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Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:3, p.633-639, 1977-78
Current Contents, #38, p.5-11, September 18, 1978
The
1.
Wmber
38
Citation
Most-Cited
Sedember
As promised previously l-z here is
the list of authors
most cited by
social scientists.
This list is based
on data taken from our Social Sciences
100
Authors,
1969-1977.
How the Names Were
Index ‘m
SSCI
Selected
18, 197[
edge the work of other authors
through citations.
To compile the
SSC1, we created an entry for each
of these explicit citations.
For the
period
1969-1977,
we processed
nearly 8 million citations appearing
in 800,000 source items.
Once the basic .SSC1 is compiled,
we sort the file by number of citations received by each author. The
list shown in Figure 1 is the tip of an
enormous iceberg of cited scholars.
Limiting the list to 100 authors is arbitrary and based on cost and the
lack of space and energy.
It is important
to point out that
this list is based on primary author
data. In this study, citations
to a
publication
with two or more authors are credited only to the first
author.
Readers
familiar with our
recent study of the 300 most-cited
scientists will appreciate
the potential shortcomings
of a list that
doesn’t account for co-authors.J
However,
as seen in the earlier
parts of this study, co-authorship
in
the social sciences is by no means as
significant as in the hard sciences.
Nevertheless,
in the future we will
(SSCI’U)
from 1969 to 1977.
We have arranged
the list by
discipline.
Psychology
(including
psychoanalytic
theory) is by far the
largest field and is thus subdivided
into specialties.
Arranging
the list categorically
should
prevent
invidious
comparisons across disciplines. In a few
cases, however, authors involved in
interdisciplinary
research
may feel
they have been misclassified
by our
system.
For each name we have also provided the birthdate,
the total number of citations,
and the average
number of citations from 1969-77.
In addition, the citation counts for
1976 and 1977 are also provided.
This gives an idea of the continuing
interest in the areas involved.
For those readers unfamiliar with
citation
analysis, let me recapitulate the selection
procedure.
Authors of scholarly papers acknowl-
633
organizational
psychology,
and one
each in genetic
psychology
and
mathematical
psychology.
As with similar studies of scientists in which we made no age
limitations,
the average
age is
especially
high. Classical
authors
like Marx and Freud continue to be
heavily cited, but the age of living
authors
averaged
62. One might
have expected
thk to be even
higher
considering
older
that
scholars have published much more
that could have been cited than
their young colleagues.
The list contains
35 authors in
their 50s, born between
1919 and
1928, and 24 in their bOs, born between 1909 and 1918. Ten authors
are in their 40s.
About 31, or almost a third are
(or would be) over 70. Fifteen are
(or would be) in their 70s, eight in
their 80s, and eight would be over
100 if they were still alive. Jung,
Thorndike,
and Lenin would be between
100 and 110: Weber and
Dewey between
110 and 119; S.
Freud and Durkheim
between 120
and 129; and Marx would be 160. In
contrast, the youngest author to appear on the list was Posner, born in
1936.
It is interesting to note that many
of the authors on this list did not
publish a Citation Classic or highlycited article or book. However, it is
usually possible to identify, for each
author, his or her most significant
work. Thus, Allport did not have an
try to apply
the programs
we
developed
for the Science Citation
to our SSCI data base.
Index@
The average number of citations
for those primary
authors
listed
here is 2,548 or 283 citations per
year
for the nine-year
period,
1969-1977.
Clearly
these authors
are in a special “superstar”
category. But the same is probably true
for the next hundred authors who
received an average of 1,260 citations; that is. 140 per year. One
would at least want to examine the
1,000
most-cited
authors.
The
1,000th most-cited
name received
497 citations.
There are 55 psychologists
on
the list along with 15 sociologists.
Twelve authors are in statistics or
psychometrics;
eleven in economics or econometrics:
three in the
history of science and philosophy;
two in anthropology;
one in linguistics: and one in political philosophy. We may present the 50 mostcited authors in each social science
field in future essays.
Of those authors in psychology,
ten are in social psychology
and
motivation
theory,
eight are involved with behavior theory, seven
are in cognitive
psychology,
and
seven in developmental
and child
psychology.
Six of the authors are
in personality
and five in clinical
psychology.
There are three authors each in educational
psychology and in neuro-psychology,
two
each in psychoanalytic
theory and
634
item on the lists of most-cited
articles or books. But his most-cited
work was The nature of prejudice
which received 194 citations during
the nine-y ear period.
