Download B.A. PHILOSOPHY Ethics V Semester UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
(2011 Admn. onwards)
B.A. PHILOSOPHY
V Semester
CORE COURSE
Ethics
Question Bank & Answer Key
1. Ethics is the science of :
a. Beauty
b. Truth
c. Conduct
d. Mind
2. The word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word :
a. Ethos
b. Ethies
c Ethees
d. Ethise
c. Character
d. Good
c. Character
d. Good
3. Ethos means:
a. Conduct
b. Customs
4. The word mores means:
a.
Conduct
b. Customs
5. The term Right is derived from the Latin
a. Ritus
b. Ritchus
c. Rectus
d. Rightss
b. Direct
c. Correct
d. Good
6. Rectus means:
a. Straight
7. The term Good is connected with the German term:
a. Goto
b. Gutte
c. Gud
d. Gut
c. Normative
d. Systematic
c. Judgements
d. None of these
c. Goodness
d. Conduct
c. Goodness
d. Fact
8. Ethics is a------------------------science.
a. Positive
b. Applied
9. Normative science deals with:
a. Standards
b. Facts
10. Aesthetics deals with the standard of:
a.
Beauty
b. Truth
11. Ethics deals with the standard of:
a. Beauty
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b. Truth
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12. Logic deals with the norm of:
a. Beauty
b. Truth
c. Goodness
d. Conduct
c. Standards
d. Rules
13. Positive science concerned with:
a. Facts
b. Norms
14. ‘Ethics is neither a practical science nor an art’, This assertion is:
a. Wrong
b. Correct
c. Neither right nor wrong d. None of these
15. Truth, Beauty, and -------------are considered as the principles of philosophy.
a. Fact
b. Goodness
c. Conduct
d. None of these
c. Meta ethics
d. None of these
16. The applied dimension of Ethics is known as:
a. Applied Ethics
b. Normative ethics
17. ---------------- deals with logical and semantic questions like ‘What do we mean by “freedom”
and “determinism”
a. Applied ethics
b. Normative ethics
c. Practical ethics
d. Meta Ethics
18. Ethics determines rightness or wrongness of------------------a. Human actions
b. Human thought
c. Human judgements d. None of these
19. When we a say that conduct is right, we mean primarily that;
a. It is according to truth b. It is according to rule c. It is according to law d. none of these
20. A thing is generally said to be good when it is valuable for
a. Some end.
b. Some practice
c. Some action
d. Some facts
21. Positive science deals with judgments of facts while ethics is concerned with judgments of:
a. Beauty
b. Truth
c. Thought
d. Value
c. Perception
d. Intuition
c. Perception
d. Intuition
22. Logic deals with the correctness of
a. Thought
b. Conduct
23. Ethics deals with the correctness of
a. Conduct
b. Thought
24. ------------------ is not a normative discipline.
a. Ethics
b. Logic
c. Metaphysics
d. Aesthetics
25. Ethics deals with the standards to describe-----------------------a. Good and evil
b. True and false
c. Right and good
d. All of these
26. Ethics is concerned the ------------------- to judge human conduct
a. Standards
b. Facts
c. Objects
d. All of these
27. Logic, Ethic and Aesthetics- these three sciences are essentially ------------------a. Positive
b. intuitive
c. cognate
d. none of these
28. Ethics investigates the nature of its fundamental notions like right, duty and --------a. beauty
b. good
c. thought
d. none of these
c. Object
d. All of these
29. Ethics considers the ------------ of goodness.
a. Standard
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b. Fact
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30. Morality consists of goodness, which is really an ------------- end
a. Effective
b. intrinsic
c. instrumental
d. teleogical
c. Desire
d. Will
31.---------------is a collective name for voluntary actions:
a. Virtue
b. Conduct
32. ------------------------ has said that “Conduct is three-fourths of life”.
