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Department of History Special Subject The Russian Revolution 1914-1921 HI 317 Module Director: Professor Christopher Read Module Booklet 2010-11 Module Director: Professor Christopher Read Tel. 02476 523308 23308 (internal) [email protected] Room 323 Office hours: Monday 2-15 – 2-45; Friday 12-15 – 12-45 (no office hours in reading weeks i.e. 6 and 16 nor after week 23. Please contact to make appointments at these times. No appointment needed for regular office hours) 3 4 Course Specification - The Russian Revolution 1914-1921 Please note – in the event of any conflict between the information below and that in departmental handbooks, the departmental handbooks will prevail. Aims & Objectives The module is a 30 CATS Special Subject, accounting for up to one quarter of your third-year work. Special Subjects involve the intensive study of a tightly focused set of topics or problems using a large quantity of primary sources. It is, above all, through the Special Subject that you will acquire hands-on experience of the skills involved in working with primary sources. For this reason it is encouraged, though not compulsory, that those students intending to write a 30 CATS dissertation in History should do so in conjunction with their Special Subject. Context: The module offers students an opportunity to explore the history of the Russian Revolution in great depth. There is no requirement for you to have taken any previous courses in Russian history or politics and the teaching will not assume that you have done so. Syllabus: The module covers the political, social, economic and cultural history of the Russian Revolution examining the impact of war; the February Revolution; the events of 1917; the Civil War; War Communism ; the uprisings of 1920-1 and concludes with the Tenth Party Congress and the Kronstadt rebellion. It is divided into two halves - The collapse of the old order; the emergence of the new Soviet order. Teaching & Learning: The course is taught in weekly seminars of two hours. Normally all members of the course take part in the same seminar so size tends to vary up to a maximum of 18 students. The seminars focus on selected English language documentation on which the course is based. Seminar discussion also covers the main directions of analysis in the abundant secondary sources on the topic. Seminar documents are discussed in detail in class and gobbets for the exam paper are taken from them. The documents include official proclamations; official documents; electoral statistics; political writings of leading figures in the revolution especially Lenin; extracts from memoirs; extracts from newspapers; literature. The second and third questions on Paper 1 will require discussion of the historiography of the revolution. As a third-year student you are expected to organise your learning more independently than hitherto, and, for this reason, there are no lectures in the module. Assessment: All students will be examined on their knowledge and comprehension of the selected sources and historiography in a compulsory three-hour paper. One question will request comment on four out of seven short extracts from the course documents. Section A will consist of questions on primary sources and historiography. Section B will be questions on the history of the period. Dissertation: see departmental guidelines for dissertation details. Please note that extra credit is given for good use and knowledge of documents in all aspects of course assessment. Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 Intended Learning Outcomes a) the further development of essay-writing and seminar participation skills b) the development of a deeper understanding of the relationship between primary and secondary historical sources c.) the development of a student's ability to assess the importance of, to recognise the difference between types of and to critically evaluate a wide variety of sources. d.) to appreciate how analysis of primary sources contributes to historical debate, and development of a capacity to undertake such analysis. e.) 2 developing critical analytical skills based on introducing students to a wide variety of approaches to the study of the Russian Revolution conveying basic historical knowledge of the Russian Revolution utilising interdisciplinary perspectives to deepen historical understanding providing students with the opportunity to evaluate critically a range of primary sources including official documents, statistics, writings of leading historical figures and memoirs. examining a wide range of secondary sources and secondary interpretations of the Russian Revolution To enable students to produce written and verbal analyses based on the above Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - SPECIAL SUBJECT SEMINAR TOPICS & DOCUMENT LIST This list details the basic seminar topics for the course and is a complete record of the documentary materials on which the course is based. Seminar Documents - i.e. material (i) (ii) (iii) from which extracts will be taken for the gobbets question. which will be discussed in detail in classes. which should be used where appropriate in course and assessed essay work, in exam answers and, where applicable, in the Dissertation. Historiographical Material (Seminar Reading) (i) (ii) which will also be discussed in class, though in less detail. which should be used where appropriate in course and assessed essay work, in sections A and B of the exam paper, and, where applicable, in the Dissertation. 3 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 AUTUMN TERM THE FALL OF TSARISM AND THE RISE OF BOLSHEVISM Introduction and Background Reading: C. Read W.H. Chamberlin E. Acton Lars I Lih R. Service (ed.) Frankel E. Frankel J. & Knei-Paz B. J. White R. Pipes Holquist, P. WEEK 1 From Tsar to Soviets The Russian Revolution vol I Rethinking the Russian Revolution "Breakdown and Reconstitution: Thinking about the Russian Revolution", Problems of Communism March-April 1990 Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 The Russian Revolution: a short history The Russian Revolution Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis 1914-1921 INTRODUCTION. TSARIST SOCIETY BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR Seminar Questions How prepared was Russia for war? Why did Russia become involved? What were the main strengths and weaknesses of Russian society on the eve of war? Document P.N. Durnovo Memorandum to the Tsar Seminar Reading I.Thatcher (ed) Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects H. Rogger Russia in the Age of Modernisation Alternatives to this are: C. Read From Tsar to Soviets (chs. I & II) L. Kochan Russia in Revolution You may also like to dip into D.M. Wallace's book Russia which is one of the best first hand accounts of life in Russia in the early twentieth century by an acute observer of all aspects of Russian life. WEEK 2 RUSSIA AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR Seminar questions How did the Russian economy stand up to the pressures of war? What political impact did war have? What was the importance of the Progressive Bloc? How competent/incompetent was the Russian military in the war? Documents Documents of the August 1915 crisis (Vernadsky & Pushkarev, p.845-847) Prologue to Revolution: Notes of A.N. Iakhontov on the Secret Meetings of the Council of Minister, 1915 (ed by Cherniavsky p. 65-84) Labour unrest 1914-16 (from Golder pp. 186-7) Secret Police Reports, February-October 1916 (Vernadsky & Pushkarev, p.865 868) V.I. Lenin The War and Social Democracy; Lecture on the 1905 Revolution 4 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 Seminar Reading N. Stone M. Florinsky G. Katkov M. Ferro P. Gatrell P. Gatrell WEEK 3 The Eastern Front (essential) The End of the Russian Empire Russia 1917:The February Revolution (chs.1-8) The February Revolution (ch. 1) Russia’s First World War 1914-17: A Social and Economic History A Whole Empire Walking THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION Seminar Questions Why did Tsarism collapse in February 1917? Was its collapse planned by opponents or was it spontaneous? What role was played by the military. The Duma, the Left? Seminar Reading G. Katkov M. Ferro O. Anweiler R. Pipes C. Read E.N.Burdzhalov WEEK 4 Russia 1917:The February Revolution (ch 9-16) The February Revolution (chs 2-6) The Soviets (ch 2 & 3) Revolutionary Russia chs by Schapiro & Anweiler) From Tsar to Soviets (ch. III) ‘Russia’s Second Revolution: The February 1917 uprising in Petrograd’ in M.Miller The