Download Large Scale vs

Large Scale vs. Small Scale Maps
Large Scale Maps
--Show a LARGE amount of detail in a small area
--The ratio is closer to 1
Small Scale Maps
--Show a SMALL amount of detail in a large area
--The ratio is farther away from 1
Ratio
Think of the scale in terms of a pie...
a. If the number is 1:24,000, that means that you need to cut the pie into 24,000 pieces, making
each piece a very small amount. Small piece of pie = Small Scale Map
b. If the number is 1:5,000, that means you need to cut the pie into 5,000 pieces, making each piece
a larger amount. Larger piece of pie = Large Scale Map
c.
1
is smaller than
1
24,000
5,000
Think of it in terms of feet...
a. If the ratio is 1:24,000, that means you are showing one inch to equal 24,000
feet on earth. Covers a large area. Large area = Small Scale Map
b. If the ratio is 1:5,000 that means you are showing one inch to equal 5,000 feet on earth. Covers a small
area. Small area = Large Scale Map
Definition of Geography
1. Has three distinct parts to it
a. The study of the earth's surface and the processes that shape it
b. The connection between places
c. The relationship between humans and their environment
Five Questions Asked By Geographers
1. Where is the place?
2. What is it like?
3. How have people changed it by their interaction with the environment?
4. How has the place been affected by movement of people, goods and services, and ideas?
5. How is this place similar to and different from other places?
**Each of these questions relates to "The Five Themes of Geography"
Theme 1: Location
--Location tells you where something is located. You can describe location
in two different ways:
a. Absolute Location: Gives the exact location of a particular place or
object on the earth's surface. Example, 15 North, 125 West (Latitude and Longitude)
b. Relative Location: Gives the location of a particular place or object in
relation to the location of another place or object. Example: Eldridge is 10 miles north of
Davenport
Theme 2: Place
--Place gives you the physical or cultural characteristics of a specific area on the earth's surface that MAKES IT
UNIQUE from any other place on earth.
a. Physical Characteristics: These are natural features of the earth, such as landforms, temperature and
climate.
b. Cultural Characteristics: These are human features that make a place unique, such as language and
economic practices.
Theme 3: Human-Environment Interaction
--Human-Environment Interaction is pretty self-explanatory. It talks about how
humans either CHANGED or ADAPTED to their environment.
a. Changed: How humans have physically changed their environment to better
suit their needs. Example: Building a dam for electricity.
b. Adapted: How humans adapt to live with their environment. Example: Nomads
moving their herds as the season change.
Theme 4: Movement
--This theme deals with movement of people (migration), goods and services (trade) and ideas (culture).
Theme 5: Region
--This theme deals with the POLITICAL, PHYSICAL or CULTURAL
characteristics that defines an area, or unites different areas under a common bond.
a. Political: Government-established boundaries. Example: United States, Iowa, Scott County
b. Physical: Defined by physical characteristics such as landforms.
Example: Sahara Desert
c. Cultural: Defined by human characteristics such as language or religion. Example: Hispanic Mexico
Latitude and Longitude
a. Latitude: Lines that run East-West and tell you how far North-South you are located. Also called
"parallels" because they never touch each other. The Equator is 0 degree.
b. Longitude: Lines that run North-South and tell you how far East-West you are
located. Also called "meridians" because of the Prime Meridian, which is 0
degrees. All lines of longitude meet at the North and South Poles.
Maps and Globes
1. Differences between Maps and Globes
Maps
*Flat
*Shows the Earth
all at once
*Has Distortion
*Can Show Large
amount of detail
Globes
*Round
*Shows the Earth
in parts
*True shape and distance
*Can’t Show a lot
of detail
2. Map Projections
Map-makers, or Cartographers, have tried to come up with ways to take a globe and make it into a map.