a McDougall
b. Hobbes
c. Mackenzie
d. Mathew Arnold
c. Instinct
d. None of these
33. All willed or volitional actions are called:
a Voluntary action
b. Organic actions
34. Which among the following is the tendency produce movement directly or automatically?
a Intuitive tendency
b. Immediate tendency
c. Ideo-motor tendency
d. None of these
35. --------------------is a sense of longing for a person or object or hoping for an outcome.
a. Wish
b. Instinct
c. Tendency
d. Desire
36. ‘Human desire is the fundamental motivation of all human action’. Whose view is this?
a. Hobbes
b. Mathew Arnold
c. McDougall
d. Mackenzie
c. Desire
d. Want
37,. Consciousness of an organic need is called -----------a.
a Will
b. an Appetite
38. Consciousness of ----------is called an appetite.
a. a Wish
b. a Desire
c. a Motive
d. an Organic need
39. Who defines an instinct as an inherited psycho physical disposition?
a. Hobbes
b. Mathew Arnold
c. McDougall
d. Mackenzie
40. The desires that predominate or continue to be effective is called:
a. Wish
b. Will
c.
d. None of these
Instinct
41. ------------- a conscious mental process which moves a man to act in a particular way.
a.
Wish
b. Will
c.
Instinct
d. Motive
42. The term intention corresponds the term:
a. Desire
b. Purpose
c. Instinct
d. None of these
43. The whole willed scheme of action, which is anticipated by the doer is called:
a. Desire
b. Purpose
c.
d. Intention.
Instinct
44. According to Mackenzie the formal intention means the -------------------embodied in fact
a. Principle
b. Purpose
c. Instinct
d. Action
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45. ‘Men are determined by circumstances’. Who said this?
a McDougall
b. Hobbes
c. Mackenzie
d. Mathew Arnold
46. The particular result as a realised fact is:
a. Remote intention
b. Formal intention
c. Immediate intention
d. Material intention
47.The remote intention of an act is sometimes called:
a. Motive
b. Purpose
c. Instinct
d. Action
48. “The motive means, of course, what moves us or causes us to act in a particular way”. Who
asserted this?
a. McDougall
b. Hobbes
c. Mackenzie
d. Mathew Arnold
49. A person’s conduct corresponding to his --------------------a. Motive
b. Habit
c. Character
d. Action
50. --------------------------- is an action that a man could have done differently
a Voluntary action
b. Organic actions
c. Willed action
d. None of these
51. Conduct is not an adjusted action, but a ------------------------ action.
a Voluntary action
b. Organic actions
c. Willed action
d. None of these
52. Desire is a sense of longing of a person for ---------------a. an End
b. a Action
c. an Outcome
d. None of these
53. Hobbes asserted that human desire is the ----------------------- of all human action.
a.
Fundamental intention
c. Fundamental Character
b. Fundamental nature
d. Fundamental motivation
54. An intention which the agent does not definitely avows to himself is called:
a. Remote intention
b. Formal intention
c. Unconscious intention
d. Conscious intention
55. When a man acts blindly without considering the end or result of his action. Such actions is
called:
a. impulsive action
b. voluntary action
c. organic actions
d. none of these
56. A motive is -------------------- mental process
a. an intuitive
b. a conscious
c. an unconscious
d. an immediate
57. Sucking of the thump by a child is a:
a. Impulsive action
b. involuntary action
c. habitual action
d. none of these
58. McDougall defines an instinct as ---------------------- psycho physical disposition
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a. an inherited
b. an intentional
c. an immediate
d. an effective
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59. A wish in an:
a intention
b. emotion
c. efective impulse
d. effective desire
60. Human beings share some kinds of needs with the lower animals and even with plants are called:
a. Natural needs
b. organic needs
c. immediate needs
d. None of these
61. ----------------is the general term for the theories that regards happiness
a. Intuitionism
b. hedonism
c. emotivism
d. eudemonism
62. Hedonism the term derives from the Greek word :
a. hedone
b. hedine
c. hedon
d. hedoine
b. good
c. delight
d. pleasure
63. Hedone means:
a. happy
64. Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that ------------- is the only intrinsic good.
