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Researches on Application Conditions of Grads Theory and Industrial Transfer in the Eastern Developed Provinces XIE Jian City College, Wenzhou University, P.R.China, 325035 [email protected] Abstract: There are many constraints on the application of the grads theory, which are related to the grads theory’s application conditions, that is, whether the low grads regions meet the requirements of industrialization; whether the low grads regions have an adequate district division that could form a completed industry chain for industrial transfer; whether the transferred industry can comply with the policies of the low grads regions, especially the eco-environment protection laws and regulations. In the industrial transfers in the eastern developed province of China, there are some significant differences between Guangdong Province and Zhejiang Province. In terms of the application conditions of the grads theory, it is proved that the industrial transfer mode within the regions of Guangdong province is ineffective, while the double transfer mode in Zhejiang Province which combines the internal and external industrial transfer has proved to conform to the objective regulation of industrial transfer. Keywords: the Grads Theory, industrial transfer, the eastern developed provinces, Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province 1 Introduction The grads theory indicates that a certain industry transfers from one country or area to another country or area as a result of the changes of the economic environment, the resource supply and the market demand, which could be defined as industrial transfer. It is an important approach for the industrial adjustment and upgrading among countries and areas, which is also proved by some countries’ industrial development process. Observed from the characteristics of the industrial transfer in the world, it is transferred from the relatively developed country to the sub-developed country, and then from the sub-developed country to the developing country. A wave of industrial transference had been formed because after the Second World War, some developed countries such as The US and Japan had transferred a portion of their industry to some fresh industrialization Asia countries such as Korea, Singapore, and Chinese Taiwan in the 60th last century, then these transferred industry grew up and matured. In the 80th, these sub-developed countries also began to transfer some of their industries to some developing countries in east Asia. Viewing from the domestic, since China’s reform and opening-up in the end of the 70th, the eastern coastal areas had attracted some industries from the relatively developed countries such as Japan and Korean. When developing to a certain level, they began to transfer some labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries to China’s relatively backward Middle Western areas. However, there are some factors that restrict the grads theory’s application in China. For example, the integrality of the industries transfers that means whether the whole industrial chain could be completely transferred; paying more and more attention to the environmental protection policies that restrict the industrial transfer; the conditions for industrial transfer that mean whether the low grads areas could meet the requirements of the industrial transfer. Especially in some small districts, the local governments try to accelerate their industrialization process by adopting the industrial transfer, but the results normally are not expectable. So, it is necessary to analyse the application conditions of the grad theory as well as comparing the currently mode of the industrial transfer in eastern of China thus reach a rational choice for where could the traditional industry in eastern developed provinces be transferred. 2 The Grads theory and the industrial transfer in developed regions 303 2.1 Review of the Grads Theory It is deemed in the grads theory that the development of the regional economies depend on the status of the industry structure that also lie on region economic department, especially the stage of the leading industries in the industry lifecycle. If the leading industries are composed by some innovational academic departments, thus these areas are developable and could be concluded as high grads district. This theory indicates that the innovation activities determine the regional development level and most of the innovation activities happened in the high grads areas. As time goes by and life-cycle stages changes, production activities gradually transfer from high-grads regions to low-grads regions, and the process of this grads transfer mainly expanded through the multi-level urban systems. Similar to the Grads Theory is the Flying Geese Model that proposed by a Japanese scholar, regarding the issue in Flying Geese pattern theory that production international transfer is according to the Comparative Advantage Theory, is similar to the Product Life-cycle Theory of Vernon (1966). According to this theory, every country or area stays at a certain economic development grads, which will then transfer from high-grads zone to low-grads zone when new industries, new products and new technologies appear. Therefore, in a global perspective, new industries, new products, new technologies are always firstly appeared in the developed countries and regions because of the existence of differences in regional economic development, and then gradually transfer to the sub-developed countries and regions, and finally transferred to the developing counties and regions, forming the ‘Grads Transfer’ feature in the industry. This industrial grads transfer is also considered as industrial regional transfer that is based on business-led economic activities, defined as the