However, no matter what they do, you can’t take the globe and make it a map without some distortion. To judge if a
map is distorted, look at size, shape and distance
a. Conformal Maps: Shape stays the same, size and distance are distorted
b. Equal-Area Maps: Size stays the same, shape and distance are distorted
c. Equadistant Maps: Distance stays the same (for the most part)
Weather and Climate
1. Weather: conditions on the earth’s surface over a short period of time
EX--rainy, warm, humid, thunderstorms, snow
2. Climate: the average of weather patterns over a particular area during an extended period of time
EX--Humid Subtropical, Humid Continental
The Earth and the Sun
1. The Greenhouse Effect
Def: The process by which the earth is warmed by trapped radiation waves that can pass through the earth’s
atmosphere, but cannot escape
2. Three Earth Motions
Each of these motions has an effect on the earth and how it is warmed, and how weather and climate occurs.
a. Revolution
--The earth revolves around the sun once every 364 1/4 days, or one year. Every four years, this
creates a leap year. This movement helps keep the earth from staying the same exact temperature all year.
b. Rotation
--The earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. This helps keep the earth from having a hot and
cold side.
c. Tilt
--The earth is tilted on its axis at a 23 1/2 degree angle. This helps create the seasons when
combined with the other motions.
During the winter,
the northern hemisphere
is tilted away from the
the sun, receiving less
sunlight
(Winter Solstice)
During the summer,
the northern hemisphere
is tilted toward the sun,
receiving more sunlight
(Summer Solstice)
*On September 21 and March 21 the northern and southern hemispheres share equal amounts of sunlight (equinox)
Tropical Zone: between 0 and 23 1/2 degrees north and south latitudes
Temperate Zone: between 23 1/2 and 66 1/2 degrees N and S latitudes
Polar Zone: between 66 1/2 and 90 degrees N and S latitudes
Types of Precipitation
1. Convectional: hot, humid air naturally rises off the earth’s surface and cools, causing condensation and
precipitation.
2. Orographic: hot, humid air gets forced up by a change in the relief (mountains) and cools, causing condensation
and precipitation
*Causes the rainshadow effect (Wet on the windward side, dry on the leeward side)
3. Frontal: two fronts collide, one cool and one warm and humid. Warm air always rises, and cool air stays low on
the ground, forcing the warm air to rise and cool.
Other Influences on Climate
1. Distance from large bodies of water
Water warms and cools slower than land, and it can keeps coastal areas cooler and warmer. Also
can bring warm ocean currents to areas that may not be as warm.
2. Elevation
Higher elevations will be cooler and may not receive as much precipitation
(1) Weathering
a. Def: The breakdown of earth’s material (rocks) into smaller and smaller pieces.
b. Two types: Mechanical and Chemical
1. Mechanical: when rock is physically broken down
ex: frost wedging--water that freezes in the cracks of rocks and breaks
2. Chemical: altering the chemical make- up of minerals that form the
ex: acid rain--water and carbon dioxide that combine to form an acid that
(2) Erosion
a. Def: the movement of weathered material (soil, gravel, sand)
b. Agents of erosion: Water, Wind and Glaciers
1. Water: carries away sediment (loosened soil, sand, gravel) downstream, or ocean waves can
erode shoreline
ex: Mississippi River 500 million tons of sediment a year
2. Wind: occurs mainly in areas with little or no water (deserts, droughts)
ex: ‘Dust Bowl’ of 1930’s in the Great Plains; loess (fine, light soil)
3. Glaciers: Glaciers move away dirt and rocks by slowly grinding away at the earth as they
move
ex: moraines are left behind (ridgelike piles of rocks and debris.
Chapter 7
SECTION ONE
1. 4th largest country-in area, 3rd in population
2. Wealthy as well
--By 1990, GNP was higher than any other country
3. How did it become so wealthy
a. Hard work of people who settled here
b. Development of new technology
(transportation and communication)
c. Country’s political system
d. Abundance of nations’ resources
4. Farming the land
-Revolution occurred in 1831-mechanical reaper
-What is the Homestead Act?
-By 1990, farmers could produce over 2 million bushels of wheat per year, 1/2 of which was exported.
5. Forest and Fossil Fuels
-Forests in New England, then Minnesota and Wisconsin, then Pacific NW
-Oil/Natural Gas in Central and Western US, including Alaska
6. Movement--Communication
-How did developments in communication change America?