Russian Revolution: Essential Readings pp. 39-72 THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT AND THE SOVIET Seminar questions What were the respective roles of the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet? What were the main political developments in the first months of the revolution? Documents Documents of the February Revolution from Vernadsky & Pushkarev pp.873-884 V.I. Lenin The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution; The Dual Power; WEEK 5 RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN MID 1917 I - The Peasantry Seminar questions What role was the peasantry playing in the development of the revolution? What impact did it have on them and they on it? Is peasant action best described in terms of them using ‘weapons of the weak’? Seminar Reading C. Read O.Figes D. Raleigh J. Keep G. Gill R. Service (ed.) WEEK 6 From Tsar to Soviets (ch. V) ‘The Russian Revolution of 1917 and its language in the village’ in Wade, R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.91-118 (also in Miller pp.73-103) Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov The Russian Revolution (chs. 5-19) Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (chapters by Perrie & Channon) READING WEEK 5 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 WEEK 7 RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN MID 1917 II - Workers & Soldiers Seminar questions What role did workers play in the revolution? How did the revolution affect the lives of ordinary workers? What role did soldiers play in the revolution? Were soldiers motivated by peasants’, workers’ or their own agenda Seminar Reading S. Smith S. Smith , ` WEEK 8 Red Petrograd ‘Petrograd in 1917: the View from Below’ in Wade, R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp13-32 Moscow Workers in 1917 October 1917 (esp. chs. 4-7) Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 D. Koenker M. Ferro D. Koenker & W. Rosenberg (ed.) D. Koenker & ‘Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917’ in Wade, R. W. Rosenberg Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.33-45 R. Service (ed.) Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution chapters by Service & Mawdsley C. Read From Tsar to Soviets (ch. IV & VI) T. Hasegawa ‘Crime, police and mob justice in Petrograd during the Russian revolutions of 1917’ in Wade, R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.46-72 POLITICAL PARTIES IN 1917 Seminar questions What constituted a political party in revolutionary conditions? What were the main features of the outlook and structure of the main parties? Did party divisions coincide with the main policy divisions in Russia in 1917? What factors contributed to the success and failure of the main parties? Seminar Reading C. Read R. Service A. Rabinowitch W. Rosenberg Z. Galili Kolonitskii, B.I. Melançon, M.S. Hickey, M.C. WEEK 9 From Tsar to Soviets (ch. VII, pp.145-169) The Bolshevik Party in Revolution Prelude to Revolution The Liberals in the Russian Revolution Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution ‘ “Democracy” in the political consciousness of the February revolution’ , in Wade, R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.75-90 ‘From rhapsody to threnody: Russia’s Provisional Government in Socialist-Revolutionary eyes’, in Wade, R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp143-158 ‘The rise and fall of Smolensk’s moderate socialists: the politics of class and the rhetoric of crisis in 1917’ in Wade R. Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.159-184 THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION - THE BOLSHEVIK ROUTE TO POWER Seminar questions What was Lenin’s role in the seizure of power? Was the October revolution planned or improvised? Why did the Provisional Government fall so easily? What role did the popular movement play in the Soviet takeover? What was Lenin’s role in the seizure of power? Was the October revolution planned or improvised? Why 6 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 did the Provisional Government fall so easily? What role did the popular movement play in the Soviet takeover? Documents V.I. Lenin Writings of September-October 1917 Between the Two Revolutions (pp 380-418) Minutes of the Bolshevik Central Committee Meetings (pp 85-110) Seminar Reading A. Rabinowitch The Bolsheviks Come to Power (note extract from this in Miller with short bibliography and brief i.d.’s of participants) M. Ferro October 1917 (ch.8) (R. Daniels Red October is also worth looking at) C. Read From Tsar to Soviets (ch. VIII (p. 169-176) J. White ‘Lenin, Trotskii and the arts of insurrection: the Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, 11-13 October 1917’ in Wade, R.Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches pp.187-210 R.Wade ‘ “All Power to the Soviets” the Bolsheviks take power’ in Wade R.Revolutionary Russia:New Approaches pp.211-42 C.Read Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (Ch 5) WEEK 10 THE FIRST STEPS - OCTOBER 1917-SPRING 1918 RUSSIA DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF BOLSHEVIK RULE Seminar reading How do the various elements in Russian society react to the October Revolution? By what methods and with what success do the Bolsheviks establish their power? Was the dissolution of the Constituent assembly important? Seminar Reading J. Keep The Russian Revolution (chs 20-33) L. Schapiro The Origin of the Communist Autocracy (chs V-VI) R. Service The Bolshevik Party in Revolution (chs 2-3) Brovkin, Lewin, Rosenberg debate Slavic Review vol 44 pp 213-257 + cross refs V. Brovkin The Mensheviks After October C. Read From Tsar to Soviets (ch VIII pp 177-91) L.G.Protasov ‘The All-Russian Constituent Assembly and the Democratic alternative: two views of the problem’ in Wade R.Revolutionary Russia:New Approaches pp.243-6 W.Rosenberg ‘Russian labour and Bolshevik Power: Social Dimensions Of Protest after October’ in Miller, M The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings pp.149-79 Documents The Second Congress of Soviets (Bunyan & Fisher pp 119-138) The Election to the Constituent Assembly V.M. Chernov Russia's one-day Parliament (pp 176-182) Extraordinary Meeting of Delegates of Factories and Plants in the City of Petrograd (pp 237-241) 7 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 SPRING TERM THE BOLSHEVIKS IN POWER: THE FOUNDING OF A NEW ORDER Introduction & Background Reading: W.H. Chamberlin The Russian Revolution vol II D. Koenker, W. Rosenberg, Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War R. Suny E. Mawdsley The Russian Civil War W. Bruce Lincoln Red Victory R. Pipes The Bolsheviks in Power WEEK 11 INTRODUCTION: THE CIVIL WAR Seminar questions Why did the Civil War break out? Who were the Whites? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the White movement? Why were the Whites defeated? WEEK 12 Documents A. Denikin Lukomskii The White Army (pp 26-35) Memoirs (pp 204-207) Seminar Reading W.H. Chamberlin E. Mawdsley C. Read The Russian Revolution vol II The Russian Civil War From Tsar to Soviets (191-198) CRISES OF SPRING & SUMMER 1918 Seminar questions What was the political significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? Why were oppositions forming in the Bolshevik Party? Why did Lenin turn towards ‘iron proletarian discipline’? What did he mean by it? Documents V.I. Lenin Seminar Reading S. Smith L. Schapiro R. Service E.H. Carr J. Keep WEEK 13 The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government (pp 645684); Draft Plan of Scientific and Technical Work Red Petrograd (ch. 10) The Origin of the Communist Autocracy (chs V-IV) The Bolshevik Party in Revolution (ch III) The Bolshevik Revolution (ch V) The Russian Revolution (Part IV pp 249-383) SOVIET CONSOLIDATION - PARTY, STATE Seminar questions What developments were occurring within the party in 1918-1919? What developments were occurring in the state in 1918-19? How was the relationship of the party to society changing in 1918 and 1919? What relationship was developing between party and state in 1918-1919? Seminar Reading 8 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 C. Read E.H. Carr L. Schapiro R. Service R.V. Daniels S. Cohen N.Bukharin WEEK 14 From Tsar to Soviets (ch IX) The Bolshevik Revolution (chs 6-9 + Note A) History of the CPSU (ch 10) The Bolshevik Party in Revolution (chs 3 & 5) The Conscience of the Revolution(chs 4 & 5) Bukharin & the Bolshevik Revolution (ch III) ABC of Communism (a key source for Weeks 13-18) THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT I - THE PARTY. THE STATE Seminar questions As for Week 13 Documents Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People (Akhaphin p76-78) Resolutions & Decisions of the VIII Party Congress (McNeal pp 54-89) Resolution & Decisions of the VIII and IX Party Conferences (McNeal pp 99-113) WEEK 15 SOVIET CONSOLIDATION - SOCIETY, ECONOMY- WAR COMMUNISM Seminar questions What was ‘war communism’ and why was it adopted? How successful was ‘war communism’? What social impact had the revolution had 1918-20? What role was played by the black market in these years? Seminar Reading C. Read E.H. Carr A. Nove S. Malle O. Figes M. McAuley B.E.Clements S.Fitzpatrick From Tsar to Soviets (ch. X) The Bolshevik Revolution (chs 16&17) An Economic History of the U.S.S.R.