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Chapter 7
The Axial Skeleton
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton
•  Structures of Bones
•  Articulations
•  Contacts with other bones
•  Landmarks (bone markings; marks)
•  Areas of muscle and ligament attachment
•  Foramina
•  Openings for nerves and blood vessels
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-1 The Axial Skeleton
•  The Axial Skeleton
•  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
•  Has 80 bones
•  The skull
•  8 cranial bones
•  14 facial bones
•  Bones associated with the skull
•  6 auditory ossicles
•  The hyoid bone
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-1 The Axial Skeleton
•  The Axial Skeleton
•  The vertebral column
•  24 vertebrae (singular = vertebra)
•  The sacrum
•  The coccyx
•  The thoracic cage
•  24 ribs
•  The sternum
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-1a The Axial Skeleton.
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(see Figure 8-1)
8
Cranium
14
Face
6
Auditory
ossicles
Skull
1
Hyoid
1
Sternum
24
Ribs
Associated
bones
Skull and
29 associated
bones
25
Thoracic
cage
26
Vertebral
column
24 Vertebrae
1
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted.
The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
80
Figure 7-1b The Axial Skeleton.
Skull
Cervical
vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Costal
cartilages
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
b Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.
The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-1 The Axial Skeleton
•  Functions of the Axial Skeleton
•  Supports and protects organs in body cavities
1.  Attaches to muscles of head, neck, and trunk
2.  Performs respiratory movements
3.  Stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleton
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  The Skull
•  Protects:
•  The brain
•  Entrances to respiratory system
•  Entrance to digestive system
•  Contains:
•  22 bones
•  8 cranial bones
•  Form the braincase, or cranium
•  14 facial bones
•  Protect and support entrances to digestive and
respiratory tracts
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 1 of 3).
SKULL
FACE
14
CRANIUM
8
Maxillae
Palatine bones
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal conchae
2
2
1
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones
Vomer
Mandible
2
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
ASSOCIATED BONES
7
Hyoid bone 1
6
2
1
1
Hyoid bone
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
temporal bones
(detailed in
Chapter 17)
Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 2 of 3).
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Vomer
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Facial bones protect and support the
entrances to the digestive and respiratory
tracts.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal
bone
Ethmoid
Parietal bone
Temporal
bone
Sphenoid
Occipital
bone
Cranial bones surround and protect the brain.
Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull (Part 3 of 3).
Auditory ossicles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  Cranial Bones
•  Enclose the cranial cavity
•  Which contains the brain
•  And its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and
membranes
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  Facial Bones
•  Superficial facial bones
•  For muscle attachment
•  Deep facial bones
•  Separate the oral and nasal cavities
•  Form the nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-3a The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
(left)
Parietal
bone
(right)
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital
bone
Squamous
suture
Temporal bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipital
protuberance
Mandible
a Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-3b The Adult Skull.
Occipital bone
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Lambdoid
suture
Parietal
bone
(right)
Parietal
bone
(left)
Sagittal
suture
Coronal
suture
Frontal bone
Zygomatic
Bone
Nasal bones
b Superior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-3c The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures
of the Skull
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Coronal suture
Sphenoid
Supraorbital foramen
Squamous suture
Temporal
bone
Nasal bone
Lambdoid suture
Lacrimal bone
Squamous part of
temporal bone
External acoustic
meatus
Ethmoid
Infraorbital foramen
Occipital
bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Zygomatic
arch
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
c
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Lateral view
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Figure 7-3d The Adult Skull.