economic behavior and process for some industries’ transferring from a country or region to another country or region as a result of changes on resource supply or product demand conditions. In the view of the exchange scope of regional industrial transfer, it could be divided into national industrial grads transfer and regional industrial grads transfer. For some areas, it also includes two dynamic processes that are the out-regional industrial grads transfer and the local industrial grads transfer to other place. In China, ‘Grads Transfer’ represents that by upgrades of economic structure in the firstly being rich eastern areas, some labor-intensive, some large nature resources consuming and the traditional products industry (e.g. manufacturing) transferred to the central and western regions, and may firstly transfer to the central and then to the west according to the order of the grads. 2.2 The necessary conditions of the Grads Theory 2.2.1 The necessary condition 1: The low grads areas must be qualified for industrialization. Observe from the industrialization process in various countries, there are two kinds of necessary conditions to achieve the industrialization: One is the condition that is required to carry out the industrialization, such as the inner force of the economic structure, a unified national policy etc.; the other is the condition that can boost and promote the process of industrialization, such as the powerful government policies to promote industrialization. Economists provide some perspectives from different point of view for the necessary conditions for industrialization according to the experience of the advanced industrialized countries or the requirements of national industrialization. For example, in the first half of the 19th century, Liszt suggested that the industrial development in the backward countries require the government to implement the selective tariff protection policy. In the 50th, a number of economists had investigated the issue of the industrialization condition, in which Rostow’s ‘Stages of Economic Growth’ owned the greatest reputation. In Rostow’s opinion that the following aspects must be qualified for a country to step into the modern economy growth: the establishment of the social working capital, including railways, ports, roads, etc.; there are some new risk-taking investors; the investment transferred to infrastructure and industrial sectors; priority development of the agricultural; the application of the modern science and technology in the industrial and agricultural sectors; the generation of central government and its effective performance; the change of social attitudes. Habakkuk from the UK suggested that the conditions of industrialization mainly were political stability, the effective function of 304 market mechanisms, the highly liquidity of economic resource, a vast market and the favorable external condition. Some scholars make some new interpretations on the conditions of industrialization in some backward countries by comparing these conditions between the developing countries and the developed counties in Europe. For example, Kim Yong-ho, South Korean scholars considered the combination of the nation and the foreign investment, the introduction and using foreign investment in great amount as the conditions to realize the industrialization in the developing countries. Guoan Zeng (1998), a Chinese scholar presented the conditions of industrialization from common sense, he believed that to achieve industrialization, a country must be qualified eight conditions: sustained industrialization momentum; adequate, reasonable flow and effective utilize of the economic resource; continued technological innovation and mechanisms; accumulated growth; strong industrial organizer; the coordinated development of infrastructure; coordinated institutional framework for industrialization; national independence and a strong government continued to promote the industrialization. Above all, the regional industrialization conditions could be divided into two aspects: internal conditions and external conditions. The internal conditions include the factors of location, resource, environment, population, infrastructure etc. that owned by the less developed regions themselves; the external conditions include country’s policy on the external funding and external capital investments. Generally speaking, the underdeveloped regions could not generate the momentum of industrialization from the internal without the support of external conditions due to their imperfect internal conditions; they are also unable to obtain the continuing momentum of industrialization without internal foundational condition support if they only rely on external conditions. Therefore, in order to promote the industrialization in the less developed regions, the two conditions - internal and external conditions must be coordinated. 2.2.2 The necessary condition 2: There is an adequate region division for the integrated industry chain of industrial transfer. The integrity of the industry chain is closely related to the economic region division. Industry chain is a subset of the related industrial activities, and its unit is composed by amount of relative economic activity sets, namely, industry circle or specific industrial sectors; while industrial circle (industry department) is also a number of enterprises group engaged in the same economic activities. In order to maximize their own interests, the enterprises engaged in the same or similar economic activities strive to explore the excellent region for their own economic actives. There are two aspects in this ‘priorities lead transfer’ process, on one hand, in order to gain the concentrated economic benefits, the enterprises -micro-constituent units of the industrial circle (industry department) gradually