(ch 3) The Economic Organisation of War Communism Peasant Russia, Civil War Bread and Justice ‘Bolshevik Women’ in Miller, M The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings pp.180-205 ‘Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity In Soviet Russia’ in Miller, M The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings pp.206-35 WEEK 16 READING WEEK WEEK 17 DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT - II THE ECONOMY, SOCIETY Seminar questions As for Week 15 Documents V.I. Lenin Economics and Politics in the Era of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat; Integrated Economic Plan 9 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 WEEK 18 EDUCATION, PROPAGANDA, CULTURE: INTELLECTUAL LIFE AND CULTURAL REVOLUTION Seminar questions How important was culture in Lenin’s outlook? What did Lenin mean by culture? What problems faced the government in developing the education system? What value do artistic sources have for the historian? Seminar Reading S. Fitzpatrick R. Suny D. Orlovsky S. Fitzpatrick C. Claudin-Urondo L. Trotsky C. Read P. Kenez S. Fitzpatrick Figes, O & Kolonitskii, B Debate on class, culture and politics in the Early Soviet Years Slavic Review, p.599-626, vol 47 The Commissariat of Enlightenment (chs 5 & 6 plus ch 9 pp 236-255) Lenin and Cultural Revolution Literature & Revolution (esp chs I-III & VI-VIII) Culture & Power in Revolutionary Russia (chs 2 & 3) The Propaganda State The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia Interpreting the Russian Revolution; The Language and Symbols of 1917 Documents Degrees on Education; Freedom of Conscience and Monuments (Akhapkin pp 6061, 88-89, 120, 140) E. Zamyatin The Church of God & The Cave Aleksandr Blok The Twelve V.I. Lenin On Proletarian Culture WEEK 19 1921 - THE END OF THE REVOLUTION? Seminar questions What were the causes of the multiple crises of late 1920-21? What response did the government and party make to the crises? How secure was the Soviet government in 1921? Does 1921 mark the end of the revolution? Documents The Kronstadt Rebellion (Avrich pp 158-168) V.I. Lenin, Speeches at the Tenth Party Congress (pp 557-561) X Party Congress in R.McNeal Resolutions and Decisions of the CPSU vol II p119130 Seminar Reading C. Read From Tsar to Soviets (chs 6 & 7) I Getzler Kronstadt (chs 6 & 7) O. Radkey The Unknown Civil War L. Schapiro The Origin of the Communist Autocracy (chs XIV-XVIII) R. Service The Bolshevik Party in Revolution (chs 6 & 7) R. Service Lenin: a political life (vol. 3) 10 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 WEEK 20 OVERVIEW SEMINAR –The historiography of the Russian Revolution An examination of broad appraisals of the Revolution and an analysis of the main schools of interpretation. (Preparation for the third question on Paper 1) Seminar Reading E. Acton Rethinking the Russian Revolution S. Smith ‘Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism’ in Miller, M The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings pp.259-81 C.Read ‘Writing the History of the Russian Revolution?’ Studies in History, Institute of Historical Research website, 1997 (http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/articles/russia.html) C.Read ‘The Russian Revolution After the Fall of Communism’, review article, The Historical Journal vol. 40 no.4, pp.1127-1134, 1998. C.Read ‘In Search of Liberal Tsarism: The Historiography of Autocratic Decline’ The Historical Journal 45, 1, (2002) (Cambridge) Holquist, P ‘What is Revolutionary about the Russian Revolution? State Practices and New Style Politics 1914-21’ in Hoffman, D. and Kotsonis, Y. Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices SUMMER TERM Revision/gobbet preparation seminar(s) will also be arranged. 11 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 SPECIAL SUBJECT:THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1914-21 Bibliography PART I Items in brackets may not be in Warwick library. obtained from me. I They can be (i) Reference 1. Baedeker Handbook for travellers: Russia 2. Who was Who in the U.S.S.R. 3. Channon, J. Russian History Atlas 4. Acton E. (et al eds) Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution (ii) General 2. Carr, E.H. The Bolshevik Revolution(3 vols) 3. Chamberlin, W.H. The Russian Revolution (2 vols) 4. Kochan, L. Russia in Revolution 5. Liebman, M. The Russian Revolution 6. Pipes, R. (ed) Revolutionary Russia 7. Pethybridge, R. The Spread of the Russian Revolution: Essays on 1917 8. Rabinowitch, A.(ed) Revolution & Politics in Russia 9. Service, R The Russian Revolution 1900-1927 11. Keep, J. The Russian Revolution: a Study in Mass Mobilisation 12. Elwood, R.C. Reconsiderations on the Russian Revolution 13. Fitzpatrick, S. The Russian Revolution 1917. 14. Schapiro, L. Russian Revolution and the Origins of Present-Day Communism 17. Acton, E Re-thinking the Russian Revolution 18. Service, R. (ed.) Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution 19. Frankel, E., Revolution in Russia: Frankel, J. & Reassessment of 1917 Knei-Paz, B. (eds.) 20. White, J.A. The Russian Revolution: a short history 21. Pipes, R. The Russian Revolution 22. Pipes, R. The Bolsheviks in Power 23. Read, C. From Tsar to Soviets 24. Wade, R. The Russian Revolution – 1917 25. Palat, Madhavan Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia 26. Holquist, P. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis 19141921 27. Smith, S.A. Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History (iii)Documents 1. 2. 3. 12 Bolsheviks and the October Revolution. Central Committee Minutes, August 1917-February 1918 Browder, R.P. & The Russian Provisional Kerensky, A.F. Government (3 vols) Bukharin, N. & ABC of Communism Preobrazhensky, E. Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 5. Bunyan, J. (ed) 6. 7. Bunyan, J. & Fisher, H.H.(eds) Daniels, R.V. 8. Daniels, R.V. 11. Golder, F.A. 12. Gruber, H 13. Lenin, V.I. 14. Lenin, V.I. 15. McCauley, M. 16. McNeal, R. 17. Nicholas, II 18. Nicholas, II 19. Stalin, I.V 20. Vernadsky, G. & History Pushkarev, S. 21. Vulliamy, C.E.(ed) 22. Meijer, J. (ed) 23. Butt, V.P. (et al) 24. Kowalski, R. 25. Miller, Martin A. The Origin of Forced Labour in the Soviet State, 1917-21: Documents and materials The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-18 A Documentary History of Communism vol 1 The Russian Revolution: a documentary history Documents of Russian History, 1914-17 International Communism in the era of Lenin Collected Works Between the two Revolutions The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State Resolutions and Decisions of the CPSU, vol I and II Letters of the Tsar to the Empress Marie Letters of the Tsar to the Tsaritsa Collected Works A Source Book for Russian vol. III The Red Archives The Trotsky Papers The Russian Civil War in Documents from the Soviet Archives The Russian Revolution 1917-21: a Documentary Reader The Russian Revolution: Essential Readings (iv) Memoirs 1. 21 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Berkman, A. The Bolshevik Myth: Diary 1920- Broido, E. Memoirs of a Revolutionary Bryant, L. Six Red Months in Russia Brusilov, A.A. A Soldier's Notebook, 1914-18 (Buchanan, Sir George Mission to Russia) Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie Left Behind Denikin A. The Russian Turmoil Dukes, Sir Paul Red Dusk and the Morrow Ehrenburg, I. Men, Years, Life, vol II Francis, D. Russia from the American Embassy Gorbatov, A.V. Years Off My Life Kerensky, A. The Catastrophe Kerensky, A The Crucifixion of Liberty Kerensky, A. Prelude to Bolshevism Kerensky, A. Memoirs. Russia and History's Turning Point 16. Knox, Sir Alfred With the Russian Army 17. Krassnoff, P. From Double Eagle to Red Flag 18. Lockhart, Sir R.H.B The Two Revolutions: an eyewitness study of Russia, 1917 13 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 19. Miliukov, P. 20. Mohrenschildt,D.von (ed) 21. Monkhouse, A. 22. Paléologue, M. 23. Paustovsky, K. 24. Pethybridge, R.