Sagittal suture
Foramen or
Fissure
Parietal bone
Frontal Bone
Coronal suture
Supraorbital
foramen
Nasal bone
Ethmoid
Temporal bone
Sphenoid
Palatine bone
Optic canal
• Supraorbital nerve (branch of N V)
• Supraorbital artery
• Optic nerve (N II)
• Ophthalmic artery
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Middle nasal concha
(part of ethmoid)
Superior orbital
fissure
• Oculomotor nerve (N III), trochlear
nerve (N IV), opthalmic branch of
trigeminal nerve (N V), and
abducens nerve (N VI)
Inferior orbital
fissure
• Maxillary branch of trigeminal
nerve (N V)
Maxilla
Inferior
nasal concha
Infraorbital
foramen
Bony nasal septum
• Infraorbital nerve, branch of
maxillary nerve (N V)
• Infraorbital artery
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Mandible
Vomer
Mental protuberance
Major Structures
Using Passageway
d
Anterior view
Mental foramen
• Mental nerve, branch of
mandibular nerve (N V)
• Mental vessels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-3e The Adult Skull.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch
Medial and lateral
pterygoid processes
Foramen
lacerum (with
temporal and
occipital bones)
• Internal carotid artery after leaving
carotid canal
Foramen
ovale
• Mandibular branch of trigeminal
nerve (N V)
• Auditory tube
Temporal Bone
Vomer
External
acoustic meatus
• Air in meatus conducts sound to
eardrum
Occipital condyle
Carotid canal
• Internal carotid artery
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid
foramen
• Facial nerve (N V)
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Occipital Bone
Foramen
magnum
Lambdoid suture
• Accessory nerve (XI)
Occipital bone
• Vertebral arteries
External occipital
protuberance
e
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Medulla oblongata (most caudal
portion of brain)
Inferior view
Jugular foramen
(with temporal
bone)
• Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and
accessory nerves (N IX, X, XI)
Figure 7-4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (Part 1 of 9).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull (Part 2 of 9).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  Superficial Facial Bones
•  Maxillae = maxillary bones
•  Lacrimal
•  Nasal
•  Zygomatic
•  Mandible
•  Deep Facial Bones
•  Palatine
•  Inferior nasal conchae
•  Vomer
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  Sinuses
•  Cavities that decrease the weight of the skull
1.  Lined with mucous membranes
2.  Protect the entrances of the respiratory system
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7-2 The Skull
•  Sutures
•  The immovable joints of the skull
•  The four major sutures
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
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Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
7-2 The Skull
•  Lambdoid Suture
•  Separates occipital from parietal bones
•  May contain sutural (Wormian) bones
•  Coronal Suture
•  Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones
•  The calvaria (skullcap)
•  Consists of occipital, parietal, and frontal bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Skull
•  Sagittal Suture
•  Between the parietal bones
•  From lambdoid suture to coronal suture
•  Squamous Sutures
•  Form boundaries between temporal bones and
parietal bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Cranial Bones
•  Occipital bone
•  Parietal bones
•  Frontal bone
•  Temporal bones
•  Sphenoid
•  Ethmoid
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Occipital Bone
•  Functions of the occipital bone
•  Forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the
cranium
•  Articulations of the occipital bone
•  Parietal bones
•  Temporal bones
•  Sphenoid
•  First cervical vertebra (atlas)
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Occipital Bone
•  Marks of the occipital bone
•  External occipital protuberance
•  External occipital crest
•  Occipital condyles articulate with neck
•  Inferior and superior nuchal lines: attachment sites
of muscles and ligaments
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Occipital Bone
•  Foramina of the occipital bone
•  Foramen magnum connects cranial and spinal
cavities
•  Jugular foramen for jugular vein
•  Hypoglossal canals for hypoglossal nerves
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Hypoglossal
canal
Occipital
condyle
Foramen
magnum
External
occipital
crest
Inferior
nuchal line
Superior
nuchal
line
External
occipital
protuberance
a Occipital bone, inferior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Parietal Bones
•  Functions of the parietal bones
•  Form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the
cranium
•  Articulations of the parietal bones
•  Other parietal bone
•  Occipital bone
•  Temporal bone
•  Frontal bone
•  Sphenoid
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-5b The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Superior
temporal line
Inferior
temporal line
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Right parietal bone, lateral view
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Frontal Bone
•  Functions of the frontal bone
•  Forms the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets
•  Contains frontal sinuses
•  Articulations of the frontal bone
•  Parietal bone
•  Maxillary
•  Metopic suture
•  Ethmoid
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
•  Lacrimal bone
•  Zygomatic bone
•  Spenoid
•  Nasal bone
Figure 7-6a The Frontal Bone.
