Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 11 1. How do skeletal muscles produce body movements by pulling on bones? (Hint: Use the terms origin, insertion, and belly in your explanation.) Ans: pg. 340 – the insertion end of the muscle pulls the belly of the muscle toward the origin end of the muscle 2. When you flex your knee, where are the fulcrum and load? Ans: pg. 340 – fulcrum: knee joint; load: weight of the lower leg 3. A soccer player kicks a soccer ball down the field, flexing his thigh forward at the hip joint while keeping his knee locked in extension. What is the lever? The fulcrum? The effort? The load? Ans: pg. 340 – a) leg; b) hip joint; c) thigh muscle; d) leg 4. Two girls sit down on a playground seesaw, or teeter-totter. Both children weigh the same amount. Maria sits at the end of her side of the seesaw while Tonya sits halfway between the end and the fulcrum. Which girl will exert more force and be lowered to the ground? Ans: pg. 340 – Maria 5. Would a narrow, long muscle likely have a large range of motion or a highly forceful contraction? Ans: pg. 340 – large range of motion 6. Using Figure 11.2, give an example of a muscle named for each of the following characteristics: direction of fibers, shape, action, size, origin and insertion, location, and number of tendons of origin. Ans: pg. 346, 347 – direction of fibers: rectus abdominis; shape: trapezoid; action: depressor anguli oris; size: gluteus maximus; origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoid; location: brachioradialis; number of tendons of origin: biceps brachii 7. Why do the muscles of facial expression move the skin rather than a joint? Ans: pg. 348 – they insert into skin or other muscles 8. Which muscles of facial expression would you use to blow up a balloon? To squint? To pucker your lips? To frown? Ans: pg. 350, 351 – a) buccinator; b) orbicularis oculi; c) orbicularis oris; d) risorius 9. Which extrinsic eye muscles contract as you gaze to your left without moving your head? Which relax? Ans: pg. 352 – a) lateral rectus; b) medial rectus 10. Which extrinsic eye muscles cause elevation of the anterior eyeball? Ans: pg. 352 – superior rectus 1 11. What would happen if an injury resulted in loss of nerve stimulation (innervation) to your masseter and temporalis muscles? Ans: pg. 355 – mouth could not close 12. What are the functions of your tongue? Ans: pg. 355 – aids in mastication, taste perception, deglutition and speech 13. When your physician says, “Open your mouth, stick out your tongue and say ahh” so she can examine the inside of your mouth for possible signs of infection, which muscles do you contract? Ans: pg. 356 – genioglossus 14. What is the combined action of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles? Ans: pg. 358 – stabilize the hyoid bone 15. What should happen to the hyoid bone when the suprahyoid muscles contract? When the infrahyoid muscles contract? Ans: pg. 359 – a) elevate; b) depress (lower) 16. Which muscles do you contract to signify “yes”? Which do you contract to signify “no”? Ans: pg. 361 – a) semispinalis capitis; b) sternocleidomastoid 17. State the direction of the fascicles for the external oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominis, and rectus abdominis muscles? Ans: pg. 363, 364 – external oblique: inferiorly and medially; internal oblique: extend at right angles to those of external oblique; transverses abdominis: transversely around the abdominal wall; rectus abdominis: down the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall 18. Which abdominal muscle aids in urination? Ans: pg. 363 – rectus abdominis 19. Which muscles do you contract when you “suck in your tummy,” thereby compressing the anterior abdominal wall? Which do you contract when you rotate the vertebral column? Ans: pg. 363 – a) rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominis; b) internal oblique, external oblique 20. Which muscles do you contract to increase the dimension of your thoracic cavity during quiet, normal inhalation? Ans: pg. 364 – diaphragm and external intercostals 21. Name the structures that pass through the diaphragm. Ans: pg. 364 – aorta, esophagus, inferior vena cava 2 22. What are the borders of the pelvic diaphragm? Ans: pg. 368 – pubis (anteriorly), coccyx (posteriorly), one lateral wall of the pelvis to the other 23. Which muscles help expel urine and semen? Which maintain erection of the penis and clitoris? Ans: pg. 370 – a) deep transverse perineal, external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter; b) superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus 24. What are the borders of the perineum? Ans: pg. 370 – from the pubic symphysis anteriorly, to the coccyx posteriorly , to the ischial tuberosities laterally 25. What is contained within the borders of the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle? Ans: pg. 371 - urogenital triangle: external genitals; anal triangle: anus 25. Name the muscles that are used to raise your shoulders and those that are used to lower your shoulders. Ans: pg. 374 - raise: trapezius and levator scapulae; lower: pectoralis minor, subclavius 26. Name the muscles that flex, extend, and adduct your arm at the shoulder joint. Ans: pg. 377 – flex: deltoid (anterior fibers), coracobrachialis; extend: latissimus minor; adduct: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis 27. The tendons of which muscles make up the rotator cuff? Ans: pg. 376 – subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor 28. Flex your arm at the elbow joint. Which muscles are contracting? Which muscles must relax so that you can flex your arm? Ans: pg. 377 – a) biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis; b) triceps brachii, anconeus 29. Name the muscles that supinate and pronate your forearm. Ans: pg. 379 – supinate: supinator, biceps brachii, brachoradialis; pronate: pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis 30. Extend your hand at the wrist. Which muscles are contracting? Which muscles must relax so that you can extend your hand? Ans: pg. 382 – a) extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris; b) flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus 3 31. State the functions of the flexor retinaculum and extensor retinaculum. Ans: pg. 383 – flexor retinaculum: secures the tendons of the flexors of the fingers and wrist; extensor retinaculum: stabilizes tendons of the extensors of the wrist and fingers 32. Which extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the hand are used to flex the thumb? To abduct the thumb? Ans: pg. 386 – a) flexor pollicis brevis; b) abductor pollicis brevis 33. Name the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the hand that flex the fingers and those that are used to adduct the fingers. Ans: pg. 386 – flex: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, lumbricals: adduct: palmar interossei 34. Which muscle groups constitute the erector spinae? Ans: pg. 390 – iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis 35. Name the muscle groups that laterally flex the head and those that laterally flex the vertebral column. Ans: pg. 390, 391 – laterally flex the head: spenius capitis, splenius cervicis, anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene; laterally flex vertebral column: iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus thoracis, multifidus, intertransversarii 36. What are the principal differences between the muscles of the upper and lower limbs? Ans: pg. 393 – upper limb muscles are characterized by versatility of movement; lower limb muscles are larger and more powerful to provide stability, locomotion, and maintenance of posture, they also often cross two joints and act equally on both 37. Which busy muscles flex, adduct, and medially rotate the femur at the hip joint? Ans: pg. 394 – adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus 38. Which muscles extend the leg at the knee joint? Ans: pg. 397 – quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) 39. Name the muscles that are part of the iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, and hamstrings. Where is each muscle group found? Ans: pg. 396 397 – iliopsoas: psoas major and iliacus; quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius: hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus 40. Which busy muscle flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint? Ans: pg. 398 - sartorius 4 41. Which muscle tendons form the medial and lateral borders of the popliteal fossa? Ans: pg. 397 – tendons of the biceps femoris muscles (laterally) and tendons of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles (medially) 42. Name the muscles that dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint and those that plantar flex it? Ans: pg. 399 – dorsiflex: extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus; plantar flex: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis 43. Which muscles flex the toes? Which extend the toes? Ans: pg. 403 – a) flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus; b) extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus 44. How do the intrinsic muscles of the hand and foot differ in function? Ans: pg. 404 – muscles of the hand are specialized for precise and intricate movements; muscles of the foot move the toes and contribute to the longitudinal arch of the foot 5