(ed) 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. (v) Political Memoirs The Russian Revolution of 1917:contemporary accounts Moscow, 1911-33 An Ambassador's Memoirs Story of a Life Witnesses to the Russian Revolution Price, M.P. My Reminiscences of the Russian Revolution Robien, L. de Diary of a Diplomat in Russia Rodzianko, M.V. The Reign of Rasputin Rosmer, A. Lenin's Moscow Serge, V. Memoirs of a Revolutionary Steinberg, I Souvenirs d'un Commissar du Peuple Sheridan, C. Russian Portraits Sukhanov, N.N. The Russian Revolution (2 vols) Trotsky, L. My Life Vandervelde, E. Three Aspects of the Russian Revolution Williams, A.R. Through the Russian Revolution Wilton, R. Russia's Agony Wrangel, N. Memoirs of Baron N. Wrangel Woytinsky, W.S. Stormy Passage Beatty, Bessie The Red Heart of Russia Bruce Lockhart, R.B. The Two Revolutions:an eye witness study of Russia, 1917 Chernova-Kolbasina, O.E. New Horizons:reminiscences of the Russian Revolution Ilyin-Zhenevsky, A.F. From the February Revolution to the October Revolution 1917 Piatnitsky, O. Memoirs of a Bolshevik Price, M.P. War & Revolution in Asiatic Russia Liberman, S.I. Building Lenin's Russia Anet, C. Through the Russian Revolution Morizet, A. Chez Lenine et Trotski Gurko, V.I. Memories and Impressions of War and Revolutionary Russia Pitcher H. (ed.) Witnesses of the Russian Revolution Wells H.G. Russia in the Shadows Knüfken Hermann Von Kiel bis Leningrad: Erinnerung eines revolutioären Matrösen 1917-1930 mit Dokumenten, 80 Fotos und Faksimiles Accounts by Participants 1. Abramovitch, R.R. 2. Chernov, V. 3. Reed, J. 4. Trotsky, L. Revolution 5. Shliapnikov, A.G. 6. Raskolnikov, F. 14 The Soviet Revolution, 1917-39 The Great Russian Revolution Ten Days that Shook the World History of the Russian On the Eve of 1917 Kronstadt and Petrograd in 1917 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 (vi) Biography 1. Cohen, S. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution 2. Deutscher, I. The Prophet Armed:Trotsky,187921 3. Getzler, I. Martov 4. Haupt,G & Marie J.J. Makers of the Russian Revolution 5. Balabanoff, A. Impressions of Lenin 6. Deutscher, I. Lenin's Childhood 7. Deutscher, I. Not by Politics Alone: the other Lenin 8. Krupskaya, N. Memoirs of Lenin 9. Schapiro, L & Lenin: Man, Theorist and Reddaway, P. Leader 10. Shub, D. Lenin 11. Shukman, H. Lenin and the Russian Revolution 12. Theen, R. Lenin 13. Trotsky, L. On Lenin 14. Ulam, A. Lenin and the Bolsheviks 15. Valentinov, N. Early Years of Lenin 16. Valentinov, N. Encounters with Lenin 17. Zetkin, K. Reminiscences of Lenin 18. Lunacharsky, A.V. Revolutionary Silhouettes 19. Deutscher, I. Stalin 20. Hingley, R. Joseph Stalin: Man and Legend 21. Souvarine, B. Stalin 22. Trotsky, L. Stalin 23. Tucker, R.C. Stalin as Revolutionary, 18791929 24. Ulam, A. Stalin 25. Wolfe, B. Three Who Made a Revolution 26. Wyndham, F. Trotsky: a documentary biography 27. Enteen, G.M. The Soviet Scholar-Bureaucrat: M.N. Pokrovskii and the Society of Marxist Historians 28. Howe, I. Trotsky 29. Knei-Paz, B. The Social and Political Thoughts of Leon Trotsky 30. Wistrich, R. Trotsky 31. Cliff, T. Lenin (4 vols) 32. Farnsworth, B. Alexandra Kollontai 33. Pipes, R. Struve: Liberal on the Right (vol.2) 34. Porter, C. Alexandra Kollontai 35. Clements, Barbara C. Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai 36. Service, R. Lenin: A Political Life (3 vols) 36a Service, R. Lenin: a biography 37. McNeal, R. Stalin: Man and Ruler 38. Williams, Beryl Lenin 39. White, James D. Lenin:The Practice and Theory of Revolution 40. Thatcher, I. Trotsky 41. Weisman, Susan Victor Serge: The Course is Set on Hope 42. Sontag, Susan ‘Victor Serge’ Times Literary Supplement 9/4/04 p.13 43. Read, Christopher Lenin: a Revolutionary Life 44. Turton, Katy Forgotten Lives: The Role of Lenin's Sisters in the Russian Revolution, 1864-1937 15 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 PART II The Course of the Revolution II The autocracy and the war (i) 1. Katkov, G. et al eds Stavrou, T. Russia Enters the Twentieth Century Russia under the Last Tsar 3. Almedingen, M.E. 4. Badaev, A.E. 5. 6. War 7. 8. Florinsky, M. Golovine, N.N. An Unbroken Unity: a memoir of Grand-Duchess Serge of Russia, 1864-1918 The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma The End of the Russian Empire The Russian Army in the World 2. 2a. Gatrell, Peter 9. Graham, S. Gronsky, P. & Astrov, N. Haimson, L. 10. Hamm, M.F. 11. Kohn, S. & Meyendorff, A.F. 12. Maklakov, B. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 21a Russia and the World The War and the Russian Government 'The problem of social stability in pre-revolutionary Russia' Slavic Review, vol XXIII, pp 619-42 and XXIV pp 1-22 'Liberal politics in wartime Russia: an analysis of the Progressive Bloc', Slavic Review, vol. XXXIII The Cost of the War to Russia 'On the fall of Tsardom', Slavic and East European Review, vol 18 pp 73-92 Meyendorff, A. The Background of the Russian Revolution Mossolov, A.A. At the Court of the Last Tsar Memoirs Pares, B. The Fate of the Russian Monarchy Rivet, C. Le Dernier Romanoff Roosa, R.A. 'Russian industrialists and "state socialism" 1906-17' Soviet Studies, vol 23, pp. 394417 (see also discussion between Roosa and J.D. White in Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 414-25 Sontag, J.P. 'Tsarist debts and Tsarist foreign policy', Slavic Review, vol XXVII,no. 4, pp 529-41 Tuve, J.E. 'Changing directions in RussianAmerican economic relations,1912-17', Slavic Review, vol XXXI no. 1, pp 52-70 Wallace, Sir Donald M. Russia Wolfe, B. 'War comes to Russia' in An Ideology in Power, pp 95-103 (Cherniavsky, M. Prologue to Revolution) 22. Yaney, G.L. 16 Russia’s First World War 1914-17: A Social and Economic History 'Some aspects of the Imperial Russian government on the eve of Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 23. Zeman, Z. 24. Stone, N. 25. Solzhenitsyn, A. 26. Pearson, R. 27. Fallows, T. 28. Aleksinskii, G. 29. Siegelbaum, L.H. 30. Gatrell, P. 31. Gatrell,Peter 32. Seregny, Scott 33. Thatcher, Ian D. 34. Thatcher, Ian D. the first world war', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 43,pp 68-91 Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915-18 (documents The Eastern Front August 1914 The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, 1914-17 'Politics and the war effort in Russia: the Union of zemstvos and the organisation of the food supply 1914-1916', Slavic Review, vol 37,no. 1 Modern Russia (1914) Politics of Industrial Mobilisation in Russia 1914-17 Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia 1900-1914 A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I ‘A Wager on the Peasantry: Anti-Zemstvo Riots, Adult Education and the Russian Village During World War One: Stavropol’ Province’ Slavonic and East European Review vol.79 no.1 Jan 2001 pp.90-126 Leon Trotsky and World War One Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects (See also memoirs by Knox, Francis, Buchanan, Broido, Trotsky, Brusilov, Wrangel, Krasnov, Pautovsky, Miliukov, Rodzianko and Paléologue in Part I section (IV) above and Price (no. 40) II (ii) The February Revolution 1. Anin, D.S. 2. Ferro, M 3. Hasegawa, T. 4. Hasegawa, T. 5. Katkov, G. 6. Kennan, G. 'The February Revolution: was the collapse inevitable?' Soviet Studies vol. 18, pp 435-57 The Russian Revolution of February 1917 'The formation of the militia in the February Revolution', Slavic Review, vol. 32, pp 303-23 'The formation of the Petrograd Soviet: the masses and the elite in the February Revolution' (unpublished, I have a copy) Russia 1917: The February Revolution 'The Breakdown of the Tsarist Autocracy' in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, pp 1-33 17 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 7. Wildman, A.K. 8. Hasegawa, T. 9. White, J.D. 10. Hasegawa, T. 11. Melancon, M. 12. Reply to Melancon 'The February Revolution in the Russian Army', Soviet Studies, vol. 22, pp. 3-23 'Bolsheviks and the formation of the Petrograd Soviet in the February revolution',Soviet Studies vol. 29, no. 1 'The Sormovo-Nikolaev Zemlyachestva in the February Revolution',Soviet Studies, XXX1, no. 4 The February Revolution 'Who Wrote What and When? Proclamations of the February Revolution in Petrograd Soviet Studies XL No. 3 pp 479-522 (J.D. White and D. Longley) Soviet Studies XL1 No. 4 pp 602-644 (iii)From February to October. Governments and the Soviets 1. Anweiler, O. 1a Kolonitskii,B 2. 