gathered in the excellent location that is appropriate to their development and growth, which also means the similar enterprises originally distributing in various areas now gathered in excellent location that is named as ‘Clusters’. On the other hand, in order to obtain the efficiency of geographical industrial division, the various industries circle (industry department) tend to spread in space due to the different economic characteristics and pursuit of their own priorities locations. In this way, the result of ‘priorities lead transfer’ of the space economic in the enterprises and departments within the industry chain system is that the various aspects of the industry chain are contributed or laid to the specified location that fit the characteristics of the economic activities. For this reason, when some regions have large economic dimension, such as the large economy area, large economic zone, province or basin economic zone, or as large as it could cover the whole geographical space of the industrial chain, the industry chain perform obvious integrity; when the economic region division is small such as city, county or that focus on the development industrial area, its geographical range is typically difficult to include various aspects of the industrial chain, some economic region could form the specialized industry, but the chain has shown significant intermittent nature. 2.2.3 The necessary condition 3: The transferred industry should conform to the policies of low-grads regions, particularly the laws and regulations on eco-environmental protection. In accordance with the law of market economy development, the industrial grads transfer mostly are traditional one, mostly are labor-intensive and somehow polluting industries. The pollution could be 305 brought to the local environment if there is inappropriate choice of the industries. Development and pollution, the ‘inverted U-type’ relationship has important tips applies to the regional rather than global: Although economic development can promote the adoption of environmental technologies, but it is quite possible for the pollution fall into the ‘zone transfer trap’ due to the imbalance of economic development: some developed countries improve their environment not only by the technical factors, but also by transferring the highly polluting industries out of their region and even by the clumsy international waste trade. This risk may result from the corresponding cost comparison of various dealing methods. For some specific areas, if it is possible to solve the pollution by adopting the environmental technologies or transferring the pollution, the cost is the final decision for the choice in these regions. Observing from the current situation, the cost of improving the environment by adopting the environmental protection technology is usually higher than transferring the industry directly. So, the protection the eco-environment policy must be put in the first place in regional industrial policy, particularly in less developed regions where the eco-environment is very fragile. It is supposed that the if the eco-environment is destroyed by the introduction of the high-polluting industries, then the loss would outweighs the gain. The limitations of the Grads Theory become visible when the government in the developed region recognizes this point and forbids the high-polluting industries to settle in through legislation. 3 The industrial transfer modes in eastern developed regions: A comparison between the two modes. 3.1 The industrial transfer mode in Guangdong: intra-regional industrial transfer mode Guangdong province, one of the earliest provinces to implement the reform and opening up policy in China , explored a typical outsourcing-oriented development way by taking the advantaged superiority of its location along the southern coast, being adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and many overseas Chinese all over the world, it also took the great opportunity of the transferring the labor-intensive industries in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Southeast Asia to develop the Export-oriented industries such as processing with supplied material, assembling parts supplied by clients, processing with customer’s samples and compensatory trade. However, as affected by the regional character in Guangdong province, the regional economic are significant difference as some of which located in the country’s most developed cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen, some of which located in the country’s most economically developed regions like Pearl River Delta, while some of which located in the country’s most poor region as the east and west wing as well as mountainous area. In 2005, a strategy proposed by Guangdong province in order to promote the industrial transfer by joint the mountainous areas and the two wings with the Pearl River Delta in order to accelerate exploit the wings and mountainous areas and to promote the industrialization process in backward areas and narrow the gap in various regions in Guangdong Province. This development strategy is based on the industrial transfer zone, transferring the traditional industry in developed Pearl River Delta regions to the less advanced regions, on the meantime, encouraging the labor transfer from the less developed regions to the developed regions ( named ‘double transfer’). Government in Guangdong province not only steps up the construction of the infrastructure like road mainly but also rewards to construct the ‘industrial transfer zone’ in order to facilitate the industrial transfer and improve the traffic conditions in surrounding areas. The governments that immigrated out play a leading role in financing, development, construction and enterprises recruitment, so they could share a part of taxes