automatic= A complex action or thought becomes routine. Strategic: A person who has developed strategies for coping at different tough times. Flexible: A person who deliberately chooses
a path of change so they can keep a flexible mind.
Chapter 22
Sandwich Generation: The generation in between having both grown children and elderly parents. The Big Five: OCEAN= Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, agreeableness,
Conscientiousness. Ecological niche: the particular life style and social context adults settle into that are compatible with their individual personality. Gender crossover: The idea that each sex
takes on the other’s sex-rolls and traits in later life. Kin keeper: The person who celebrates family achievements, gathers the family together, and keeps in tough with family members who no
longer live nearby. Familism: The belief that family members should be close to one another, even if that means sacrificing some individual freedom and success. Grand parenting:
Remote=Distant but honored behavior that is obeyed by the young. Involved = Remain active in the everyday activities of their grandchildren. Companionate: A relationship with
grandchildren, that is independent, and includes friendship, and regular visits.
Chapter 23: Late Adulthood: Puberty around world: Blacks 1, whites 2, Asians 3. Primary sex characteristics: the sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction. Secondary sex
Characteristics: Not involved w/reproduction, but represent hormone increases, pubic hair, breasts, facial hair. Spermarche=: a male’s first ejaculation of live sperm, whether through
masturbation, a dream, or sexual contact with another person. Adolescence: transition to adulthood, cognitive & psychosocial transition may last a decade. Body Changes: Girls=38 lb gain, 9”
tall gain in 13th yr, boys 42 lb gain, 10” tall gain in 14th yr. Lots of growth spurts. Internal organs: Growth in lungs tripling, heart doubles in size but rate slows, but volume of blood increases.
Nutrition: bodies need more calories; kids generally eat less veggie, too much salt & too little Iron. Sexual Abuse: damaging, long lasting if with a trusted friend, if w/ a stranger victim can be
ok. Side effects: Drug addiction, sexual promiscuity, low self-esteem, anger & depression. Cigarettes: 35% female use in high school, & 38% for males. Tobacco decreases food
consumption, & interferes w/ the absorption of nutrients, & reduces fertility. Alcohol: Teen Alcohol consumption: twice as sexually active 70% to 32%avg., Antisocial behavior, stealing,
fighting & vandalizing property, 49% to 19%, excessively absent from school 23% to 6%, likely to ride in car w/ drunk driver 86% to 56%.
Chapter 15 Cognitive development:
Piaget: Formal operations: the forth and final stage of cognitive dev. arising from maturation and experience, abstract reasoning, no need for formal logic, deductive reasoning takes over (all
chocolate is delicious, Hershey is chocolate, Hershey is delicious). Inductive reasoning: reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to general conclusion. Deductive reasoning:
Reasoning from a general statement or principal, through logical steps, to a specific conclusion. Information-processing theorists: higher level of cognition, resulting from cognitive
processing capabilities and better memory. Sociocultural theorists: Intellectual advances from entering secondary school, where the atmosphere of being w/ teachers, peers, & changing
schedules have taken place. Hypothetical thinking: Thought that involves propositions and possibilities that may mot reflect reality. David Elkheind: It is good that teens live in a bubble,
because if they didn’t they would not want to live. He also said, social sphere jump to formal operations, teens tend to believe the sun shines out of their behind, teens thinks they are the only
one experiencing things around them, they believe they are invincible, They think they are on TV all the time performing to an audience. Adolescent egocentrism: teens focus on themselves, to
the exclusion of others, believing that their thoughts, fears, or feelings are unique. Invincibility fable: that teens believe they are immune to common dangers, such as unprotected sex, drug
abuse, or speeding in cars. Personal Fable: Belief that they are destined for fame & fortune. Imaginary audience: everyone is watching them; they are interesting to the world.
Reasoning is hard for them because of egocentrism, they tend to think about possibilities instead of practicalities, and so rational is thrown out the window. Parents help out in most major
decisions. Working in school and grades: grades suffer, but kids get a realistic view of life. Schools: ego mastery; setting one kid against another, this causes problems. STDs: are most
common in teens, but pregnancies have gone down. Cooperative learning: produces academic growth in students.
Chapter 16: Adolescence: psychosocial development:
Identity: One’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations. Erikson: Psychosocial development: best understood as self-questioning, who am I? Growth
spurt, sexual awakening, less personal schools, more intimate relationships, and risk taking=finding identity. Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion: fifth stage of development: a person tries to
figure out who they are, but is confused as to which of many roles to adopt. Identity achievement: Erikson’s term for attainment of identity formation, or the point when a person understands
who they are. Identity Diffusion: the situation in which a person does not seem to know or care what their identity is. Identity moratorium: Erikson’s term for a pause in identity formation,
which allows young people to explore alternatives without making a final decision. Foreclosure: Marcia’s term for premature identity formation (closing out before complete), kid adopts
parents role but does not question why. Negative Identity: Rebellious defiant, attitude taken on simply because it is exactly opposite what most people want. Generation gap: gap between
values, behaviors, & knowledge from one generation to another. Bickering: Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing. Generational Stake: The need for each generation to view
family interactions from its own point of view. Parental monitoring= awareness of what one’s child is doing, & where and when they are doing it. Peer pressure: Social pressure to conform
to one’s friends. Peer groups can be constructive, ease transition for a young person into adulthood, promote higher grades normally, & prosocial behavior.
Peer system: Pubertal self-help: provide help listening, comforting & relating: Social support: provide protection from turmoil of transitions: Identity formation: aids in the search for selfunderstanding by functioning as a mirror that reflects dispositions, interests and capabilities: Values clarification: peers act as a sounding board for exploring, and defining values.
Suicide: Thinking about suicide is normal=Suicidal Ideation: Suicide is normal for teens to think about; however, they are much less likely to kill themselves. Reasons people assume teens
have a higher rate of suicide than they do: 1) the rate is low, but has triples since 1960: 2) Statistics often lump adolescents and young adults together, and 20-to-24 year olds typically have a
much higher suicide rate: 3) Every adolescent suicide, particularly that of a younger adolescent is publicized to the world: 4) Social prejudice tends to consider teens as problems, hence
distorting the evidence. Gay teen suicide is 3 times higher than that of straight teens. Para suicide: any deliberate attempt at self-destruction that does not result in death.
Suicidal influences: availability of a weapon or means, parental supervision or lack of, alcohol or drugs, gender, attitudes about suicide in the culture. US Suicide Ratings: Native
males=36.4%, females=6.5%, Euro. males= 19.3%, females=4.0%, Asian males= 12.0%, females=4.0%, African males=11.5%, females=1.9%, Hispanic males=10.9%, females 3.2%.
Trouble: 90% boys to 70% girls are arrested each year. Adolescent-limited offender: kid in trouble but looks like they will be all right. Life-course-persistent offender: kid who is likely to
commit more crimes as an adult.