The most-cited
author was Sigmund Freud. The 12,319 citations
to his various works, as with other
classical authors like Marx, are not
exactly equatable
to citations
to
current articles or books. There is a
tendency to cite chapter and verse
in greater detail with these authors.
Thus, six specific
passages
in a
single work by Freud might each be
cited in a paper. This would give
Freud six citations.
You would get
significantly
different counts if you
counted each cited author for each
citing work. Freud would then receive only one citation no matter
how often a single paper cited his
works.
The appearance
of controversial
authors
such as Eysenck,
Rosenthal, and Jensen may cast suspicion
on the methodology.
But it is impact we are measuring.
It turns out
with
that this is usually associated
significance.
You must judge the
results. To help you do this, we intend to analyze
the recognition
these authors have received. Those
social scientists who have been well
recognized
by awards
and other
honors should not object to the corroboration
of citation analysis. But
more importantly,
if our studies call
attention
to the work of those who
have not been adequately
recognized, the effort will have been
rewarded.
I
REFERENCES
1. Garfield
E. The 100 articles most cited by social
Current Contents (32):5-14, 7 August 1978.
scientists,
1969-1977.
2. --------------- The 100 books most cited by social scientists, 1969-1977.
Current Contents (37):5- 16, 11 September 1978.
The 300 most-cited authors, 1961-1976, including
3. --------------1. How the names were selected.
Current
Contents
(28):5-17,
10 July 1978.
co-authors
at last.
1: The
Figure
Sciences
Citation
100 most-cited
authors,
Index ‘“, 1969-1977.
Total
(B&thdate)
on data
from
the Social
Average
Citations
Name
based
Citations
1969-1977
1969-1977
1976
Citations
1977
Citations
PSYCHOLOGY
Social Psychology
& Motivation
Theory
Bazdura A ( 1925)
Berkowitz L ( 1926)
Brown R (1925)
Deutsch M ( 1920)
5,050
1,992
2,158
2,019
Festinger
2.888
L ( 1919)
Jones EE ( 1926)
1,564
MeClellrmd
1,960
Rokeach
M (1918)
Rosenthal
2,370
R ( 1933)
Scbacter
2,466
S (1922)
Anderson
Berlyne
(Operant
NH ( 1925)
2.139
2,186
DE ( 1926)
HJ (1916)
BF (1904)
3,672
Underwood
BJ ( 1915)
Wolpe J(1915)
Cognitive
1,810
5,370
1,523
MI ( 1936)
Skinner
2,156
2,617
2,843
1,594
3,412
Paivio
2,363
Tuhkt~
238
243
201
597
169
408
240
291
285
31 t
245
634
243
589
2CQ
290
263
210
212
582
198
367
127
276
299
316
177
379
263
169
224
339
348
272
184
174
388
340
153
305
283
178
285
224
341
554
186
255
178
271
183
205
250
22 I
221
Psychology
JJrurrerJS (1915)
MJIJer GA ( 1920)
NeJsser U ( 1928)
Osgood CE (1916)
Postman
763
233
311
217
362
272
251
273
294
248
& Classical)
DE (1924-1976)
Broadbent
Eysezrck
1,703
Theory
Behavioral
Pomer
DC (1917)
561
221
240
224
321
174
218
263
274
189
A (1925)
2,692
L ( 1918)
1,523
E ( 1927)
2,018
Developmental
& Child
Bowlby J ( 1907)
ErJkson EH ( 1902)
295
297
109
277
Psychology
I ,602
2,566
636
194
245
Total
Average
citations
Name
{Birthdate)
Developmental
Freud
A (1895)
Kagan
J (1929)
Kohlberg
1969-1977
& Child Psychology
L (1927)
Piaget
J ( 1896)
Rutter
M ( 1933)
citations
1%9-1977
1976
Chatlorn
1977
Citations