collected from the enterprises immigrated into the industrial zone according to a predetermined ration within a certain period as a repay. At the end of 2008, under the vigorous promotion of the government, the number of transfer industry zone in Guangdong has reached more than seventy, among which there are 29 zones identified by Guangdong Province involving electronic communication, metal manufacture, hardware machinery, furniture, shoes, clothing, household appliance, toys food and medicine etc.. It is estimated that, 306 according to the program, if the entire identified industry transfer zone are established into use, the yearly output value will reach 300 billion RMB which almost over the half of industrial output value in more than 14 cities of the mountains and two wings of Guangdong province totally. However, observing from the real practice, the operation of internal economic cooperation model leaded by the government as the industrial transfer zone in Guangdong province did not achieve the supposed effect. The main reasons are as followings: Firstly, the actual participation of Pearl River Delta is not enough. The two wings and the mountain area show a warm phenomenon while the Real River Delta shows cold. Secondly, actually there are only few enterprises transferred from the cooperated Pearl River Delta into industry zone. The constructions in the industry zone are far from that were supposed in advance , and even some industry zones do not meet the minimum standards of economic operation, and there is no investment project at all in some zones. It falls within a dilemma since quite a few enterprises are not willing to move in. For example, the Dongguan Shilong (Shixing) industry zone which is the first transfer industry zone in Guangdong province with the total planning area 6,000 acres and 1918 acres in the first phase of development. However, three years after the industry zone open, there is no enterprise moving in at all that leads the serious waste of resources. Thirdly, the target of the transfer industry zone is not clear enough, in which homogenization competition existed so it is difficult to attract business. For example, in Guangdong Province, among the identified 29 zones there are 13 electronic information industry, 8 mechanical industry, 6 metal manufacture, 6 textile and garment industry, 5 furniture industry, which shows the repeated positioning in the zone. Fourthly, it lacks the substantial positive policies that could active the Pearl River Delta. Although Guangdong Province has proposed the instruction opinions on the construction, the management, the benefit distribution of the industrial transfer zone and so on, there is no specific mandatory that it encountered hard enforcement situations in the actual operation in the industrial transfer. Fifthly, it lacks a great amount of funds in the construction of the infrastructure outside the zone which affected the development progress and its investment environment. Fundamentally, the main reasons that frustrate the application of industry upgrading development strategies in Guangdong Province are as followings: Firstly, neglect the enterprises’ leading role in the industrial transfer. Analysis from the characteristics of industrial transfer globally, the reasons are very complex and the national government’s development strategy may play an important role such as the positive effects of open-door policy in the eastern coastal areas in the 80th last century of China. But the main factor in the industrial transfer is the industry comparative advantage. According to ‘marginal industrial expansion theory’ of Kojima (Kiyochi Kojima, 1978) a Japanese scholar, industrial transfer is result of the enterprises’ looking for the advantageous resources under the market economic condition. The places where the industries transfer to are determined by whether there are advantageous of resource, environment and policy in the low-grads area. Viewing the current situations in various areas of China, the central and western areas are more competitive in undertaking the transferred industry than the mountainous areas of Guangdong Province. Secondly, inadequate understanding in the condition and process of industry transfer. On the one hand, low-grads areas need industrialization conditions which are obviously inadequate in the mountainous areas. There could be some advantages through the government’s vigorous investment and some favorable policies, however these advantages are unsustainable. Meanwhile, the geographical environment is also difficult to accept the entire industry chain. On the other hand, industry transfer is a long-term process, it takes several years from the industry’s migration to the industry’s forming in the undertaking area. During this period, the external environment has been changed greatly that one notable characteristic is that the industrialization condition in the Midwest areas become more mature and the advantages of undertaking industrial transfer becomes greater. While the disadvantages in the eastern mountain areas are gradually revealed, such as the cost of labor and land increase, the environmental protection should be strengthened, which are obviously disadvantageous to the long-term 307 development of industrial transfer. 