Frontal
(metopic)
suture
Frons
Superior
temporal line
Glabella
Supraorbital
margin
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Supraorbital
notch
a Anterior surface
Figure 7-6b The Frontal Bone.
Supraorbital foramen Frontal Supraorbital
margin
sinus
Lacrimal
fossa
b Inferior (orbital) surface
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Temporal Bones
•  Functions of the temporal bones
1.  Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic
arches
2.  Articulate with mandible
3.  Surround and protect inner ear
4.  Attach muscles of jaws and head
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Temporal Bones
•  Articulations of the temporal bones
•  Zygomatic bone
•  Sphenoid
•  Parietal bone
•  Occipital bone
•  Mandible
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  Auditory Ossicles
•  Three tiny bones in tympanic cavity (middle ear)
•  Transfer sound from tympanic membrane
(eardrum) to inner ear
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-7a The Temporal Bones.
Petrous
part
Squamous
part
(cerebral surface)
Internal
acoustic
meatus
Zygomatic
process
Mastoid
process
a Medial view of the
Styloid process
right temporal bone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-7b The Temporal Bones.
Squamous
part
Mandibular
fossa
External
acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
b Lateral view of the
right temporal bone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Zygomatic
process
Figure 7-7bc The Temporal Bones.
Squamous
part
Mandibular
fossa
External acoustic
meatus
External
acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
b Lateral view of the
Mastoid process,
cut to show
mastoid cells
right temporal bone
c A cutaway view of
the mastoid cells
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Zygomatic
process
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Sphenoid
•  Functions of the sphenoid
•  Part of the floor of the cranium
•  Unites cranial and facial bones
•  Strengthens sides of the skull
•  Contains sphenoidal sinuses
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Sphenoid
•  Articulations of the sphenoid
•  Ethmoid
•  Frontal bone
•  Occipital bone
•  Parietal bone
•  Temporal bone
•  Palatine bones
•  Zygomatic bones
•  Maxillae
•  Vomer
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  Sphenoidal Sinuses
•  On either side of the body
•  Inferior to the sella turcica
•  Lesser Wings
•  Anterior to the sella turcica
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-8a The Sphenoid.
Foramen
rotundum
Optic Optic
groove canal
Foramen
ovale
Greater wing
Foramen
spinosum
Sella turcica
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lesser
wing
Superior surface
Sphenoidal
spine
Figure 7-8b The Sphenoid.
Sphenoidal
Superior
sinus
orbital fissure
Greater
wing
Orbital
surface
Body
Foramen
rotundum
Pterygoid
process
Pterygoid
plates
b Anterior surface
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lesser
wing
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Ethmoid
•  Functions of the ethmoid
•  Forms anteromedial floor of the cranium
•  Roof of the nasal cavity
•  Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall
•  Contains ethmoidal air cells (network of sinuses)
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Ethmoid
•  Articulations of the ethmoid
•  Frontal bone
•  Sphenoid
•  Nasal bone
•  Lacrimal bone
•  Palatine bone
•  Maxillary bones
•  Inferior nasal conchae
•  Vomer
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Cranial Bones of the Skull
•  The Cribriform Plate
•  Floor of the cranium
•  Roof of the nasal cavity
•  Contains the crista galli
•  The Two Lateral Masses
•  Ethmoidal labyrinth (ethmoidal air cells)
•  Superior nasal conchae
•  Middle nasal conchae
•  The Perpendicular Plate
•  Part of the nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-9a The Ethmoid.
Lateral mass
containing
ethmoidal
labyrinth
Olfactory
foramina
Cribriform
plate
Crista galli
Perpendicular
plate
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superior surface
Figure 7-9b The Ethmoid.
Crista galli
Superior
nasal
concha
Perpendicular
plate
b Posterior surface
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Middle nasal
concha
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Facial Bones
•  Maxillae (maxillary bones)
•  Palatine bones
•  Nasal bones
•  Vomer
•  Inferior nasal conchae
•  Zygomatic bones
•  Lacrimal bones
•  Mandible
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Maxillae
•  Functions of the maxillae
•  Support upper teeth
•  Form inferior orbital rim
•  Form lateral margins of external nares
•  Form upper jaw and hard palate
•  Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses)
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Maxillae
•  Articulations of the maxillae
•  Frontal bones
•  Ethmoid
•  With one another
•  All other facial bones except the mandible
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-10a The Maxillae and Palatine Bones.