a. pleasure
b. virtue
c. justice
d. freedom
65. According to the nature of seeking pleasure hedonism can be divided broadly in to Psychological
hedonism and ---------------------a. physiological hedonism
b. natural hedonism
c. ethical hedonism
d. none of the above
66. Men always seeks pleasure-this position is known as:
a. psychological hedonism
b. natural hedonism
c. ethical hedonism
d. none of the above
67. Man ought to seeks pleasure, the position is known as:
a. ethical hedonism
b. psychological hedonism
c.. natural hedonism
d. none of the above
68.Each man seeks, or ought to seek, is his own pleasure, this type of ethical hedonism is called:
a. Universal ethical hedonism
b. utilitarianism
c. egoistic ethical hedonism
d. none of these
69. The theory which holds that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness
for all is:
a. Universal ethical hedonism
b. psychological hedonism
c. egoistic ethical hedonism
d. none of these
70.The most influential contributor to Universal ethical hedonism is:
a. Kant
b. Sidgwick
c. Butler
d. John Stuart Mill
71. Universalistic Ethical Hedonism is also known as:
a. Hedonism
b. Universalism
c. Utilitarianism
d. None of these
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72. Utilitarian school having the slogan:
a. the greatest happiness of the individual
b. the greatest happiness of greatest number
c. the happiness of all
d. the happiness of greatest number
73. The --------------------- is a method of counting the amount of pleasure and pain that would likely
be caused by different actions.
a. Utility calculus
b. universal calculus
c. idealistic calculus
d. hedonistic calculus
74. The Hedonic Calculus is a method of counting the amount of ------------------- that would likely
be caused by different actions.
a. pleasure and pain
b. result
c. virtue
d. none of these
75. Who introduced the method of hedonic calculus?
a. Kant
b. Sidgwick
c. Bentham
d. John Stuart Mill
76. ---------------- refers to the likelihood that the pleasure or pain will occur
a. Certainty
b. purity
c. propinquity
d. intensity
77. --------------------- refers to how long away the pleasure or pain is.
a. Certainty
b. purity
c. propinquity
d. intensity
78. ----------------------- refers to the likelihood of the pleasure or pain leading to more of the same
sensation.
a. Certainty
b. Fecundity
c. propinquity
d. intensity
79. ------------- refers to the likelihood of the pleasure or pain leading to some of the opposite
sensation.
a. Certainty
b. purity
c. propinquity
d. intensity
80. -------------- refers to the number of people the pleasure or pain is likely to affect.
a. Certainty
b. purity
c. propinquity
d. Extent
81. ----------------- refers to the felt strength of the pleasure or pain.
a. Certainty
b. purity
c. propinquity
d. intensity
82. -------------- refers to how long the pleasure or pain are felt for.
a.
Certainty
b. Duration
c. propinquity
d. intensity
83. Hedonic Calculus of Bentham is a ----------------------- calculus.
a. Five point
b. eight point
c. nine point
d. seven point
84. The hedonism which, focuses the quantity of the pleasure, rather than the quality is called:
a. quantitative hedonism.
b. qualitative hedonism
c. universal hedonism
d. none of these
85. Bentham’s version of hedonism is known as:
a. quantitative hedonism.
b. qualitative hedonism
c. universal hedonism
d. none of these
86. J. S. Mill’s version of hedonism is known as:
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a. quantitative hedonism.
b. qualitative hedonism
c. universal hedonism
d. none of these
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87. Mill argues that -------------------- are superior to physical forms of pleasure.
a. moral pleasures
b. emotional pleasure
c. material pleasure
d. none of these
88. Mill made ---------------- separation of pleasures.
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. psychological
d. none of these
89. Mill argued that pleasures could vary in:
a.