SECTION TWO
7. Movement--Transportation
-How did the development of each of these change the American landscape and
settlement
-Canals?
-Railroads?
-Automobile?
10. Hierarchy of cities
-Size of towns (How did it change?)
-Hinterland (What is it?)
Chapter 7, Section 1--Northeast
States included in this region:
Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
Massachusetts
Natural Resources in the NE
--farms are small (Why?)
--rich Grand Banks (What is this?)
Leader in Industry
--Rivers helped make it a center for commerce
--Immigration
--Eli Whitney and Thomas Edison
Rise of Megalopolis
--Area from Boston to Washington DC
--50 million people
Problems with Megalopolis
--run short of water and areas for waste disposal
--decline of population in some cities, leading to less money from taxes
Chapter 7, Section Two and Three
Sec. Two--The South
States included (by book definition): Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, W. Virginia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas
Why this region stands out?
-Humid Subtropical climate
-Lush mixed forests
Warmer than other regions of US...why?
Who settled here?
Spanish in Florida
Europeans (farming)
Africans (slaves)
*How does this influence culture?
Industry and Resources--Past
Traditional image--rural and agriculture
Textile mills in N. Carolina
Oil industry in Texas
Industry in the Present
Space technology
Movement of companies to the South--Why?
Fisheries and hog farms
Section Three--Midwest
States included (according to book): Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri,
Kansas, Nebraska, N. Dakota, S. Dakota
Agriculture--mainstay of the Midwest
--Corn, Soy beans in IA, IL, and IN
--Wheat and Oats in Great Plains
Other Industries
--Iron Ore from Minnesota
--Coal from Indiana and Illinois
--Steel mills in Ohio and Indiana
--Automobiles in Michigan
Section Four--The West
1. Water
a. Problem with scarcity of water (Why?)
b. What has been done to solve this problem?
2. Resources and the Economy
a. Gold, silver, uranium, and other metals
b. Led to expansion west during the 1800s
c. Also oil and natural gas (Where?)
d. Forestry and Fishing industries
3. Growth of Cities
a. Where did towns and cities develop during 1800s?
b. Higher percentage of the Western population lives in cities (Why?)
4. Alaska and Hawaii
a. Two of the most diverse states, but also are isolated from the rest of the USA
Canada--Section One Notes
Canada has ten provinces (like states) and two territories
1. Atlantic Provinces
a. Includes Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
b. All border the Atlantic Ocean, and forms part of the
Appalachian Mountains
c. Mainly mixed and deciduous forest
d. Poor soil due to glaciation
e. Also called the “Maritines” due to its location next to hundreds of inlets and bays
f. Fishing and foresty very important economic activities (Grand Banks)
g. Today, more of a switch to tourism and military/defense industries
2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Provinces
a. Includes Quebec and Ontario
b. Three distinct landscapes
1. Canadian Shield: Made up of granite exposed by glaciation
2. Hudson Bay Lowlands: Flat, swampy region
3. St. Lawrence Lowlands: Rich soil and mild climate
c. Ontario has rich soil and mineral wealth
d. Because of proximity to waterways, Ontario is extremely important province for processing minerals
e. St. Lawrence Waterway: Series of Locks and Canals that connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
f. Toronto in Ontario is the largest metropolitan area in Canada
g. Quebec is the largest province in Canada according to area
h. 9/10 of the province is in the Canadian Shield region, sparcly populated
i. Largest city in province is Montreal, capital is Quebec
3. Prairie Provinces
a. Includes Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan
b. Lies between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains
c. Characterized by “rolling fields of wheat and other grains”
d. More than 75% of population lives in cities
e. Cities developed along railroad (Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Saskatoon and Regina)
f. Tourism is an important part of economy
g. Large deposits of natural gas and oil in Alberta
4. British Columbia
a. Province that is farthest west
b. The Inside Passage: Waterway that runs between the small islands off the coast of British Columbia
c. Natural resources include salmon, forest, and minerals making it one of the wealthiest provinces
d. Vancouver is the largest city and the major port to the Pacific Ocean
5. The Northern Territories
a. Includes Yukon and the Northwest Territory
b. Cold, largely treeless lands that are sparcly settled
c. Contains less that 1% of the population of Canada
d. Have large deposits of silver, gold, copper, zinc, lead, iron and uranium, but these are largely untapped
Canada-Section Two Notes
1. Historical Roots
a. Two groups dominate the historical culture of Canada: British and French
b. 40% of Canadians have British ancestry, 30% French ancestry
c. The French were the first to arrive at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in the 1500's
d. The British, led by a trade group (Hudson's Bay Company) established fur-trading in the area.