Orbital
rim
Infraorbital
foramen
Alveolar
process
Zygomatic
process
a An anterolateral view of the
right maxilla.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
nasal
spine
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Palatine Bones
•  Functions of the palatine bones
•  Form the posterior portion of the hard palate
•  Contribute to the floors of the orbits
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Palatine Bones
•  Articulations of the palatine bones
•  With other palatine bone
•  Maxillae
•  Sphenoid
•  Ethmoid
•  Inferior nasal conchae
•  Vomer
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Palatine Bones
•  Divisions of the palatine bones
•  Horizontal plate: posterior part of hard palate
•  Perpendicular plate from horizontal plate to orbital
process of orbit floor
•  Foramina of the palatine bones
•  Many in the lateral portion of the horizontal plate
•  For small blood vessels and nerves of the roof of
the mouth
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-10b The Maxillae and Palatine Bones.
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Palatine
process
Alveolar
process
Maxillary
sinus
b Superior view of a horizontal section
through right maxilla and palatine
bone; note the size and orientation
of the maxillary sinus.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Nasal Bones
•  Functions of the nasal bones
•  Support the bridge of the nose
•  Connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose
(external nares)
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Nasal Bones
•  Articulations of the nasal bones
•  With other nasal bones
•  Ethmoid
•  Frontal bones
•  Maxillae
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Vomer
•  Functions of the vomer
•  Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
•  Articulations of the vomer
•  Sphenoid
•  Ethmoid
•  Palatine bones
•  Maxillae
•  Cartilaginous part of the nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Inferior Nasal Conchae
•  Functions of the inferior nasal conchae
•  To create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
•  To increase the epithelial surface area
•  To warm and humidify inhaled air
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Inferior Nasal Conchae
•  Articulations of the inferior nasal conchae
•  Ethmoid
•  Maxillae
•  Palatine bones
•  Lacrimal bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Zygomatic Bones
•  Functions of the zygomatic bones
•  Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit
•  Form part of the zygomatic arch
•  Articulations of the zygomatic bones
•  Sphenoid
•  Frontal bone
•  Temporal bones
•  Maxillae
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Lacrimal Bones
•  Functions of the lacrimal bones
•  The smallest facial bones
•  Form part of the medial wall of the orbit
•  Articulations of the lacrimal bones
•  Frontal bone
•  Maxillae
•  Ethmoid
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 1 of 2).
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Bony nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 2 of 2).
Lacrimal sulcus
Optic canal
Superior orbital
fissure
Lacrimal bone
Middle nasal
concha
Inferior nasal concha
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
Mastoid process
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Vomer
Bony nasal septum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Mandible
•  Functions of the mandible
•  Forms the lower jaw
•  Articulations of the mandible
•  Mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Mandible
•  Foramina of the mandible
•  Mental foramina
•  For sensory nerves of lips and chin
•  Mandibular foramen
•  Entrance to the mandibular canal
•  For blood vessels and nerves of lower teeth
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-2 The Facial Bones of the Skull
•  The Hyoid Bone
•  Functions of the hyoid bone
•  Supports the larynx
•  Attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and
tongue
•  Articulations of the hyoid bone
•  Connects lesser horns to styloid processes of
temporal bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-12a The Mandible.
Articular surface for
temporomandibular
joint
Coronoid process
Teeth
Mandibular
notch
Head
Ramus
Condylar process
Body
Mental
protuberance
Mental foramen
Angle
a A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-12b The Mandible.
Alveolar
process
Articular surface
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid line
Depression for submandibular
salivary gland
b A medial view of the right mandible
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-13 An Anterior View of the Hyoid Bone.