(continued)
1,864
2,444
1,924
7,572
1,821
207
272
214
841
202
1,766
2,614
4,282
I ,954
1,759
2,128
196
290
476
217
195
236
1,563
2,184
1,652
1,793
2,615
174
243
184
199
291
2,748
2,177
1,787
305
242
199
1,516
1,606
2,252
168
178
250
12,319
1,720
1,369
191
239
210
372
288
355
368
1,231
346
1,007
339
Personality
A[lport G W ( 1897- 1967)
Byrne D (1931)
Cattell RB (1905)
Maslow AH ( 1908-1970)
Mischel
W ( 1930)
Rogers
CR ( 1902)
Ciinicai
162
226
554
412
253
238
352
287
260
225
Psychology
Carkhuff
RR (1934)
Cohen
J (1923)
Cough
HG (1921)
Lewin K ( 1890-1947)
Rotter JB [1916)
Educational
Cronbach
Jensen
227
257
213
313
177
213
233
211
350
352
397
332
267
182
220
189
172
141
Psychology
LI (1916)
AR ( 1923)
Thorrrdike
203
310
EL ( 1874- I949)
Neuro-Psvchoiotz~
Hebb
DO (1904)
Miller NE (1909)
Stevens
SS (1906-1973)
Psychoanalytic
Freud
lung
(1875-1%1)
Organizational
174
244
233
1,880
1,439
316
254
567
479
320
263
Theory
S ( 1856-1939)
CC
213
& Management
Campbell DT (1916)
Sbnon HA (1916)
Psychology
371
240
3,337
2,160
637
1. (continued)
Figure
Total
Name
(Blrthdate)
Witkin
HA (1916)
Average
citations
Citstiorrs
1969-1977
1969-1977
2,147
239
1976
Cirdorss
271
1977
citations
280
Mathematicssl Psychology
Rapoport A (1911)
1,580
Arrderzon TW ( 1918)
Box GEP (1919)
Edwards AL ( 1914)
Fisher RA f1890-1962)
Goodman LA ( 1928)
Guifford 1P ( 1897)
Kerrdsdf MC ( 1907)
1,591
1,832
2,389
1,605
1,704
Rao CR ( 1920)
RN ( 1929)
Sirepard
Siegel
S (1916-1961)
W echsler D ( 1896)
Wirier BJ (1917)
176
169
140
177
259
316
249
243
270
383
255
202
239
584
256
739
202
290
203
195
267
329
204
172
197
482
273
584
262
198
305
279
269
419
325
327
305
506
301
216
183
191
277
265
222
3C2
313
285
187
480
304
192
3,413
1,863
1,639
1.582
4,038
1,788
5,233
204
265
178
189
379
207
182
176
449
199
58 I
1,674
1,588
2,188
2,134
1,808
2,963
2,238
2,337
2,018
3,473
1,542
1,831
186
176
243
237
201
329
249
260
224
386
171
203
SOCIOLOGY
Argyris
C (1923)
Becker
HS ( 1928)
Blalock HM ( 1926)
Bbu PM (1918)
Campbell
A (1910)
Coleman
1S ( 1926)
Duncan
OD ( 1921)
Durkhelm
Etzioni
Goffman
E (1858-1917)
A
( 1929)
E ( 1922}
Haberrrras J ( 1929)
HolUngshead
AB ( 1907)
638
Total
Average
citations
1969-1977
citations
Name
(Birthdate)
1%9-1977
SM (1922)
ECONOMICS
W] ( 1922)
J (1918)
Dewey
Kuhn
Popper
494
281
612
207
288
1,431
241
531
272
240
568
401
207
579
147
201
1,126
184
414
249
210
460
227
196
171
274
332
255
262
242
186
252
176
321
230
1,588
200
175
4,584
509
658
467
2,219
247
507
409
6,807
3,431
1,739
1,569
M ( 1864-1920)
HISTORY
335
194
431
179
214
756
209
381
193
174
403
3,013
I ,744
3,879
1,612
1,923
1,885
G (1898)
Samuelson PA ( 1915)
Theil H ( 1924)
Weber
253
313
517
& ECONOMETRICS
Friedman M ( 19!2)
Galbraith JK ( 1908)
Johnson HG ( 1923-1977)
Mars K (1818-1883)
Tobin
317
385
749
3,030
5,600
Arrow KJ (1921)
Myrdal
325
337
622
2,923
RK (1910)
Passons T ( 1902)
Merton
Baumol
1977
Citations
(continued)
SOCIOLOGY
Lipset
1976
citations
OF SCIENCE
J ( 1859-1952)
TS ( 1922)
3,627
& PHILOSOPHY
2,042
1,765
KR ( 1902)
1,543
ANTHROPOLOGY
Levi-Strauss
Mead
C ( 1908)
M (1901)
2,270
LINGUISTICS
Chomsky N (1928)
POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY
Lenin V1 (1870-1924)
639