e. Conflict started between the two over fur-trading and land claims
f. Four wars were fought between 1689 and 1763, and eventually in 1763, France surrendered all control of
Canada to Great Britain.
g. Canada was under British control until 1867 when a law called the "Dominion of Canada" was
passed, giving Canada control of local matters, while Great Britain had control of military and
foreign decisions.
h. In 1931, Canada became a completely independent country, even though it still uses the British
2. Conflict of Culture
a. French still remains a large part of the culture--over 30% of the population is French
b. The large majority of these people live in the province of Quebec
c. The "Quebecois" (French-speaking people of Quebec) have started a separatist movement, trying to
separate the province from the rest of Canada
3. Quebec Today
a. A constitutional amendment was proposed in 1987 to identify Quebec as an distinct society, but not all the
provinces approved it, so they still struggle with identity today.
Canada-Section Three
1. Movement of Resources
a. Have built an extensive transportation system to ship the raw minerals to be processed
b. Now faced with the challenge of extracting these minerals from the northern regions while preserving the
natural environment of the tundra.
2. Movement of People
a. In 1900, 1/3 of the population lived in urban areas, now, it is near 75% that live in cities.
b. Has more than 20 metropolitan areas with a population of 100,000 people.
3. Links with the United States
a. Cultural Links: People that live close to the border can watch television programming from both
countries; professional baseball, basketball and hockey teams play in both the US and Canada
b. Economic Links: Canada buys nearly 25% of the US's exports, and the US buys nearly 75% of
Canada's exports; In 1989, both countries signed the Free Trade Agreement (later expanded to to include
Mexico with the signing of NAFTA) to reduce trade barriers
c. However, few Americans are aware of Canadian news, while Canadians are keenly aware of United States
news and government.
4. Links to the World
a. Importance of Location: With ports on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it can trade with both
Europe and Asia; also key location for military purposes (NORAD)
b. Enjoys the benefits of remaining under the economic ties with the British Commonwealth of Nations
Chapter 10 Notes
Mexico
Section One
1. Mountains dominate Mexico’s physical setting
a. Sierra Madre Occidental to the west
b. Sierra Madre Oriental to the east
c. Divides Mexico into 5 regions
2. Mexico’s Five Regions
a. Central Plateau
--lies between the two mountain ranges
--largest region in Mexico
--most of the people live in this region
--southern part contains the best farmlands
--most geologically-unstable area in Mexico
--climate and elevation makes it an attractive place to live
b. Northern Pacific Coast
--dry, hot and sparcly populated
--Tijuana is one of Mexico’s largest and fastest growing cities
--Has some of the best farmland in the country
--Irrigation helps grow crops in dry climate
c. Southern Pacific Coast
--Sierra Madre del Sur keeps people from farming
--Natural beauty allows for tourism (resort cities of Acapulco, Mazatlan and Puerto Vallarta)
d. Gulf Coastal Plains
--Off the coast, deposits of oil and natural gas
--Makes region one of the world’s major oil-producing areas
e. Yucatan Peninsula
--Generally flat, mainly limestone underneath ground
--Rain erodes limestone, creating caverns and sinkholes
Section Two
1. Three main cultures of Mexico
a. Aztec Indians
b. Spanish Conquistadors
c. Modern Mexico
2. Aztecs
a. By the early 1400’s, most of the Empire spread over south-central Mexico
b. Capital of empire, Tenochtitlan, was at one time 5th largest in the world
c. In 1519, Cortez and the Spanish conquistadors defeated the Aztecs, and claimed the new land as New
Spain
3. Spanish Rule
a. Four social classes emerged
--Peninsulares: Born in Spain
--Criollos: People of Spanish ancestry, but born in the New World
--Mestizo: People of mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry
--Indians: Native inhabitants of Mexico
b. Haciendas: Large estates owned by the Spanish,serving as farms or cattle
ranches
c. Encomienda system: Economic system where indigenous people worked on haciendas for poor wages
and under constant debt to the Spanish owners.