Duration
b. quantity
c.
intensity
d. quality
90. According to J.S. Mill Lower pleasures are those associated with the:
a. body
b. mind
c. soul
d. intellect
91. According to J.S. Mill higher pleasures are those associated with the:
a. body
b. mind
c. soul
d. intellect
92. According to J.S. Mill --------------pleasures are those associated with the mind
a. higher
b. lower
c. quantitative
d. none of these
93. According to J.S. Mill ---------------- pleasures are those associated with the body.
a. higher
b. lower
c. quantitative
d. none of these
94. Mill justified ----------------------- pleasures are more valuable than bodily pleasures.
a. Emotional
b. instinctive
c. intellectual d. none of these
95. Mill’s theory of Hedonism focuses on the quality of the pleasure, rather than the quantity, so it is
called:
a. Egoistic hedonism
b. ethical hedonism
c. qualitative hedonism.
d. quantitative hedonism
96. Laws of ------------ can be violated but cannot be changed
a. nature
b. constitution
c. ethics
d. none of these
97. The laws of ethics can be violated but cannot be ---------------a. Changed
b. obliged
c. explained
d. described
98. According to Immanuel Kant moral law as:
a. a. command
b.
an unconditional command
c. a conditional command
99. According to Immanuel Kant the moral law is known ---------------.
a. empirically
b. practically
c. intuitively
d. intellectually
c. empirical
d. none of these
c. intellectual
d. none of these
100. According to Immanuel Kant moral law is:
a. a priori
b. a posteriori
101. According to Immanuel Kant moral law is:
a. empirical
b. self evident
102. According to Kant the moral law is a:
a. Assertorial imperative
b. conditional imperative
c. categorical imperative
d. none of these
103. According to Kant a natural law is:
a.unconditional
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b. categorical
c. assertorial
d. none of these
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104. Kant argues that Categorical Imperative is the ------------------- it applies to all persons.
a. universal moral law
b. universal natural law
c. conditional moral law
d. none of these
105. According to Kant ----------------- is the fundamental postulate of morality.
a. freedom of the will
b. freedom of the judgment
c. freedom of the intellect
d. none of these
106. ‘Freewill is implied by morality’ Who argues this?
a.Sidgwick
b. John Stuart Mill
c. Bentham
d. Kant
107. Kant’s ethical doctrine is called:
a.Hedonism
b. utilitarianism
c. intuitionalism
d. formalism
108. Kant’s ethical theory is called:
a.Teleology
b. deontology
c. axiology
d. none of these
109. Kant assumes that --------------------- are the only two motives of actions.
a. Freedom and duty
b. duty and self-interest
c. duty and good will
d. none of these
110. According to Kant duty as the fundamental concept of ethics, this view is called:
a. Teleology
b. deontology
c. concequntalism
d. none of these
111. Self- realisation is the highest good, this notion is known called:
a. Perfectionism
b. utilitarianism
c. hedonism
d. none of these
c. happiness
d. virtue
c. formalism
d. hedonism
c. Bentham
d. Kant
112. The Greek term eudemonia means:
a. perfection
b. goodness
113. Perfectionism is also called:
a. Intuitionism
b. eudemonism
114. ‘My station and its Duties’ is related with:
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
115. ‘Ones duties relate to his own station in life’ Who argues this?
a. Sidgwick
b. Bentham
c. F. H. Bradley
d. Kant
116. According to F. H. Bradley, performance of duties appropriate to ones station will leads to :
a. Perfection
b. happiness
c. pleasure
d. self- realisation
117.F. H. Bradley argues that each member has a particular station in society determined by his
peculiar
a. Talent
b. happiness
c. virtue
d. none of these
118. ‘His duties are determined by his station in society’, Who said this?