3.2 Industrial transfer mode in Zhejiang: the double transfer mode which combines the internal and external industrial transfer Zhejiang, the eastern coastal province as well, also faces the challenge of the traditional industrial transfer. Zhejiang is a land lack area with large population, so it has not only great population density (460 persons/ sq km) but a great number of mountainous areas (mountainous areas up to 70.4%) as well. The utilization of land is quite ineffective. When the traditional labor-intensive industries in the coastal areas in Zhejiang Province developed to a certain extent, the lack of land resource constrains the expansion of these industries and the rise in the labor costs brings the pressure to the enterprises, which gradually leads to the corporate relocation. In fact, as early as the 90th in the mid-20th century, the industrial transfer in Zhejiang Province has already begun, especially in Wenzhou, where the corporate relocation has caused a widespread concern and controversy. Observing from the industrial transfer in Zhejiang Province recently, the main characteristics are as followings: Firstly, the industrial transfer has market-oriented features. As private enterprises in Zhejiang Province were developed from individual companies established after the reform and opening-up period, which have the strong market principle consciousness. The national and local economic policies greatly impact the development of private enterprises in Zhejiang Province during their developing process, but the government played a supporting role only in the development of the enterprises. In the process of traditional industries transfer, the local government may show great concern but basically they do not intervene to the speed and direction of industrial transfer. Secondly, the industrial transfer combines with the industry upgrading. The development strategy of the government in Zhejiang Province is to achieve industrial upgrading through industrial transfer. On the one hand, the traditional industries transfer is inevitable, according to the market rules, let the labor-intensive industries move outwards to free the space when the land resource in Zhejiang Province increasingly tense and the purpose is to facilitate the development of new industries and change the industrial structure. Thirdly, the industrial transfers are mainly outwards transfer and supplemented by inter-regional transfer. A survey by Jianjun Chen (2002) shows that the enterprises in Zhejiang Province would like to transfer their industries to underdeveloped area in Zhejiang Province rather than the central and western regions of China. Jianjun Chen believed that the main mode of industry regional transfer in Zhejiang Province currently is market-oriented, supplemented by resource utilization. From the perspective that market share expansion is the main targets of industrial transfer the enterprises seek for, the central and western regions obviously own the more advantage than the less developed areas in Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, some areas surrounding Zhejiang Province such as Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan and the western regions also issue some positive preferential policies, create various conditions and establish special development zone in order to build a base to undertake industrial grads transferred from Zhejiang Province. In the meantime, the governments in some less developed areas in Zhejiang Province like Lishui and Quzhou also try to attract the traditional industries through preferential polices. In recent years, the government in Zhejiang Province actively promotes the ‘mountain-costal collaboration’ strategy reflecting the economic cooperation in the developed coastal regions and underdeveloped mountainous areas, which involves assistance to the less developed regions provided by the developed area as well as industrial transfer from the developed areas to the underdeveloped areas to achieve ‘win-win’ intention. Fourthly, the less developed areas within the province pay great attention to environmental protection issue when undertaking the industrial transfer from the developed areas. As most of the less developed areas in Zhejiang Province are mountainous areas most of which are the key eco-environment protection areas. There had been bitter lessons in the less developed areas in economic development. Some areas pursue instant success in economic development at the expense of environmental damage, which resulted in serious destroy to the ecological environment while the economic development did not reach 308 substantive progress. One typical case is Wuyi of Zhejiang undertakes the hardware industry from Yongkang that brought several hundred million Yuan industrial output yearly, but the eco-environmental quality became to decline even accelerate as the same time as the industrial economic growth accelerated. The declining of the environmental quality in Wuyi will not be able to meet the further requirement of people’s living and social economic development (Guoqiang Ma, 2008). Therefore, in recent year, Zhejiang Province increases the efforts in environmental protection. Currently, Zhejiang Province has the lead in the eco-environment protecting in China. Especially the less developed regions, based on the reality, combined economic development and environmental protection, issued and implemented the eco-city (county) strategy and achieved good results in eco-economy development. When these areas cooperate with the developed areas, they no longer introduce any industry; instead they take account of the environmental protection requirements and set up some restrictive measures of environmental protection as well as strictly controlling the high-polluting industries and enterprises moving in while undertaking the industrial transfer. 3.3 The comparison of the development strategy of industrial upgrading between Guangdong Province and Zhejiang Province The industrial transfer modes in Guangdong Province and Zhejiang Province reflect two different approaches of traditional industries transfer in eastern developed provinces, that are whether to retain the traditional industries through policy or to adjust the industry structure adapt to the market rules, which shows a lot of differences. 