3. Anweiler, O. Asher, H. 4. Boyd, J.R. 5. Collins, D.N. 6. Elkin, B. 7. Elkin, B. 8. Feldman, R.S. 9. Laue, T. von 10. Morris, L.P. 18 The Provisional 'The political ideology of the leaders of the Petrograd Soviet in the Spring of 1917', in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, pp 145-163 ‘ “Democracy” in the Political Consciousness of the February Revolution’, Slavic Review Vol.57 no.1 Spring 1998 The Soviets 'The Kornilov Affair: a reinterpretation', Russian Review vol. 29, pp 286-300 (xerox) 'The origins of Order No. 1' Soviet Studies, vol. 19 pp 35972 'A note on the numerical strength of the Red Guards in October 1917'Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 270 'Further notes on the policies of the Kerensky government',Slavic Review XXV no. 2 p 323 'The Kerensky government and its fate', Slavic Review vol XXIII no 4 p 717 'The Russian General Staff and the June 1917 offensive', Soviet Studies, vol 19 pp 520-43 'Westernisation, Revolution and the search for a basis of authority in Russia in 1917' Soviet Studies, vol 19, pp 155180 'The Russians, the allies and the war, February-July, 1917' Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 Slavonic and East European Review, vol 50 pp 29-48 11. Mosse, W.E. 'Interlude: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917' Soviet Studies, no. 15, p 408 12. Mosse, W.E. Pethybridge and Riha, 'Debate on Provisional Government', Soviet Studies, vol 19, pp 100-121 13. Rabinowitch, A. Prelude to Revolution: the Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 uprising 14. Rosenberg, W.G. 'The Russian Municipal Duma elections: a preliminary computation of returns', Soviet Studies, vol 21, pp 131-63 15. Schapiro, L. 'The Political thought of the First Provisional Government' in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, pp 123-145 16.Strakhovsky, L.I. 'Was there a Kornilov rebellion? A reappraisal of the evidence', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 33, pp 372-396 17. Wade, R.A. The Russian Search for Peace: February-October 1917 18. Wade, R. 'Why October? the Russian search for peace in 1917' Soviet Studies, vol 20, pp 36-45 19. Warth, R.D. The Allies and the Russian Revolution 20. White, J.D.(ed) 'A document on the Kornilov affair: Ukraintsev's Memoir', Soviet Studies, vol. 25, pp 28398 21. White, J.D. 'The Kornilov affair - a study in counter-revolution', Soviet Studies vol. 20, pp 187-205 22. 'A survey of Russia during the three months of the revolution (March to May) in Vulliamy, p 231-270 (I, iii, 21) 23. Nabokov, V. Vladimir Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government 24. Rabinowitch, A. The Bolsheviks come to Power 25. Woytinsky, W. 'The Gatchina Campaign' (memoir) Soviet Studies, XXXII, no. 2 26. Ferro, M. October 1917 27. Johnston, R.H. Tradition versus Revolution: Russia and the Balkans in 1917 28. Raleigh, D.J. 'Revolutionary Politics in Provincial Russia: the Tsaritsyn 'Republic' in 1917' Slavic Review vol 40 29. Hickey, Michael C. ‘Local Government and State Authority in the Provinces: Smolensk, February-June 1917’ Slavic Review vol. 55 note pp 863-881 33.Sarah Badcock ‘ “We’re for the Muzhiks Party!” Peasant Support for the Socialist Revolutionary Party 19 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 34. Wade, Rex II (iv) The October Revolution to Constituent Assembly 1. 2. Daniels, R.V. Geyer, B.D. 3. 4. Melgunov, S.P. Rabinowitch, A. 5. Saul, N.W. 6. Arapkhin, Yu (ed) 7. Dando, W.A. 8. Kochan, L. 9. Radkey, O.H. 10. Keep, J. (ed) 11. Radkey, O.H. II 20 during 1917’ Europe-Asia Studies vol.53 no.1 2001 pp.133-150 Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches (v) Red October 'The Bolshevik insurrection in Petrograd' in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, pp 209-228 The Bolshevik Seizure of Power 'The Petrograd garrison and the Bolshevik seizure of power' in Revolution and Politics in Russia, pp 172-191 'Lenin's decision to seize power: the influence of events in Finland', Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 491-505 First Decrees of Soviet Power, Nov 1917-July 1918 'A map of the election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917' Slavic Review, vol XXV, p 314 'Kadet policy in 1917 and the Constituent Assembly', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 45, pp 183-93 The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917 The Debate on Soviet Power Russia Goes to the Polls Consolidation of Bolshevik Power, 1918-21 1. Abrams, R. 2. Brinkley, G.C. 3. Carr, E.H. 4. Day, R.B. 5. Dobb, M. 6. 7. 8. Fainsod, M. Footman, D. Kenez, P. 9. Kenez, P. 'Political recruitment and local government: the local soviets of the RSFSR, 1918-21', Soviet Studies, vol 19, pp 573-600 The Volunteer Army and Allied Intervention in South Russia, 1917-21 'Origin and status of the Cheka', Soviet Studies, vol 10, pp 1-11 Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation Soviet Economic Development since 1917 How Russia is Ruled The Civil War in Russia The Civil War in South Russia, 2 vols 'The Relations between the Volunteer Army and Georgia 191820', Slavonic and East European Review Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 9a 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 26a 27. 28. 29. 30. Ainsworth, J. ‘Sidney Reilly’s reports From South Russia’ December 1918March 1919,’ Europe-Asia Studies Vol 50 no.8 December 1998 pp 1447-1470 Melgunov, S.P. Red Terror in Russia Nove, A. An Economic History of the USSR Oppenheim, S.A. 'The Supreme Economic Council 1917-21' in Soviet Studies, vol 25, pp 3-27 Schapiro, L. The Origin of the Communist Autocracy Scott, E.J. 'The Cheka', St Antony's Papers, no. 1, pp 1-23 Solzhenistsyn, A. The Gulag Archipelago Trotsky, L. Terrorism and Communism (also called The Defence of Terrorism Leggett, G.H. 'Lenin, Terror and the Political Police', Survey vol 21 no. 4 (97), pp 157-187 Bradley, J. The Civil War in Russia Edmondson, C.M. 'The politics of hunger: the Soviet response to famine, 1921, Soviet Studies, vol 29, no. 4 Gerson, L.D. Secret Police in Lenin's Russia C. Duval 'Yakov M. Sverdlov and the AllRussian Central Executive Committee of the Soviet. Oct 1917-July 1918, Soviet Studies, vol XXX1, no. 1, pp 3-22 Bettelheim, C. Class Struggles in the U.S.S.R., vol 1, 1917-23 Clemens, B.E. 'Kollontai's contribution to the Worker's Opposition', Russian History, vol 2, no. 2 pp 191-206 Rigby, T.H. Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917-22 Leggett. G. The Cheka "Russia Labour & Bolshevik Power after October". Debate between W. Rosenberg, M. Lewin and V. Brovkin, Slavic Review, vol 44 no. 2, p 213-257 (Plus references to earlier articles on this theme by these scholars) Swain, G. ‘The Disillusioning of the Revolution’s Praetorian Guard: The Latvian Riflemen, SummerAutumn 1918’, Europe-Asia Studies Vol 51 no.4 June 1999 pp. 667-686 S. Malle The Economic Organisation of War Communism E. Mawdsley The Russian Civil War Farber, S. Before Stalinism: the Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy Koenker, D., Party, State and Society in D. Rosenberg., the Russian Civil War R. Suny 21 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 31. Brovkin, V. Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements 1918-22 32. Mayer, Arno The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions 33.Holquist, Peter ‘Information is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work: Bolshevik Surveillance in the Pan-European Context’ Journal of Modern History 69 (1997) 415-450 (See also separate sections on non-bolshevik political movements in Part III below) 22 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 PART III TOPICS iii The Peasantry, 1914-21 (i) 1. Antsiferov, A.N. et al 2. Lewin, M. Power 3. Owen, L.A. 4. Robinson, G.T. 5. Shanin, T. 6. Wolfe, E.R. 7. Gill, G. 8. Gill, G. 9. Gill, G. 10. Kingston-Mann, E. 11. Raleigh, D. 12. Figes, O. 13. Pethybridge, R. 14. Figes, O. 15. Channon, J. 16. Moon, David 17.Channon, John Russian agriculture during the War Russian Peasants and Soviet The Russian Peasant Movement, 1906-17 Rural Russia under the Old Regime The Awkward Class: a study of the Russian Peasant Household 1910-1925 Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century 'The Mainsprings of Peasant Action in 1917', Soviet Studies, Jan 1978, vol XXX no. 1 Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution 'The failure of rural policy in Russia: February-October 1917', Slavic Review, vol 37, no. 2, Jan 1978 Lenin & the Problem of Marxist Peasant Revolution Revolution on the Volga Peasant Russian Civil War 'Social & Political Attitudes of Peasants in Kursk Guberniia at the start of N.E.P.' S.E.E.R. (63), pp. 372-387 'The Village and Volost' Soviet Elections of 1919', Soviet Studies, XLI, No. 1 pp 21-45 'From Muzhik to Kolkhoznik: Some Recent Western and Soviet Studies of Peasants in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia'. S.E.E.R. Jan. 1992, vol. 70 no. 1, pp. 127-139 The Russian Peasantry 1600-1930 : The World the Peasants Made ‘The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: the Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule’ Slavonic and East European Review 66 (1988) 593624 (ii) Workers, 1914-21 1. Augustine, W.R. 2. Avrich, P. 