a. Sidgwick
b. Bentham
c. F. H. Bradley
d. Kant
119. F. H. Bradley asserts that, society is a---------------------a. Social organism
b. moral organism
c. cultural organism
d. none of these
120. According to F. H. Bradley different ----------------- are organs of the moral organism
a. Communities
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b. sects
c. individuals
d. none of these
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121. The highest personal good is in harmony with the highest social good. – Who claims this
notion?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Bentham
d. Kant
122. F. H. Bradley claims that --------------- is never possible apart from society.
a. Liberation
b. happiness
c. existence
d. Self-realization
123.According to F. H. Bradley personal morality apart from social morality is an --------a. abstraction
b. imperfection
c. intuitional
d. none of these
c. life
d. none of these
124. Bradley means by self-realization, realization of the:
a. infinite self
b. finite self
125. Bradley argues that morality is :
a. Subjective
b. individualistic
c. personal
d. objective
126. The hedonism of Herbert Spencer is called:
a. Evolutionary hedonism
b. Qualitative hedonism
c. Quantitative hedonism
d. Universalistic hedonism
127. ‘Data of Ethics’ is related with:
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Bentham
d. Spencer
128. Herbert Spencer deduces moral laws from:
a. Natural laws
b. biological laws
c. sociological laws d. none of these
129.Who deduces hedonism from the law of biological evolution?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Spencer
d. Kant
130. Spencer deduces hedonism from the law of:
a. Sociological evolution
b. natural evolution
c. biological evolution
d. universal evolution
131. Morality is a product of evolution- Who holds this view?
a. Spencer
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Bentham
d. Kant
132. Spencer defines ---------------- as the adjustment of acts to ends.
a. Good will
b. freedom
c. conduct
d. virtue
133. ‘Pleasure in an index of increase of life; pain is an index of decrease of life’ Who advocates this
view?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Spencer
d. Kant
134. ‘Pleasure-giving acts are life-sustaining; pain-giving acts are life-destroying’- Who holds this
position?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Kant
d.Herbert Spencer
135. Thus pleasure is both ------------------- and ethically good.
a. biologically
b. naturally
c. empirically
d. none of these
136. According to Herbert Spencer Self-preservation and race- preservation are the ultimate ends of
------------------------a. natural evolution
b. sociological evolution
c. biological evolution
d. political evolution
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137. Spencer distinguishes between Absolute ethics and------------------a. Relative ethics
b. Ultimate ethics
c. Intuitive ethics
d. none of these
138.Spencer argues that Relative ethics deals with relative morality in --------------society.
a. a perfect
b. an imperfect
c. good
d. bad
139. Spencer argues that absolute ethics deals with the absolute morality in ---------society
a. a perfect
b. an imperfect
c. good
d. bad
140. ‘To realise the completely rational universe is to realize the true self’, Who holds this view?
a.Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Spencer
d. T. H. Green
141. T. H. Green holds that there is a ----------------------- in nature.
a. natural principle
b. spiritual principle c. cosmic principle d. none of these
142.‘Moral progress is the gradual reproduction of divine perfection in man’- Who holds this view?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
c. Spencer
d. T. H. Green
c. Naturalism
d. Intuitionism
143. Butler’s ethical position is called as:
a. Hedonism
b. Perfectionism
144. Bishop Butler regarded -----------------as the highest principle in human nature.
a. good will
b. conscience
c. soul
d. freedom
c. categorical
d. None of these
c. Spencer
d. Butler
145. According to Butler Conscience is:
a. Conditional
b. flexible
146. “Man is a law to himself”. Who asserts this?
a. Sidgwick
b. F. H. Bradley
147. Rogers calls Butler’s doctrine as:
a.
