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LESSON 5.3 WORKBOOK Researching Your Project Topic Now it's your turn to try your hand at evaluating a nutrition or dietary claim! Prepare a presentation using one of the topics below. Be sure to use the rubric created in Unit 5 to evaluate the claim. Use the QMDC and CRAAP methods as you read through scientific resources regarding the topic. For more information about searching for credible scientific resources, visit the following research guide via this unit on the student site or clicking the link below: ■■ Great Diseases Guide to Searching for Claims Diets Topic Paleo Diet Claim Explanation What is this related to? Eating a diet similar to our ancestors leads to weight loss. A nutritional plan based on the presumed ancient diet of wild plants and Obesity animals. This diet is high in grass-fed meats, fruits and vegetables, and low in processed foods, carbohydrates and dairy. South Beach Preventing spikes and drops in insulin A diet designed by cardiologist Arthur Agatston and dietician Marie Almon Obesity prevents weight gain. originally to prevent heart disease. This diet focuses on low glycemic index Diet foods and consists of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean meats. Wo r k b o o k Lesson 5.3 Blood Type Diet People with different blood types need Popularized by the book Eat Right 4 Your Type, the blood type diet is actuto follow different diets to lose weight. ally a series of types of diets that vary based on blood type. Obesity 195 PROJECT TOPICS Topic Vegetarian Diet Gluten Free Diet Diets cont. Claim Explanation What is this related to? Eliminating meat from the diet increases overall longevity. A diet high in fruits, vegetables and whole grains is high in fiber, vitamins, minerals and typically low in fat and calories. Obesity; overall health Gluten sensitivity causes fatigue, Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley. Celiac disease is a headaches, abdominal discomfort and diagnosable disease that affects about 10% of the population. Gluten other symptoms. sensitivity is harder to diagnose, though many people feel a relief from symptoms by removing gluten from their diet. Digestion disorders; overall health Nutrition through the lifecycle Topic Claim Folic acid in Reduction in neural tube birth pregnancy defects in offspring. Wo r k b o o k Lesson 5.3 Explanation What is this related to? Women who take a folic acid supplement during pregnancy have a lower chance of having a baby with a spinal cord malformation, called spina bifida. Methylmercury in seafood can build to toxic levels in women who are pregnant. Neural tube birth defects Eating nitrates leads to cancer in offspring. Sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite are preservatives used in deli meats. They are converted into nitrosamine in the body, a carcinogen. Fetuses may be more susceptible to nitrosamines. Cancer Eating fish during pregnancy Nitrates during pregnancy Probiotics in infant formula Babies exposed to methylmercury in the womb can suffer from brain damage. Probiotics prevent infection and inflammation in infants Breastfed infants will be exposed to beneficial microorganisms from Infectious diseases their mothers. Probiotics in formula provide similar exposure even when the infant is not breastfed. Vitamin D supplements for infants Calcium supplements in teenagers Breastmilk does not contain enough vitamin D for infants, so supplementation is necessary Consuming extra calcium during adolescence reduces osteoporosis later Longterm caffeine consumption reduces the cognitive declines associated with aging Babies in northern climates or those not regularly exposed to skin cannot make enough vitamin D, and breastmilk can be low in vitamin D if the mother is deficient. Up to 90% of the peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys, so adolescence is the best time to invest in calcium storage. Habitual users of caffeine have a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cognitive decline during aging. Caffeine may increase concentrations of neurotransmitters in the brain. Caffeine and aging Nervous system defects Rickets and possibly muscle development Osteoporosis Neurological disorders 196 PROJECT TOPICS Topic Protein powder and muscle building Creatine and muscle building Weight loss supplements Vitamin B12 in energy drinks Non-skeletal benefits of Vitamin D Claim Explanation Consuming extra protein will increase muscle growth New muscles are built in response to increase need for strength. An Muscular development adequate supply of amino acids is required for new muscle growth, so some believe consuming extra amino acids will allow muscles to grow quicker. What is this related to? Taking creatine supplements helps Creatine is used in the muscles to supply extra energy when muscle gain needed by increasing the formation of ATP. Muscular development Taking weight loss supplements will expedite weight loss Weight loss supplements commonly contain caffeine for energy, fiber to keep you feeling full, and "extracts" that promise to burn fat. Obesity Consuming extra vitamin B12 increases energy Vitamin B12 is needed for proper function of blood cells, brain and nervous system. Some food producers claim that vitamin B12 increases energy and athletic performance. Energy and cognition Vitamin D supplements promotes overall health and reduces infections Blood levels of vitamin D are lowered in people with heart disease, some cancers, an infectious disease and other illnesses relative to health people. Infectious diseases; overall health Omega 3 fatty acids supplements and heart disease Taking fish oil supplements lowers your risk for heart disease Fish oil is high in omega 3 fatty acids, which may lower blood lipids including LDL. Heart disease Vitamin C and prevention of colds Caffeine and athletic endurance Taking Vitamin C supplements reduces the risk of getting a cold Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant and has been linked to preventing colds Infectious diseases for decades. Consuming caffeine increases athletic endurance Caffeine is a stimulant and provides energy, which may be able to increase an athelete's performance. Athletic performance It may seem like a daily dose of vitamins and minerals can only be beneficial, but several studies have recently shown that daily multivitamin use either has no benefits, or is actually linked to death at an earlier age than non-vitamin users. Infectious diseases; overall health Multivitamins Taking a daily multivitamin and overall prevents illness and increases health overall longevity Wo r k b o o k Lesson 5.3 Dietary Supplements 197 PROJECT TOPICS Topic Food coloring Caramel coloring Artificial sweeteners MSG BPA Wo r k b o o k Lesson 5.3 Food Additives Claim Explanation What is this related to? Consumption of artificial food coloring increases hyperactivity in children Consumption of caramel coloring increases risk of cancer Artificial food colorings are synthesized chemicals added to processed foods and may have negative health effects. Neurological disorders Caramel coloring is an artificial color used in sodas and some baked Cancer goods. It contains methylimidazole, a carcinogen. Consumption of some artificial Aspartame and sucralose are both artificial sweeteners that have sweeterns increases risk of cancer been blamed for causing cancer. Cancer MSG is linked to migraines, nausea and weakness. BPA causes developmental and behaivoral disorders Neurological disorders Monosodium glutamate is a flavor enhancer that may may alter chemical signalling in the brain. BPA is a synthetic plastic that when consumed may alter hormonal signaling that harms the brain and the reproductive system. Neurological disorders; Reproductive disorders 198