d. Rebellion in 1819 ended the Encomienda and the Spanish rule.
e. Mexico gained stable independence in 1920 after overthrowing a military dictator
4. Modern Mexico Today
a. Preserves both Spanish and Indian heritage
b. Working toward social justice and economic opportunity for most, but still a small minority owns most of
the wealth
c. Rural life involves working in agriculture (Ejido: farms owned collectively by
members of a rural community; Latifundios: large commercial farms)
d. About 66% of Mexico’s population is urban, and urban life exists at four levels
--Small upper class: Well-educated, politically powerful
--A growing middle class: Government workers, bankers, lawyers, owners of industry
--Working class: Strong ties to traditional Mexican culture
--Lower class: Largest of all the classes
e. Mexicans regard family as the foundation of their society
f. Economic activities include
--Oil discovered first in 1901
--Tourism starting in the 1950’s
--Manufacturing that leads to pollution
Chapter 11, Section One Notes
Central America
1. Connects the giant land masses of North and South America
a. Called an isthmus (narrow strip of land that connects two bodies of land
and is surrounded on either side by water.
2. The Panama Canal
a. Completed and opened in 1914
b. Connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
3. Consists of seven countries
a. Guatemala
b. Belize
c. El Salvador
d. Honduras
e. Nicaragua
f. Costa Rica
g. Panama
4. Physical Landscape: Three Major Landform regions make up Central America
a. Mountainous Core
1. Continuation of mountains from Mexico
2. Creates two climate zones (above 6,000 feet above sea level--Cold; 3,000-6,000 feet above sea
level--Spring-like climate
b. Carribean Lowlands
1. Eastern side of Central America
2. Tropical Wet Climate
3. Soil is not very fertile, produces only dense rainforest vegetation
c. Pacific Coastal Plain
1. Tropical Wet and Dry climate
2. Volcanic ash makes soil fertile for farming
5. The Region’s People
a. Indians
1. Longest history in the region
2. Guatemala has the largest population of indians
b. Europeans and Mestizos
1. Second-longest history (dating back to 1500’s)
2. Spanish is the official language in 6 of the 7 countries (Belize is english)
3. Costa Rica has 90 percent European; Most mestizos live in El Salvador and Nicaragua.
c. African-Americans
1. The Carribean coast holds most of this population group
2. Most have ancestry from the Carribean Islands
6. Social Structure
a. Upper Class: Very small number, most are plantation owners, European or
Mestizo, dominate countries governments and politics
b. Middle Class: Includes small farmers who own land, urban industry employees, small number
c. Poor Lower Class: Very large number (2/3) are in this class, farmers with little
or no land, most are indians, african-americans, and mestizo
7. Region of Turmoil
a. Armed conflict has troubled much of the region
b. Uneven distribution of scarce farmland has been the problem
c. Nicaragua: Controlled for 11 years by the Sandinistas (socialist system),
guerrilla fighters (Contras) tried to overthrow the government, ended
peacefully in 1990
d. El Salvador: Two sides of fighting, the government with military and the rebels
with aid from the Sandinistas and Cuba. Peace process is very slow.
Section One--The Land and Its Regions
1. In the Northeast Region, who colonized Brazil? What did they build? Who did they bring to help them with
what they built?