Autonomic intuitionism.
c. Autonomic positivism
b. Autonomic empiricism
d. Autonomic expressionism
148. Hennery Sidgwick’s ethical position is known as:
a. Intuitional utilitarianism
b. Rational Utilitarianism
c. qualitative utilitarianism
d. none of the above
149. Sidgwick holds that ---------------is the only intrinsic value.
a. pleasure
b. virtue
c. good will
d. freedom
150.Sidgwick considers knowledge, beauty, and virtue are:
a. ends of pleasure
b. means to pleasure
c. pleasure itself
d. none of these
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151. Rights are -------------------of individuals recognised by society
a. obligation
b. moral claims
c. moral freedom
d. none of these
152. Duties are -------------------- of individuals recognised by society
a. obligations
b. moral claims
c. moral freedom
d. none of these
153. Right is a:
a. claim
b. need
c. justifiable claim
d. none of these
154. Duties are :
a. obligations
b. moral claims
c. moral freedom
d. moral obligations
155. ---------- are indispensible for the realization of the highest good and common good.
a. Duties
b. Moral rights
c. virtue
d. desire
156. Rights and duties are:
a. Contradictory to each other
b. Opposed to each other
c. correlative to each other
d. none of these
157. The first right of man is:
a.
the right to live
b. the right to freedom
c. the right to property
d. the right to education
158. The right to live is the ---------------a. secondary right
b. important right
c. primary right
d. none of these
159. The sacredness of life should be recognised in:
a. right to live
b. right to freedom
c. right to property
d. right to education
160. ‘Rights of property are essentially personal’- Who hold this position?
a.
Kant
b. Mill
c. Hegel
d. Butler
161. Right to employment should be recognised by every----------------------a. State
b. developed country c. welfare state
d. none of these
162. The right of contract necessarily arises out of the ----------------a. right of live
b. right of freedom
c. right of property
d. right of education
163. “Thou shall not kill”- the maxim related with:
a. Respect for life
b. respect for freedom
c. respect for property
d. respect for truth
164. “Be a person and respect others as persons”- assertion is related with:
a. Kant
b. J.S. Mill
c. Hegel
d. Butler
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165. We should keep our promises and fulfil our contracts- related with:
a. Respect for life
b. respect for freedom
c. respect for property
d. respect for truth
166. We should maintain the social system to which we belong. We should not revolt against the
State and produce chaos.- related with:
a. respect for life
b. respect for freedom
c. respect for property
d. respect for society
167.We should cultivate fellow feelings- Related with:
a. Respect for world harmony
b. Respect for life
c. respect for freedom
d. respect for property
168. Virtue the term have a Latin root ------a. vour
b. vir
c. veer
d. vor
b. good
c. man or hero
d. leader or saint
c. vice
d. none of these
c. practice
d. none of these
c. good character
d. goodness
c. Virtue
d. none of these
169. ‘vir’ means:
a. perfect
170. Duties of imperfect obligation are called:
a.
virtues
b. good
171. Duties are turned into virtues by ----------.
a. habit
b. culture
172. Virtue denotes a -------------------a. Character
b. morals
173. ---------------is the excellence of character
a. Morality
b. goodness
174. Virtue is the habit of deliberate choice of:
a. right actions
b. morality
c. actions
d. moral principles
175. --------------- is the habit of deliberate choice of wrong actions
a. morality
b. goodness
c. virtue
d. vice
176. ----------- is expressed in the commission of sins
a. virtue
b. vice
c. goodness d. merit
177. ‘Virtue is a permanent state of mind’ Who holds this position?
a. Kant
b. J.S. Mill
c. Socrates
d. Aristotle
b. J.S. Mill
c. Socrates
d. Aristotle
b. J.S. Mill
c. Socrates
d. Aristotle
178. “virtue is knowledge”- related with:
a. Kant
179. Cardinal virtues – related with:
a. Plato
180. Which of the following is not a Cardinal virtue?
a. Wisdom
b. Courage
c. Temperance d. Goodness
181. --------------------comprehends all cardinal virtues.