3.3.1 The differences in understanding the industrial transfer Guangdong Province considers the industries outwards transfer as the resources outflow that may directly affect the development of local economy, so they try to retain the enterprises. The purpose to transfer the industry in the developed region to the less developed areas is to adjust the geographical structure of the industry without reducing the province’s total economic output. While Zhejiang province used to have such understanding such as government’s panic once caused by outwards transfer of Wenzhou’s enterprises (Haifeng He, 2007), but finally the understanding of government and society becomes rational and the government has a correct understanding of the industrial transfer, adjusting the strategy timely to combine the industrial transfer and the industry upgrading and forms the policy idea of industry transformation. 3.3.2 The dominant difference of industrial transfer The industrial transfer in Guangdong Province is strongly promoted by the government. The construction of transferring industrial zones are entirely government-led from financing to the development, construction, recruitment companies etc... Since very few companies are involved in the construction of industrial zone that result a situation that the local government enthusiasm but the enterprises apathy. The industrial transfer in Zhejiang Province is enterprises-led and the government plays a guiding role only, they did not intervene in too much even the industrial transfer within the province. 3.3.3 The direction difference of industrial transfer The industrial transfers in Guangdong Province are mainly the in-regional transfer, the aim of which is trying to transfer the industry from developed region to the less developed area to fill the depression of regional industry development and to narrow the economic difference within the areas without affecting the total economic amount. But this industry policy tends to be ‘one-side wish’ that is also conformed by reality. The industrial transfers in Zhejiang Province are mainly the outwards transfer and take into account of the in-regional transfer to the less developed areas. This industrial transfer mode considers both long-term and short-term development goals and reflects the reasonable and scientific of industry policy. 4 Conclusion 309 , According to the mentioned research we could reach some conclusions: Firstly, The industrial transfer is an enterprises-oriented market behavior and the role of the government could not be extended infinitely. The government excessive interventions in the industrial transfer, not only cause the short-term behavior in industrial transfer, but also miss the best opportunity for the traditional industrial transfer and may lead the resource waste since the less developed regions may invest too much resource while undertaking the traditional industrial transfer but the result is not satisfactory. Secondly, Regional industrial policy must be based on the principles of sustainable development. The fragile eco-environment in less developed areas mainly requires ecological compensation and takes the development of the green industry as the supplement. Any large-scale industry moving in may result in the eco-environment damage in the mountainous less-developed areas and lead the results of the loss outweighs the gain. Thirdly, the less developed regions within the province are difficult to undertake the complete industry chain since their regional divisions are too small. Therefore the traditional industries in the coastal developed areas could be mainly transferred into the central and western areas. The eastern less developed mountainous regions could moderately develop small-size ecological industry zones to ensure that the environment is not affected by the industry development. A very important premise for the eastern less developed mountainous regions to develop the small-size ecological industry zone is that the traditional industries in developed regions could continue to maintain a good momentum of development, thus even the industries transferred into the small industry zone may be incomplete, but it will not reduce its advantages in external cost because it is connected with the industry in the developed areas outside. This can also be regarded as industries extension from the developed regions to the less developed regions. : Author in brief Professor Xie Jian, born in Nov. 1964 in Wenzhou Zhejiang Province of P.R.China, is executive vice president of City College, Wenzhou University. He also works as vice chairperson of Chinese Industrial Economic Association, vice chairperson of Zhejiang Province Institute of Business Administration, executive vice chairperson of Zhejiang Province Economy Association, vice president of Wenzhou Economy Association. His research is mainly about regional economy and enterprise system. He has six books and more than sixty essays published in academic magazines such as ‘China Industrial Economy’, ‘Economic Theory and Business Management’, ‘The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics’, ‘Statistical Research’ and Finance & Trade Economics’. , References [1]. Raymond Vernon. International Investment and International Trade in Product Cycle [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1966,80(2):190~207 [2]. K.Kojima.Direct Foreign Investment [M]. Croom Helm.1978:14,108~114 [3]. Guoan,Zeng. Exam the Industrialization Conditions [J].Economic Review,1998 (1):32~37(In Chinese) [4]. Jianjun Chen,Weiyu Ye. Study on Internal Industrial Transferring to Less Developed Region in Zhejiang Province [J]. Business Economics and Administration, 2002 (4):29~31 (In Chinese) [5]. Guoqiang Ma et al. The Coordinated Development between Industrial Migration and Ecology Environment—Take Yongkang and Wuyi as an Example [J]. 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