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
An anterior view of the hyoid bone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-3 The Orbital and Nasal Complexes
•  The Eye Sockets (Orbits)
•  Frontal bone (roof)
•  Maxilla (floor)
•  Maxillary, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones (orbital rim
and medial wall)
•  Sphenoid and palatine bones
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
Figure 7-14 The Orbital Complex (Part 1 of 2).
Frontal
bone
Supraorbital
notch
Sphenoid
Optic canal
Ethmoid
Superior
orbital
fissure
Lacrimal
bone
Lacrimal
sulcus
Nasolacrimal
canal
Palatine bone
Interior orbital
fissure
Zygomatic
bone
Infraorbital
groove
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Infraorbital
foramen
Maxilla
Figure 7-14 The Orbital Complex (Part 2 of 2).
Supraorbital notch
Frontal bone
Sphenoid
Optic canal
Superior orbital
fissure
Ethmoid
Nasolacrimal canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Infraorbital
groove
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Infraorbital
foramen
Figure 7-15a The Nasal Complex.
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid
air cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
a Locations of the paranasal sinuses.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-15b The Nasal Complex.
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal
sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Nasal conchae
of ethmoid
Palatine bone
(bony palate)
Superior
Maxilla
(bony palate)
Middle
Inferior nasal
concha
b A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal
septum removed to show major features of the wall
of the right nasal cavity. The frontal and sphenoidal
sinuses are visible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
7-3 The Orbital and Nasal Complexes
•  Paranasal Sinuses
•  Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities
•  Lighten skull bones
•  Provide mucous epithelium (flushes nasal cavities)
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-4 Fontanelles
•  The Infant Skull
•  Grows rapidly
•  Is large compared to the body
•  Has many ossification centers
© 2015 Pearson Education Inc.
7-4 Fontanelles
•  The Infant Skull
•  Fusion is not complete at birth
•  Two frontal bones
•  Four occipital bones
•  Several sphenoidal and temporal elements
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7-4 Fontanelles
•  Fontanelles
•  Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
•  Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
•  Allow the skull to flex during birth
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7-4 Fontanelles
•  Anterior Fontanelle
•  Frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
•  Occipital Fontanelle
•  Lambdoid and sagittal sutures
•  Sphenoidal Fontanelles
•  Squamous and coronal sutures
•  Mastoid Fontanelles
•  Squamous and lambdoid sutures
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Figure 7-16a The Skull of an Infant.
Fontanelles
Sphenoidal Mastoid
fontanelle fontanelle
Coronal
suture
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Greater wing
of sphenoid
Nasal
bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporal Squamous Occipital Lambdoid
bone
suture
suture
bone
a
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Lateral view
Figure 7-16b The Skull of an Infant.
Fontanelles
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Sagittal suture
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
Parietal
bone
Lambdoid
suture
Coronal suture
b
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Occipital
bone
Superior view
7-5 The Vertebral Column
•  The Vertebral Column (Spine)
•  Protects the spinal cord
•  Supports the head and body
•  26 bones
•  24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx
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Figure 7-17 The Vertebral Column.
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop
before birth, and secondary
curves after birth.
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
The cervical curve, a secondary
curve, develops as the infant learns
to balance the weight of the head on
the vertebrae of the neck.
The thoracic curve, a
primary curve, accommodates the thoracic organs.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Cervical
(7 vertebrae)
Thoracic
(12 vertebrae)
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
The lumbar curve, a secondary
curve, balances the weight of the
trunk over the lower limbs; it
develops with the ability to stand.
L2
L3
Lumbar
(5 vertebrae)
L4
L5
The sacral curve, a primary
curve, accommodates the
abdominopelvic organs.
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Sacral
Coccygeal
7-5 The Vertebral Column
•  Four Spinal Curves
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve
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7-5 The Vertebral Column
•  Thoracic and Sacral Curves
•  Are called primary curves (present during fetal
development)
•  Or accommodation curves (accommodate
internal organs)
•  Lumbar and Cervical Curves
•  Are called secondary curves (appear after birth)
•  Or compensation curves (shift body weight for
upright posture)
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Clinical Note 7-2a Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis.
a Kyphosis
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Clinical Note 7-2b Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis.
b Lordosis
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Clinical Note 7-2c Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis.
c Scoliosis
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Figure 7-18a Vertebral Anatomy.