'Russia's railwaymen,July-Oct 1917' Slavic Review, XXIV, p 666 'The Bolshevik Revolution and workers' control in Russian 23 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 24 industry', Slavic Review, vol XXII, p 47 Bobroff, A. 'The Bolsheviks and working women', Soviet Studies, vol. 25, pp 540-67 Dewar, M. Labour Policy in USSR, 1917-28 Ferro, M. 'The aspirations of Russian society in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, pp 183-208 Kaplan, F.I. Bolshevik Ideology and the Ethics of Soviet Labour Mendel, A.P. 'Peasant and worker on the eve of the First World War', Slavic Review, XXIV, p 23 Milligan, S. 'The Petrograd Bolsheviks and social insurance, 1914-17', Soviet Studies, vol 20, pp 36974 Narkiewicz, O. Making of the Soviet State Apparatus Pethybridge, R. Social Prelude to Stalinism Sorenson, J.B. Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism Koenker, D. 'The evolution of Party consciousness: the case of the Moscow workers', Soviet Studies, Jan. 1978, vol XXX, no. 1 Berk, S.M. 'The "class tragedy" of Izhevsk: working class opposition to Bolshevism in 1918', Russian History, vol 2, no. 2, pp 176190 Perrins, M. 'Rabkrin and Workers' Control in Russia', European Studies Review, vol 10, no. 2, April 1980 Koenker, D. Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution Smith, S.A. Red Petrograd Mandel, D. Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime Bonnell, V. Roots of Rebellion Bonnell, V. The Russian Worker Johnson, R.E. Peasant and Proletarian Sirianni, C. Workers' Control and Socialist Democracy: The Soviet Experience McAuley, M. Bread and Justice Brovkin, V. 'Workers' Unrest and the Bolsheviks' Response' Slavic Review, vol 49, No. 3, Fall 1990 pp 350-73 Debate on Social Identity (Haimson, Rosenberg, Rieber) in Slavonic Review, vol 47, No. 1 pp 1-38 Husband, W.B. 'Local Industry in Upheaval: the Ivanovo-kineshma Textile Strike' Slavic Review, vol 47, pp 448463 Koenker, D., Strikes and Revolution in Russia, Rosenberg, W. 1917 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Article by R. Service in R. Service (ed) Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution Philips, L. Bolsheviks and the Bottle: Drink and Worker Culture in St. Petersburg 1900-1929 Haimson, L. Russia’s Revolutionary Experience Steinberg, Mark ‘Workers on the Cross: religious Imagination in the Writings of Russian Workers, 1910-1924’ Russian Review 53 (1994) 213-239 Aves, Jonathan Workers Against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship 1920-22 (1996) Pirani, Simon The Russian Revolution in Retreat 1920-24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite (iii)The Armed Forces, 1914-21 1. Erickson, J. 1a Sanborn, Joshua The Soviet High Command Drafting the Russian Nation:Military Conscription, Total War and Mass Politics, 1905-1925 2. Ferro, M. 'The Russian soldier in 1917: undisciplined, patriotic and revolutionary', Slavic Review, vol XXX, pp 483-512 3. Kenez, P. 'Changes in the social composition of the Officer Corps during World War I', Russian Review, vol 31, pp 369-75 (xerox) 4. Kenez, P. 'The Russian Officer Corps before the revolution: the military mind', Russian Review, vol 31, pp 226-36 (xerox) 5. Longley, D.A. 'Officers and men: a study of the development of political attitudes among the sailors of the Baltic Fleet in 1917', Soviet Studies, vol 25, pp 28-50 6. (White, D.F. The Growth of the Red Army) 7. 'The October Revolution in the Baltic Fleet: the Diary of Captain I I Rengarten' in Vulliamy, p 131-188, (I.iii 21) 8. 'The Diary of General Boldyrev' in Vulliamy, p 189226 (I.iii 21) 9. Jones, David, R. 'The Officers and the October Revolution', Soviet Studies, vol XXVIII, no. 2, pp 202-223 10. Saul, N Sailors in Revolt: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917 11. Maudsley, E. The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet 25 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 12. Wildman, A.K. 13. Trotsky, L. 14. Getzler, I. The End of the Russian Imperial Army Military Writings Kronstadt 1917-21 (See also Golovine in Part II, section (i) and various memoirs of Knox, Brusilov et al in Part I, section (iv) (iv) The Provinces 1. Keep, J. 2. Meijer, J. 3. Mosse, W.E. 4. Snow, R.E. 5. Smith, C.F. 6. Kuromiya, H. 7. Raleigh, Donald 8.Retish, Aaron B. 9.Badcock, Sarah (v) 'October in the Provinces’ in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia 'Town and Country in the Civil War' in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia 'The Revolution in Saratov, October-November 1917', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 49, pp 586-602 'The Russian Revolution of 191718 in Transbaikalia', Soviet Studies, vol 23, pp 201-15 Vladivostock under Red and White Rule Freedom and Terror in the Donbas 1870-1990 Experiencing Russia’s Civil War Russia's Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity and the Creation of the Soviet State 1914-22 Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia: A Provincial History) Nationalities, 1914-121 (a) General 1. Pipes, R. 2. Boersmer, D. 2a. Smith, Jeremy 2b. Suny, R. and Martin, T (eds) (b) Ukraine 2c. 3. 26 Adams, A.E. Davies, N. The Formation of the Soviet Union The Bolsheviks and the National and Colonial Question The Bolsheviks and the National Question 191723 A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin The Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: the Second Campaign 1918-19 White Eagle, Red Star Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 4. Fedyshyn, O.J. 5. 6. Reshetar, J. (Pidhainy, O.S. 6a. Sullivant, R.S. 6b. Hunczak, T. (ed) 6c. Guthier, S.L. (c) The Baltic States 7. Ezergailis, A. 8. Rauch, G. von 9. Senn, A.E. 10. White, J.D. 11. Ezergailis, A. 12. Upton, A. 13. Alapuro, R. Germany's drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 191718 The Ukrainian Revolution The Formation of the Ukrainian Republic) Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917-57 The Ukraine, 1917-21 'The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917', Slavic Review, vol 38, no. 1, p 30-47 '1917 in Latvia: the Bolshevik Year', Canadian Slavic Studies, no. 3, 1969, pp 646-62 (xerox) The Baltic States in the Years of Independence The Emergence of Modern Lithuania 'The Revolution in Lithuania 1918-19', Soviet Studies, vol 23, pp 186-200 The 1917 Revolution in Latvia The Finnish Revolution 1917-1918 State and Revolution in Finland (d) Transcaucasia 14. Hovannissian, R. 15. Hovannissian, R. 16. (Kazemzadeh, F. 17. 17a 17b 17c Suny, R. Lang, D.M. Kautsky, K. Arslanian, A.H. & Nichols, R.L. 17d Suny, R. Armenia on the road to independence 1918 The Republic of Armenia, 1918-19 The Struggle for Transcaucasia 1917-21) The Baku Commune A Modern History of Georgia Georgia 'Nationalism and the Russian Civil War: the case of Volunteer Army - Armenian relations 19181920' Soviet Studies, XXXI, no. 4 Revenge of the Past (e) Central Asia 18. Encausse, H.C. d' 19. Massell, G.J. 20. Park, A.G. 21. (Vaidyanath, R. 'Revolution and Civil War in Central Asia' in E. Allworth (ed) Central Asia: a Century of Russian Rule The Surrogate Proletariat Moslem women and revolutionary strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-29 Bolshevism in Turkestan The Formation of the Soviet Central Asian Republic: a study in Soviet nationalities policy 1917-36) 27 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 22. Zenkovsky, S.A. 23. Wheeler, G. 24. Pierce, R.A. (f) Others 25. Gitelman, Z.Y. 26. Schapiro, L. 27. Longworth, P. 28. O’Rourke, Shane Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia The Modern History of Soviet Central Asia Russian Central Asia 1867-1917 Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: the Jewish sections of the CPSU, 1917-30 'The role of the Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 40, pp 148-168 The Cossacks Warriors and Peasants; The Don Cossacks in Late-Imperial Russia (vi) Bolshevism 1. Ali, J 2. Banfield, R. 3. Clemens, B.C. 4. 