Download 4/27/2016 FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE Foreign Affairs and National Security

4/27/2016
Foreign Affairs and National Security
• What is foreign policy?
FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL
DEFENSE
• How can we differentiate between isolationism
and internationalism?
• How does the Department of State function?
• How do the Department of Defense and the
military departments function?
Isolationism to Internationalism
• For more than 150 years, the
American people were chiefly
interested in domestic affairs,
or what was happening at
home.
• Foreign affairs, or the nation’s
relationships with other
countries, were of little or no
concern.
• Isolationism, the purposeful
refusal to become generally
involved in the affairs of the
rest of the world, was American
policy during this time.
• Since World War II, however,
U.S. policy has featured a
broadening of American
involvement in global affairs.
The State Department
Foreign Policy Defined
• A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands and
actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its
relationships with other countries.
• The President, the nation’s chief diplomat and
commander in chief of its armed forces, has traditionally
carried the major responsibility for both the making and
conduct of foreign policy.
The Defense Department
• The State Department is headed by the secretary of state, who ranks
first among the members of the President’s Cabinet.
• An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by the
President to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy.
• The State Department issues passports, certificates issued to citizens
who travel or live abroad.
• Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to ambassadors and means
that they are not subject to the laws of state to which they are
accredited.
1
4/27/2016
The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
The Department of the Navy
•
The army is the largest and the
oldest of the armed services.
• The navy’s major responsibilities
are for sea warfare and defense.
•
The army consists of standing
troops, or the Regular Army, and
its reserve units—the Army
National Guard and Army
Reserve.
• The U.S. Marine Corps, a
combat-ready land force, are
under the auspices of navy
command.
The Department of the Air Force
Section 1 Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the
following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of
defense.
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
The CIA and the INS
• What agencies are involved in foreign and
defense policy?
The CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
is a key part of the foreign policy
establishment.
•
The CIA is responsible for collecting,
analyzing, and reporting information
for the President and the NSC.
•
A full range of espionage, or spying,
activities are undertaken by the CIA.
• How do the CIA, NASA, and the Selective Service
System contribute to the nation’s security?
• How does the INS affect our relations with other
nations and their citizens?
The INS
•
•
The Immigration and Naturalization
Service (INS) deals with persons who
come to the United States from
abroad to live and work, and who
may become naturalized citizens.
•
The INS enforces immigration laws
and requirements and administers
benefits to immigrants.
NASA and the Selective Service
Section 2 Review
NASA
1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls
under the auspices of
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) is the independent agency which deals with the
nation’s space policy.
The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles, when necessary,
the conscription—or draft—of citizens for service in the
armed forces.
(a) the INS.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the EPA.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above
2
4/27/2016
Foreign Policy From Independence
Through World War I
American Foreign Policy Overview
• What were the themes in American foreign policy
through World War I?
• How did the two World Wars affect America’s traditional
policy of isolationism?
• What are the principles of collective security and
deterrence?
• How did the United States resist Soviet aggression during
the cold war?
• How can we describe American foreign policy since the
end of the cold war?
•
As stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address, for the next 150 years the
United States practiced a policy of isolationism.
•
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the affairs of North and
South America and established the United States as the hegemonic power of the
Western Hemisphere.
•
Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded across the North
American continent through both land purchases and acquisitions through war.
•
As the United States expanded commercially in the late nineteenth century, so did
the reach of its foreign policy, as seen in the Good Neighbor policy in effect in
Latin America during the early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China during
the same time.
World War I and World War II
Two New Principles
Collective Security
World War I
The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions of
American commerce due to German submarine warfare.
• After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation retreated
to a policy of isolationism.
•
•
Collective security, approached by the United States following World
War II, involves a world community in which most nations would agree
to act together against any nation that threatened the peace.
•
Deterrence is the policy of making America and its allies so militarily
strong that their very strength will deter—discourage, or even
prevent—any attack.
Deterrence
World War II
The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the United
States entry in World War II, joining the Allies (Russia, Great Britain, and
China) fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan, and Germany).
• World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an increased
role in global affairs by the United States.
•
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between the United
States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct military action between the
two.
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine established the policy of containment, an effort to
“contain” the spread of communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all
land transit to West Berlin. The
United States responded with an
airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, it was discovered that the
Soviet Union was building missiles
on the island of Cuba. A heated
stand-off between the Soviet Union
and America ensued.
The Korean War
The Korean War was fought under
the auspices of the United Nations
after the forces of communist North
Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
The United States dedicated
thousands of troops in an effort to
resist aggression by communist
forces in Vietnam.
Détente Through the Present
• Following the U.S. withdrawal
from Vietnam, the Nixon
administration embarked on a
policy of détente.
• Détente is a French term
meaning “relaxation of
tensions.
• Nixon would become the first
U.S. President to visit
mainland China in 1972. He
also visited Moscow during his
administration.
• The cold war came to an end
with the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in 1991.
• January
1991 brought the
Persian Gulf War, with
American forces spearheading a multinational force
to drive Iraqi forces out of
Kuwait.
3
4/27/2016
Section 3 Review
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign
policy was one of
• What are the two types of foreign aid?
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
• How can we describe United States foreign aid
policy?
• What are the major security alliances to which
the United States belongs?
2. Collective security refers to
• What is United States policy in the Middle East?
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the
peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.
• What role does the United Nations play, and
what problems does it face?
Foreign Aid
Security Alliances
NATO
• Foreign aid—economic and military aid to other countries—has
been a basic feature of American foreign policy for more than 50
years.
The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed to
promote the collective defense of
Western Europe.
•
Today, NATO’s purpose has changed.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union,
NATO’s goals have broadened to
include peacekeeping roles, such as in
the Balkans, and establishing a
continued relationship with Russia.
• Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded as the most
critical to the realization of this country’s foreign policy
objectives.
• Most foreign aid money must be used to buy American goods
and products.
The United Nations
• The United Nations was formed following World War II to promote peace
and security across the globe.
• The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the world.”
of international peace is delegated to the UN
Security Council, of which the United States is a permanent member.
Other Alliances
•
•
The United States is also part of the
Rio Pact with Canada and Latin
America, the ANZUS pact with
Australia and New Zealand, as well as
other pacts in the Pacific region.
•
The United States has also taken an
active interest in the actions that
unfold in the Middle East, although
America is not part of any formal
alliance in the region.
Section 4 Review
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to States for immigration reform.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
• Oversight and maintenance
• Peacekeeping missions, international
aid to children and women, and
investigations and aid for world health services are all examples of current
United Nations functions.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions
EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.
4