PORTUGAL/PLANTATIONS/AFRICAN SLAVES
2. What is the “sertao?”
LARGE PLATEAU REGION
3. Is the Southeast Region the largest or smallest region in Brazil? How much of the country’s population
lives there? What is the most important crop in the region, and how much of the world’s total is grown in
Brazil?
SMALLEST/40%/COFFEE/25%
4. What are Brazil’s two “urban gems?” What are “favelas?”
RIO DE JANEIRO AND SAO PAULO/URBAN SLUMS
5. Brasilia, Brazil’s capital city is located in what region? What city used to be the capital of Brazil? Why did they
move the capital?
BRAZILIAN HIGHLANDS/RIO DE JANEIRO/TO IMPROVE ECONOMY AND TO INCREASE MIGRATION
TO THE INTERIOR
6. What is the name of the largest region in Brazil? What is located there? How many Indian tribes are represented
in the region? Why did this total Indian population drop?
AMAZON RIVER BASIN/AMAZON RAINFOREST/180/DISEASE AND WAR WITH SETTLERS
Section Two--Brazil’s Quest for Economic Growth
1. Do the people of Brazil share equally in the wealth of the country? How is the social classes changing?
NO/MORE OF A MIDDLE CLASS
2. What is the life expectancy of a person in the Northeast region? How does a family’s income in the NE compare
to that of one from the Southeast?
49 YEARS/1/3 OF THAT OF A FAMILY FROM THE SE
3. Why is the country of Brazil suffering from so much poverty? Programs have been started to change this.
What are the two main aims (or goals) of these programs?
CONDITIONS IN AGRICULTURE WHERE ONLY A SMALL PERCENT OWN LAND/BOOST ECONOMY
AND ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTERIOR
4. What are some of the things that were built to improve the industry in Brazil? What was done to get people to
move to the interior? How has this economic development affected Brazil’s population?
DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY/MOVED THE CAPITAL TO THE INTERIOR AND GAVE AWAY
LAND/INCREASED THE MIDDLE CLASS, SHIFTED LOCATION OF PEOPLE TO THE INTERIOR
5. What have been some negative effects of the economic development in Brazil? (You should list at least two
effects)
POVERTY INCREASED IN URBAN CITIES WHERE JOBS ARE SCARCE, DEFORESTATION AND
ELIMINATION OF LAND FOR INDIANS
Chapter 13--South America
Section One: Northern South America
1. The Guianas
a. Made up of 3 countries (Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname)
b. Share a tropical wet climate, narrow coastal plain
c. Similar economies (fishing and sugar cane)
1. Guyana
a. Official language is English (former British colony)
b. Major ethnic groups are African (30%) and Asian (50%)
2. Suriname
a. Official language is Dutch (former colony of the Netherlands)
b. Major ethnic groups are African (10%), Asian (50%) and mulatto (30%)
3. French Guiana
a. Official language is French (former French colony)
b. Major ethnic groups are African (10%), Asian (30%), mulatto (50%) and
2. Venezuela
a. Nearly 20 million people live in the country, compared to 1 million in Guyana
b. Per Capita Income is $4,700 in the country, compared to $457 in Guyana
c. Official language is Spanish, ethnic groups include metizo and European
d. Major religion is Roman Catholic
e. Physical Geography
1. Andean Highlands: Fertile mountain valleys, extension of the Andes Mountains
2. Guiana Highlands: Includes dense tropical rainforest and Angel Falls
3. Tropical Grasslands: Along the Orinoco River; also called the Llanos
f. Economy...one word, OIL (5th largest oil producer in the world)
3. Colombia
a. Only country in South America to border both the Carribean Sea and the Pacific Ocean
b. 1/3 of country is covered by the Andes Mountains
c. 75% of population lives in mountain valleys, few live in Llanos or rainforest that combined cover
d. Depends heavily on one crop--Coffee (Second only to Brazil)
e. Most of the farmland owned by a small wealthy class, rent out pieces called campesinos
***SECTIONS 2 AND 3 ARE ON A POWERPOINT SHOW THAT WE DID IN CLASS, NO NOTES FOR
THOSE SECTIONS!