5. 6. Dan, F. Daniels, R.V. Duval, C. 7. Elwood, R.C. 8. Frankel, J. 9. Gorky, M. 10. Hedlin, M. 11. 12. 13. 14. Lane, D. Lenin, V.I. Lenin, V.I. Longley, D. 15. Luxemburg, R. 16. Rigby, T.H. 17. Schapiro, L. 18. Brinton, M. 19. Kollontai, A. 28 'Aspects of the RKP(B) Secretariat, March 1919 to April 1922', Soviet Studies, XXVI, pp 396-416 'Lenin's utopianism: State and Revolution', Slavic Review, XXX, p 45-56 'Emancipation through communism: the ideology of A.M. Kollontai', Slavic Review, XXXII, no. 2, pp 328-8 The Origins of Bolshevism The Conscience of the Revolution 'The Bolshevik Secretariat and Yakob Sverdlov: February to October 1917', Slavonic and East European Review, vol 51, pp 4757 Russian Social Democracy in the Underground 'Lenin's doctrinal revolution of April 1917', Journal of Contemporary History, 4, 1969, pp 117-42 Untimely Thoughts 'Zinoviev's revolutionary tactics in 1917', Slavic Review, vol XXXIV The Roots of Russian Communism What is to be Done State and Revolution 'Divisions in the Bolshevik Party in March 1917' Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 61-76 Leninism or Marxism? Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-67 The Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Bolsheviks and Worker's Control The Workers' Opposition Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 20. (Leonhard, W. 21. Solzhenitsyn, A. 22. Service, R. Three Faces of Marxism) Lenin in Zurich The Bolshevik Party in Revolution 23. Liebman, M. Leninism under Lenin 24. Articles by Edmundsen, Hayden and Stites on the Women's section of the Bolshevik Party 1917-30 in Russian History, vol 3, no. 2, pp 123193 and 237-244 25. Starikov, S. & Philip Mironov and the Russian Medvedev, R. Civil War (See also O.Piatnitsky, Memoirs of a Bolshevik) 26. Sakwa, R. Soviet Communists in Power 27. Benvenuti, F. The Bolshevik and the Red Army 28. Nelson, H.W. Leon Trotsky and the Art of Insurrection 1905-17 29. Kowalski, R. The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: the Left Opposition in 1918 30. Raleigh, Donald J. ‘Languages of Power: How the Saratov Bolsheviks Imagined Their Enemies’, Slavic Review Vol 57 no.2 Summer 1998 31. Thatcher, Ian Leon Trotsky and World War One 32. Mawdsley E & White J Soviet Elites from Lenin to Gorbachev: the Central Committee and its Members 33. Krylova, Anna ‘Beyond the SpontaneityConsciousness Paradigtm: Class Instinct as a Promising Category of Historical Analysis’ in Slavic Review 62, 1, (2003) pp.1-23 34.Zelnik, R. ‘A Paradigm Lost? A Response to Anna Krylova’ Slavic Review 62, 1, 24-30 35.Lih, Lars T. ‘How a Founding Document Was Found, or One Hundred Years of Lenin’s “What is to be Done?” ‘ Kritika 4, 1 (2003) pp.5-49 37.Haimson, Leopold ‘Lenin’s Revolutionary Career Revisited: Some Observations on Recent Discussions’ Kritika 5, 1 (2004)pp.55-80 (Kritika – available at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kri/ 38. Lih, Lars T Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in context 39 White, James D Lenin rediscovered and Reloaded: Review Article: Europe-Asia Studies vol 61 No 3 May 2009 pp 535-544 (vii)Menshevism 1. Ascher, A. (See also R.Abramovitch 2. Haimson, L. Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism The Soviet Revolution and I. Getzler, Martov) 'Les mencheviks face à la révolution d'Octobre: le congrès extraordinaire du RSDRP, 29 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 3. Wade, R. 4. Haimson, L. (ed) 5. Ascher, A. 6. 7. 8. Roobol, W.H. Brovkin, V. Galili, Z. novembre-décembre 1917', Cahiers du monde Russe et Sovietique, vol 14, pp 5-32 (xerox) 'The Triumph of Siberian Zimmerwaldism, March-May, 1917' Canadian Slavic Studies, vol. 1, pp 253-70 (xerox) The Mensheviks: from the revolution of 1917 to World War II The Mensheviks and the Russian Revolution (1976) Tsereteli: a political biography The Mensheviks after October Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution (viii)Socialist Revolutionaries 1. Cross, T.B. 2. Katkov, G. 3. Keep, J.L.H. 4. Perrie, M. 5. Radkey, O.H. 6. Radkey, O.H. 7. Singleton, S. 8. Radkey, O.H. 9. Melancon, M. 'The purposes of revolution: Chernov and 1917' Russian Review, vol 26, pp 351-60 (xerox) 'The assassination of Count Mirbach', St Antony's Papers no. XII (Soviet Affairs no. 3) pp 53-93 'The Sickle under the Hammer' (review article), Soviet Studies, vol 16, pp 63-68 'The social composition and structure of the S.R. party before 1917', Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 223-50 The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism, February-October 1917 The Sickle under the Hammer: The Russian Socialist Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule 'The Tambov Revolt (1920-21)', Slavic Review September 1966, pp 497-512 The Unknown Civil War in Russian: a study of the Green Movement in the Tambov region 1920-21 'Marching Together: Left Bloc Activities in the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1900 to February 1917; Slavic Review, vol 49, No. 2 Summer 1990 pp 239-252 (ix) Liberalism 1. 30 Milyukov, P. Bolshevism: an international danger Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 (x) 2. (see also Milyukov Riha, T. 3. Riha, T. 4. Rosenberg, W.G. 5. (Miliukov, P.N. Political Memoirs) '1917 - a year of illusions', Soviet Studies, vol 19, pp 11521 A Russian European: P. Miliukov in Russian Politics Liberals in the Russian Revolution. The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-21 Russia Today and Tomorrow) Anarchism 1. Avrich, P. 2. 3. 4. Avrich, P. Avrich, P. (Arshinov, P. 5. Daniels, R.V. 6. Footman, D. 7. Katkov, G. 8. Mawdsley, E. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. (Voline (Voline Goldman, E Mett, I. Pollack, E. Palij, M. Malet, M. The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution Kronstadt 1921 The Russian Anarchists History of the Makhnovist Movement) 'The Kronstadt revolt of 1921: a study in the dynamics of revolution', Slavic Review, vol X 'Nestor Makhno', St Antony's Papers no. VI Soviet Affairs no. 2) pp 75-128 'The Kronstadt Rising', St Antony's Papers, no. VI, Soviet Affairs, no. 2)pp 9-74 'The Baltic Fleet and the Kronstadt mutiny', Soviet Studies, vol 24, pp 506-21 The Unknown Revolution) 1917 The Revolution Betrayed) My Disillusionment in Russia The Kronstadt Commune The Kronstadt Rebellion The anarchism of Nestor Makhno Nestor Makhno and the Russian Civil War (xi) The Whites 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Denikin, A. Lehovich, D.V. The White Army 'Denikin's offensive', Russian Review, no. 32, pp 173-186 (xerox) Denikin, A. The Russian Turmoil Lukomskii, A. Memoirs of the Russian Revolution Hodgson, J.F. With Denikin's Armies (see under 'Memoirs' 'Armed Forces', 'Consolidation of Bolshevik power' for items by Brinkley, Kenez, Footman, Wrangel, Krassnoff and others) (xii) The October Revolution and the World (a) Communist Internationalism and Soviet Foreign Policy 31 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 1. 2. 3. Borkenau, F. Braunthal, J. Degras, J. 4. Eudin, X. & Fisher, H.H. Eudin, X. & North, R. Hulse, J.W. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lazitch, B. & Drachkovitch, M. Lindemann, A.S. 9. Slusser, R.M. (ed) 10. Ulam, A.B. 11. White, S. 11a Taracouzio, T.A. 11b Lazitch, B. & Drachkovitch, M 11c (Lazitch, B. & Drachkovitch, M 11d Debo, Richard K. World Communism History of the International The Communist International, vol 1 Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-27: a documentary survey Soviet Russia and the East, 1920-7: a documentary survey The Forming of the Communist International Comintern: historical highlights The Red Years: European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-21 A Calendar of Soviet Treaties Expansion and Coexistence: the History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-67 'Communism and the East: the Baku Congress 1920' Slavic Review XXXIII, pp 492-514 War and Peace in Soviet Diplomacy (1940) Lenin and the Comintern Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern) Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917-18 11e Uldricks, Teddy J. Diplomacy and Ideology: The Origins of Soviet Foreign Relations 11f Rees, Tim and Thorpe, Andrew (eds) International Communism and the Communist International 1919-43 (b) Foreign Intervention 12. Bradley, J. 13. Ellis, C.H. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 32 Allied Intervention in Russia British Intervention in Transcaspia Gilbert, M. Winston S. Churchill,vol IV 1916-22 Kennan, G. The Decision to Intervene Kennan, G. Russia Leaves the War Lang, D.W. 