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Revolution in Cuba: Castro and Communism Global History and Geography II Name: ____________________________ E. Napp Date: ____________________________ Fidel Castro led a revolution against Fulgencio Batista, a Cuban dictator. In 1959, Castro’s forces were successful. By 1961, Fidel Castro had declared Cuba a Communist state. Life in Cuba changed drastically as Castro sought to create his Socialist state. Questions: 1. Who was Karl Marx? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What book did Karl Marx co-author with Friedrich Engels? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. State two Communist beliefs. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. What nation experienced the first communist revolution? _______________________________________________________________________ 5. What did the Communist leaders of this nation promise? _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Who were two important leaders of this nation? _______________________________________________________________________ 7. What nation experienced a Communist revolution in 1949? _______________________________________________________________________ 8. Who was the leader of this nation at the time of its victorious revolution? _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Who was Fidel Castro? _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe Cuba before Castro’s successful revolution. _______________________________________________________________________ 11. Describe Cuba after Castro’s revolution. ____________________________________ Adapted from timeforkids.com “When Cuba's President, Fidel Castro, came to power in 1959, many people hailed him as a hero. He promised the Cuban people freedom and democracy. He later announced that Cuba would be a communist country. Under communism, Castro vowed, there would no longer be rich and poor. Everyone would have an equal opportunity to get a job and an education. Although Castro did make some things more equal, he also took away the personal and political freedom of his people. He canceled free elections. He put his opponents in jail. In the 1960s, he began to crack down on religious freedom. Questions: 1. When did Fidel Castro come to power? ____________________ 2. What did Castro promise the Cuban people after his victory? ____________________ 3. Did Castro keep his promise? ____________________ 4. How did Castro change Cuba? ____________________ 5. How did Castro treat his political opponents? ____________________ 6. What happened to religious institutions in Castro’s Cuba? ____________________ 7. How many priests are in Cuba today? ____________________ 8. Who did Castro allow to visit in 1998? ____________________ 9. Why was this Type: surprising? Statesman Quotes ____________________ Date of Birth: August 13, 1926 Find on Amazon: Fidel Castro Related Authors: Cubans were discouraged from practicing any form of religion. Religious schools were closed, and many priests and nuns were thrown out of the country. By 1970, the Christian celebrations of Christmas and Easter were no longer official holidays. Once there were many priests in Cuba, but today there are only 240. "So many people do not even know who the Pope is," says Enrique Lopez Oliva, a professor of religious history in Havana. So why did Castro, an enemy of religion, agree to have the Pope visit his country? And why did the Pope want to come? The reasons are complex. But even before the Pope's visit (1998), Castro began slowly to open the door to religion in Cuba. Last month, in honor of the Pope's trip, Cubans were allowed to celebrate Christmas for the first time in 27 years.” Fidel Castro Quotes: “A revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past.” “A revolution is not a bed of roses.” Excerpt Adapted from “New Castro, Same Cuba” by Patricia Smith from The New York Times Upfront “Cuba today is a place of great economic hardship and political repression. Despite some initial signs that President Raul Castro – who took over temporarily from his ailing brother, Fidel, in 2006 and then officially in 2008 – might be willing to open the Communist nation up to the world, not much has changed. In his first weeks as President in 2008, Raul Castro allowed Cubans to buy cellphones, computers, and DVD players for the first time, which many hoped was a sign of more substantial changes to come. But bigger reforms did not follow… Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959, when he and a band of guerrillas overthrew the U.S.-backed dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. At the height of the Cold War rivalry between the U.S. and the Communist powers, Castro aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union, embracing its repressive political system, state-run economic model, and hostility toward the U.S. Castro also nationalized, without compensation, U.S. businesses in Cuba. In response, Washington imposed an embargo that remains in effect today…In 1962, the Soviets deployed missiles in Cuba – which is just 90 miles off the coast of Florida – and the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the U.S. and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. After an American naval blockade of Cuba and 13 days of tense negotiations, the missiles were withdrawn. Soviet aid kept Cuba’s economy afloat until the early 1990s, when the Soviet Union collapsed and Cuba went into economic free fall. Today, Cuba is one of the last countries in the world with a state-run economy: Cubans still live on rations and cope with chronic food shortages. Government salaries average about $12 dollars a month – even for doctors and teachers.” Questions: 1. Who is Raul Castro and when and why did he come to power? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What changes did Raul Castro implement? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. What changes did Raul Castro refuse to implement? _______________________________________________________________________ 4. When did Fidel Castro come to power? _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Who did Fidel Castro overthrow? _______________________________________________________________________ 6. How did Fidel Castro change Cuba? _______________________________________________________________________ 7. What happened to American businesses in Cuba when Castro came to power? _______________________________________________________________________ 8. Who did Fidel Castro align Cuba with during the Cold War? _______________________________________________________________________ 9. What happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis? _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Why would American officials not allow Soviet missiles on Cuban soil? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. Why did Cuba’s economy suffer in the early 1990s? ________________________________________________________________________ 12. Describe Cuba today. ________________________________________________________________________ Excerpt from globalsecurity.org “…Jose Marti, Cuba's national hero, began the final push for independence from Spain in 1895. In 1898, after the USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor on February 15 due to an explosion of undetermined origin, the United States entered the conflict. In December of 1898, Spain relinquished control of Cuba to the United States with the Treaty of Paris. On the first of January of 1899 the Spanish flag was lowered and Cuba was transformed from a Spanish colony into semi-colony of the United States…On May 20, 1902, the United States granted Cuba its independence but retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence and stability under the Platt Amendment. In 1934, the amendment was repealed, and the United States and Cuba reaffirmed the 1903 agreement that leased the Guantanamo Bay naval base to the United States. Independent Cuba was often ruled by authoritarian political and military figures that either obtained or remained in power by force. Fulgencio Batista, an army sergeant, organized a non-commissioned officer revolt in September 1933 and wielded significant power behind the scenes until he was elected president in 1940. Batista was voted out of office in 1944 and did not run in 1948. Both those elections were won by civilian political figures with the support of party organizations. Running for president again in 1952, Batista seized power in a bloodless coup three months before the election was to take place, suspended the balloting, and began ruling by decree… Fidel Castro, who had been active politically before Batista’s coup, on July 26, 1953 led a failed attack on the Moncada army barracks in Santiago de Cuba, was jailed, and subsequently went into exile in Mexico. There he organized the 26th of July Movement with the goal of overthrowing Batista, and the group sailed to Cuba on board the yacht Granma, landing in the eastern part of the island in December 1956. Batista's dictatorial rule fueled increasing popular discontent and…Batista fled on January 1, 1959. Although he had promised a return to constitutional rule and democratic elections along with social reforms, Castro used his control of the military to consolidate his power by repressing all dissent from his decisions, marginalizing other resistance figures, and imprisoning or executing opponents. As the revolution became more radical, hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled the island. Castro declared Cuba a socialist state on April 16, 1961. For the next 30 years, Castro pursued close relations with the Soviet Union until the demise of the U.S.S.R. in 1991. Relations between the United States and Cuba deteriorated rapidly as the Cuban regime expropriated U.S. properties and moved toward adoption of a one-party communist system. In response, the United States imposed an embargo on Cuba in October 1960, and, in response to Castro's provocations, broke diplomatic relations on January 3, 1961. Tensions between the two governments peaked during the October 1962 missile crisis. Question: Using the reading adapted and excerpted from globalsecurity.org, create a time line of Cuban history from Jose Marti to Fidel Castro’s rule in the space below: Now, identify the following individual, document, and/or event: Jose Marti: ________________________________________________________________________ Platt Amendment: ________________________________________________________________________ Fulgencio Batista: ________________________________________________________________________ Fidel Castro: ________________________________________________________________________ Ernesto “Che” Guevara: ________________________________________________________________________ Cold War: ________________________________________________________________________ Bay of Pigs invasion: ________________________________________________________________________ Cuban Missile Crisis: ________________________________________________________________________ Nationalization of Industries: ________________________________________________________________________ Trade Embargo: _______________________________________________________________________ Word Bank: Jose Marti, Maine, Platt, Batista, Fidel Castro, Soviet Union, Cold War, Island, Caribbean, Florida, Embargo