a. Wisdom
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b. Courage
c. Temperance d. Justice
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182. According to Plato Wisdom is the special virtue of the ---------------a. ruling class
b. fighting class
c. traders
d. common class
183.According to Plato courage is the special virtue of the ---------------a. ruling class
b. fighting class
c. traders
d. common class
184. According to Plato ------------- is the special virtue of the traders
a. Temperance
b. Wisdom
c. Courage d. Justice
185. “Virtue is the habit of choosing the relative mean” Who holds this view?
a. Kant
b. J.S. Mill
c. Socrates
d. Aristotle
186. Who made the distinction between intellectual virtue and moral virtue?
a. Kant
b. J.S. Mill
c. Socrates
d. Aristotle
187. According to Aristotle the -------------- belongs to the rational soul
a. intellectual virtue
b. moral virtue
c. virtue
d. none of these
188. Aristotle divides justice into two; one is distributive justice and the other is:
a. corrective justice
b. corrective justice
c. supreme justice
d. none of these
189. The aim of ------------- theory of punishment is to prevent or deter others from committing
similar offences.
a.
reformative
b. retributive
c. deterrent
d. none of these
c. deterrent
d. none of these
190. ------------ theory justifies capital punishment
a.
reformative
b. reflective
191. The aim of punishment is to educate the offender himself- this theory of punishment is called:
a. reformative
b. retributive
c. deterrent
d. none of these
192. The punishment theory which is supported by criminology is:
a.
retributive
b. reformative
c. deterrent
d. none of these
c. deterrent
d. none of these
c. deterrent theory
d. none of these
193. The theory which not justify capital punishment is:
a.
Reformative
b. retributive
194. ‘Eye for an eye’,- ‘tooth for a tooth’,- is the motto of :
a. Retributive theory
b. reformative theory
195.The right which justify the Capital punishment is:
a. Right to freedom
Ethics
b. right to property
c. right to live
d. right to contract
Page 13
School of Distance Education
ANSWER KEY
1
c
35
d
69
a
103
c
137
a
171
a
2
a
36
a
70
d
104
a
138
b
172
c
3
c
37
b
71
c
105
a
139
a
173
c
4
b
38
d
72
b
106
d
140
d
174
a
5
c
39
c
73
d
107
d
141
b
175
d
6
a
40
a
74
a
108
b
142
d
176
b
7
d
41
d
75
c
109
b
143
d
177
d
8
c
42
b
76
a
110
b
144
b
178
c
9
a
43
d
77
c
111
a
145
c
179
a
10
a
44
a
78
b
112
c
146
d
180
d
11
c
45
b
79
b
113
b
147
a
181
d
12
b
46
d
80
d
114
b
148
b
182
a
13
a
47
a
81
d
115
c
149
a
183
b
14
b
48
c
82
b
116
d
150
b
184
a
15
b
49
c
83
d
117
a
151
b
185
d
16
a
50
a
84
a
118
c
152
a
186
d
17
d
51
c
85
a
119
b
153
c
187
a
18
a
52
c
86
b
120
c
154
d
188
a
19
b
53
d
87
a
121
b
155
b
189
c
20
a
54
c
88
b
122
d
156
c
190
d
21
d
55
a
89
d
123
a
157
a
191
a
22
a
56
b
90
a
124
a
158
c
192
b
23
a
57
c
91
b
125
d
159
a
193
a
24
c
58
a
92
a
126
a
160
c
194
a
25
c
59
d
93
b
127
d
161
c
195
c
26
a
60
b
94
c
128
b
162
c
27
c
61
b
95
c
129
c
163
a
28
b
62
a
96
c
130
c
164
c
29
a
63
c
97
a
131
a
165
d
30
b
64
a
98
b
132
c
166
d
31
b
65
c
99
c
133
c
167
a
32
d
66
a
100
a
134
d
168
b
33
a
67
a
101
b
135
a
169
c
34
c
68
c
102
c
136
c
170
a
Computer Section, SDE
Ethics
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