'British Policy in Transcaucasia 1918-19', in Gorski Viyenats, pp 203-213 (catalogued under R. Auty) Lockhart, Sir R.B. Memoirs of a British Agent Wheeler-Bennett, J.W The Forgotten Peace: Brest Litovsk Thompson, J.M. Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 III(xiii) Cultural Life 1. Bowlt, J.E. 2. Curtiss, J.S. 3. Daniels, R.V. 4. Fitzpatrick, S. 5. Gray, C. 6. Leyda, J. 7. Milner-Gulland, R. 8. Rühle, J. 9. Schnitzer, L. 10. Struve, G. 11. Taylor, R. 11a Pike, C. (ed) 12. Thomson, B. 13. Timasheff, B.S. 14. Trotsky, L. 15. Zatko, J. 15a Shevzov, Vera 16. (Hackel, S. 17. Williams, R.C. 18. Read, C. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Babel, I. Blok, A. Bulgakov, M. Pasternak, B. Sholokhov, M. Solzhenitsyn, A. Zamyatin, E. Zamyatin, E. Belyi, A. 'Russian art in the 1920s', Soviet Studies, vol 22, pp 57594 Church and State in Russia,191741 'Intellectuals and the Russian Revolution', Slavic Review, vol XX, pp 270-8 The Commissariat of Enlightenment 1917-21 The Great Experiment: Russian Art, 1863-1922 Kino: history of Russian and Soviet film 'Art in revolution - Soviet art and design since 1917' Soviet Studies, vol 23, pp 690-2 Literature and Revolution Cinema in Revolution Soviet Russian Literature 191750 'A medium for the masses: agitation in the Soviet Civil War', Soviet Studies, vol 22, pp 562-74 The Formalists, the Futurists and the Marxist Critique The Premature Revolution: Russian Literature and Society, 1917-46 Religion in Soviet Russia 191742 Literature and Revolution Descent into Darkness: Destruction of Roman Catholic Church in Russia, 1917-23 Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford 2004) The Poet and Revolution: Aleksandr Blok's 'The Twelve' London 1975) Artisis in Revolution: portraits of the Russian Avant-Garde 19051925 Culture and Power in Revolutionary Russia: the Intelligentsia and the Transition from Tsarism to Communism Collected Stories Selected Poems The White Guard Doctor Zhivago And Quiet Flows the Don August 1914 The Dragon and Other Stories We Petersburg 33 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 28. Constantine, M. 29. Blok, A. 30. Fitzpatrick, S. 31. Eklof, B. 32. Yedlin Tovah 33. Morgan, W.John 34. Bonnell, V. and Revolutionary Soviet Film Posters The Twelve (with Annenkov illustrations) The Cultural Front School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography Communists in Education and Culture 1848-1948 Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin Stalin Thank You Comrade Stalin! Soviet Popular Culture from Revolution to Cold War 36.Kiaer,C and Naiman E Everday Life in Early Soviet Russia 37.Naiman,E Sex in Public:The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (1999) 38.Gorsuch, Anne Youth in Revolutionary Russia: Enthusiasts, Bohemians and Delinquents 39.Kelly, Catriona and Shepherd, David Constructing Russian Culture in an Age of Revolution 1881-1940 (1998) 40.Stites, Richard Revolutionary Dreams 41.Rosenberg, William Bolshevik Visions 42. Gleason, Kenez & Stites Bolshevik Culture:Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution. (xiv)Analyses and Appraisals 1. Carr, E.H. 1917: Before and After 2. Deutscher, I. The Unfinished Revolution 3. Laqueur, W. The Fate of the Revolution 4. Laue, T.H. von Why Lenin? Why Stalin? 5. Luxemburg, R. The Russian Revolution 6. Russell, B. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism 7. Wolfe, B. An Ideology in Power: reflections on the Russian Revolution 8. Acton, E. Russia 9.Holquist, Peter ‘What is Revolutionary about the Russian Revolution? State Practices and New Style Politics 1914-21’ in Hoffman, D. and Kotsonis, Y. Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices 35. Brooks, Jeffrey III III 34 (xv) Historiography 1. Andreyev, N. 'S.P. Mel'gunov 1879-1956', Slavonic and East European Review, vol XXXV, pp 574-8 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 2. Baron, S.H. 3. Elkin, B. 4. Heer, N.W. 5. Keep, J. (ed) 6. McNeal, R.H. 7. Szporluk, R. 8. Warth, R.D. 9. Wolfe, B. 10. Elwood, R.C. 11. Mazour, A. 12. Getzler, I. 'Plekhanov, Trotsky and the development of Soviet historiography', Soviet Studies, vol 26, pp 380-95 'The Kerensky Government and its fate', Slavic Review, XXIII, pp 717-36 (see also Vishniak in Slavic Review, vol XXV, pp 143-9 and Elkin in same volume, pp 323-32 Politics and History in the Soviet Union Contemporary History in the Soviet Mirror 'Soviet historiography on the October revolution: a review of forty years', Slavic Review, vol 17, pp 269-81 'Pokrovskii's view of the Russian Revolution', Slavic Review, vol XXVI, p 70 'On the historiography of the Russian Revolution', Slavic Review, XXVI, p 247 'Leon Trotsky as historian', Slavic Review, vol XX, p 495 'How complete is Lenin's Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (Complete works)', Slavic Review, vol 38, no. 1, pp 97-105 Modern Russian Historiography 'Richard Pipes Revisionist History of the Russian Revolution' Slavonic and East European Review, Jan. 1992 vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 111-126 13. S. Smith ‘Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism’ in Miller, M The Russian Revolution: The Essential Readings pp.259-81 14. C.Read ‘Writing the History of the Russian Revolution?’ Studies in History, Institute of Historical Research website, 1997 (http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/articles/russia.html) 15. C.Read ‘The Russian Revolution After the Fall of Communism’, review article, The Historical Journal vol. 40 no.4, pp.1127-1134, 1998. 16. C.Read ‘In Search of Liberal Tsarism: The Historiography of Autocratic Decline’ The Historical Journal 45, 1, (2002) (Cambridge) 17. Holquist, P ‘What is Revolutionary about the Russian Revolution? State Practices and New Style Politics 1914-21’ in Hoffman, D. and Kotsonis, Y. Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices 18. /Acton, Edward Rethinking the Russian Revolution. 35 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - ESSAY TITLES Three short essays are required from three different sections. Deadlines are Week 7, Week 12 and Week 18. Alternative titles available on request. SECTION A 1. Why was the government so opposed to Nicholas's decision to make himself Commander-in-Chief? 2. ‘Russia’s poor performance in the war arose from administrative incompetence rather than economic weakness’ Discuss with reference to the period 1914-16. 3. How spontaneous was the February revolution? 4. ‘The most significant feature of the February Revolution was the sudden disappearance of autocratic power. Discuss. 5. Discuss Lenin's role in the July days. 6. Assess the role of peasants in the revolution from February to October 1917? SECTION B 7. Assess Lenin’s view in October 1917 that the transition to socialism would be ‘gradual, peaceful and smooth’. 8. Assess the role of the Soviets in the Russian Revolution between February and October 1917. 9. "More peasant than proletarian." Discuss this view of the urban working-class in Russia in the period from 1905-1917. 10. Did Kornilov pose a serious threat to the revolution in July-August 1917? 11 ‘The establishment of Soviet power in October was more coup d’état than revolution.’ Do you agree? 12. Assess Alexander Kerensky's contribution to the revolution in 1917 36 Russian Revolution Module Booklet 2010-11 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - ESSAY TITLES SECTION C 1. To what extent did Lenin have a strategy for the transition to socialism when he took power in October 1917? 2. Why did Lenin turn to ‘iron proletarian discipline’ in early 1918? 3. The impact of the war against the Whites on the development of the Soviet system has been greatly overestimated.’ Discuss. 4. Why did the principles on which the Red Army was organised cause controversy within the Bolshevik party? 5. 'The chief advantage of the Reds in the Civil War was that they had internal lines of communication'. Do you agree? 6. Why did Lenin become increasingly concerned by the effects of bureaucratisation and careerism in 1919 and 1920? SECTION D 7. Account for the emergence of the Workers’ Opposition? 8. What was the significance of the Tambov rising of 1920-1? Why did the government suppress the Kronstadt rebellion? 9. Assess the significance of the Tenth Party Congress. 10. How justified were opposition claims that the revolution had become bureaucratized by 1921? 11. Did writers and artists make a significant contribution to the Russian Revolution? OR C.J. Read July 2010 37