Vertebral arch
Articular processes
Pedicle
Vertebral body
a The major components of
a typical vertebra
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Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse
process
Vertebral body
Spinous
process
Inferior articular
facet
Inferior articular
process
Arrow passing
through vertebral
foramen
b A lateral and slightly inferior
view of a vertebra
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Figure 7-18c Vertebral Anatomy.
Spinous
process
Superior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Inferior
articular
process
Pedicle
Inferior
articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
body
c An inferior view of a vertebra
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7-5 The Vertebral Column
•  Intervertebral Discs
•  Are pads of fibrocartilage
•  Separate the vertebral bodies
•  Absorb shocks
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Figure 7-18d Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets
Superior articular process
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Spinous process
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Vertebral body
d A posterior view of
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three articulated
vertebrae
Inferior
articular
process
Figure 7-18e Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
e A lateral and sectional view of
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three articulated vertebrae
7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  Regions of the Vertebral Column
•  Cervical (C)
•  Thoracic (T)
•  Lumbar (L)
•  Sacral (S)
•  Coccygeal (Co)
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7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  The Cervical Vertebrae
•  Small body (support only head)
•  Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal
cord)
•  Concave superior surface
•  Slope posterior to anterior
•  C1 (atlas) has no spinous process
•  All others have short spinous processes
•  Tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid)
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Figure 7-19a The Cervical Vertebrae.
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Spinous
process of
vertebra
prominens
C6
C7
a A lateral view of the
cervical vertebrae, C1–C7.
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Figure 7-19b The Cervical Vertebrae.
Vertebral
arch
Spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral
foramen
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Vertebral body
Transverse
process
Costal process
Superior
Transverse articular
facet
foramen
b A superior view of a representative cervical
vertebra showing characteristics of C3–C6.
Notice the typical features listed in Table 7–1.
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7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  The Cervical Vertebrae
•  Transverse processes
•  Are fused to costal processes
•  Which encircle transverse foramina (protect
arteries and veins)
•  Atlas (C1)
•  Articulates with occipital condyles of skull
•  Has no body or spinous process
•  Has a large, round foramen within anterior and
posterior arches
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7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  The Cervical Vertebrae
•  Axis (C2)
•  Supports the atlas
•  Has heavy spinous process
•  To attach muscles of head and neck
•  Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to
form the dens
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Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae.
Anterior
arch
Dens of
axis
Transverse
ligament
Atlas
(C1)
Posterior
arch
Axis (C2)
d The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in
posterolateral view.
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Figure 7-20a The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Vertebra
prominens
C7
T1
T2
Intervertebral
foramen
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic
vertebrae
(T1–T12)
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
a
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A lateral view of the thoracic region of
the vertebral column. The vertebra
prominens (C7) resembles T1, but lacks
facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12
resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1)
but has a fact for rib articulation.
Figure 7-20b The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Lamina
Transverse
costal facet
Superior
articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
costal facet
Vertebral
body
b Thoracic vertebra, superior view.
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Figure 7-20c The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Transverse costal
facet for tubercle
of superior rib
Transverse
process
Superior costal facet
for head of superior rib
Vertebral
body
Spinous
process
Inferior costal facet
for head of inferior rib
c Thoracic vertebra, lateral view.
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Figure 7-21a The Lumbar Vertebrae.
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Sacrum
Coccyx
a
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A lateral view of the lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and
coccyx
Figure 7-21b The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse process
Spinous
process
Vertebral
body
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
b
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A lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra
Figure 7-21c The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Superior articular
process
Transverse
process
Transverse process
Vertebral
foramen
Pedicle
Vertebral
body
c
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A superior view of the same vertebra shown in part b
Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 2 of 2).
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7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  The Sacrum
•  Is curved, more in males than in females
•  Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive
organs
•  Attaches:
•  The axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular
skeleton
•  Broad muscles that move the thigh
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7-6 Vertebral Regions
•  The Sacrum
•  The adult sacrum
•  Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
•  Fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
•  Leaving transverse lines
•  Sacral canal
•  Replaces the vertebral canal
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Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular Entrance to
process sacral canal
Sacral
tuberosity
Lateral
sacral crest
Median
sacral crest
Sacral
hiatus
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
a
A posterior view
Figure 7-22b The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Sacral
promontory
Auricular
surface
Lateral
sacral crest
Median
sacral crest
Sacral curve
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
Coccyx
b
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A lateral view from
the right side
Figure 7-22c The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Base
Sacral
promontory
Ala
Ala
Sacral
foramina
Transverse
lines
Apex
Coccyx
c
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An anterior view
7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  The Thoracic Cage
•  The skeleton of the chest
•  Supports the thoracic cavity
•  Consists of:
•  Thoracic vertebrae
•  Ribs
•  Sternum (breastbone)
•  The Rib Cage
•  Formed of ribs and sternum
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Figure 7-23a The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch
T1
Clavicular articulation
1
Sternum
2
Manubrium
3
Body
Xiphoid
process
Costal
cartilages
5
10
T11
T12
Vertebrochondral
ribs
(ribs 8–10)
True ribs
(ribs 1–7)
4
11
12
6
7
8
9
Floating ribs
(ribs 11–12)
a An anterior view, showing the costal
cartilages and the sternum
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False ribs
(ribs 8–12)
Figure 7-23b The Thoracic Cage.
1
2
3
4
5
True ribs
(ribs 1–7)
T4
T5
2
3
4
6
T7
6
7
T8
8
T9
7
8
T10
11
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T3
1
5
10
12
b
T2
T6
9
False ribs
(ribs 8–12)
C7
T1
T11
9
T12
10
L1
11
12
A posterior view, showing the articulations
of the ribs and vertebrae
7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Functions of the Thoracic Cage
1.  Protects organs of the thoracic cavity
•  Heart, lungs, and thymus
2.  Attaches muscles
1.  For respiration
2.  Of the vertebral column
3.  Of the pectoral girdle and the upper limbs
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Ribs (Costae)
•  Are 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones
•  Extending from the thoracic vertebrae
•  Ribs are divided into two types
1.  True ribs
2.  False ribs
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Ribs 1–7 (True Ribs)
•  Vertebrosternal ribs
•  Connected to the sternum by costal cartilages
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Ribs 8–12 (False Ribs)
•  Do not attach directly to the sternum
•  Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
•  Fuse together
•  Merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum
•  Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12)
•  Connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles
•  Have no connection with the sternum
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Structures of the Ribs
•  The head (capitulum)
•  At the vertebral end of the rib
•  Has superior and inferior articular facets
•  The neck
•  The short area between the head and the tubercle
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Figure 7-24a The Ribs.
Transverse
costal
facet
Tubercle
of rib
Angle
Neck
Demifacet
Head
(capitulum)
Vertebral
end
a A superior view of the details of rib structure and the
articulations between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
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Figure 7-24b The Ribs.
Head
Neck
Attachment to
costal cartilage
(sternal end)
Articular facets
Tubercle
Body
Angle
b A posterior view of the head of a
Costal groove
representative rib from the right side (ribs 2–9)
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  The Sternum
•  A flat bone
•  In the midline of the thoracic wall
•  Three parts of the sternum
1.  The manubrium
2.  The sternal body
3.  The xiphoid process
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Manubrium
•  The superior portion of sternum
•  Broad, triangular shape
•  Articulates with clavicles (collarbones)
•  Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair
•  Has a jugular notch, a shallow indentation
between clavicular articulations
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  The Sternal Body
•  Is tongue-shaped
•  Attaches to the manubrium
•  Attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2–7
•  The Xiphoid Process
•  Is the smallest part of the sternum
•  Attaches to the sternal body
•  Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis
muscles
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7-7 The Thoracic Cage
•  Development of the Sternum
•  The developing sternal body
•  Consists of four unfused bones
•  Completes fusion about age 25
•  Leaving transverse lines
•  The xiphoid process
•  Is the last part of sternum to fuse
•  Can easily be broken away
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