Download B 262, F 2002 Name

Name
BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2002
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 1) - KEY
Date
MULTIPLE CHOICE.For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the
response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each)
1. Which of the following is FALSE about
science?
a. It is a philosophy.
b. It is a way to know objective reality
exactly.
c. It requires an assumption of order in
the universe.
d. It requires empirical evidence.
e. None of the above. (All are true)
2. Which of the following BEST explains
why photosynthesis in the open ocean is
limited?
a. Currents move photosynthesizers.
b. Human fishing activities.
c. Nutrients sink into deep water.
d. The ocean is cool or cold.
e. There are few places for
photosynthesizers to “root.”
3. Which of the following best describes
your ecological relationship to a peanut as
you eat it?
a. Commensalist
b. Ectoparasite
c. Grazer
d. Parasitoid
e. Predator
4. Why is it warmer nearer the equator?
a. The equator is closer to the sun.
b. The equator receives more direct
sunlight.
c. The earth spins on its axis.
d. Warm air rises at the equator.
e. None of the above
5. Which of the following islands should
theoretically have the most species?
a. Large island far from continent.
b. Large island near continent.
c. Small island far from continent.
d. Small island near continent.
6. Currently, what is the most-significant
cause of species becoming endangered?
a. Commercial overexploitation
b. Effects of exotic organism
c. Habitat alteration (destruction)
d. Recreational disturbance &
overexploitation
e. None of the above
7. In which of the following regions would
you expect to have the most species?
a. Central Alaska.
b. Kenai Peninsula in Alaska.
c. Kodiak Island off Alaska.
d. South central México.
e. Cozumel Island off the Yucatan.
8. If a population of 10,000 is undergoing
exponential growth with a yearly intrinsic
rate of increase of 0.01, then what is the
size of the population after 2 years?
a. 10,100
b. 10,200
c. 11,000
d. 22,000
e. None of the above (= 10,201)
9. Which of the following explains how
Balanus barnacles exclude Cthalamus
barnacles from lower intertidal areas?
a. Exploitative competition.
b. Interference competition.
c. Parasitoidism by Balanus.
d. Predation by Balanus.
e. Balanus do not exclude Cthalamus.
10. The population of western tent
caterpillars described in the textbook
“crashed” due to…
a. competition with ants.
b. decline in nutrient quality of food.
c. microparasite infection.
d. parasitoidism by small wasps.
e. None of the above
MATCHING.For the following exercise match the cost/benefit symbols in the right column
with the corresponding community interaction in the left column. Each letter may be used more
than once or not at all. (10%, 2% each)
1. Amensalism
E
A. (+ +)
2. Commensalism
B
B. (+ 0)
3. Cows grazing on grass
C
C. (+ -)
4. Humans and our colon bacteria
A
D. (- -)
5. Müllerian mimicry in bees & wasps
A
E. (- 0)
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK.For the following exercises write the appropriate word or words in the
available space.(20%)
1. Sketch and correctly label a typical
ENERGY pyramid for an ecosystem.
Include the names of at least 3 trophic
levels. (4%)
1° Carnivores
(2° Consumers)
Herbivores
(1° Consumers)
Primary Producers
2. Fill in the lines on the biogeographic
graphs below. (3%)
local
extinction
rate
#
species
island size
4. Fill in the survivorship column in the life
table below for a cohort of ducks. (4%)
Age
Number
Survivorship
0
2000
1.000
1
200
0.100
2
100
0.050
3
90
0.045
5. Use the data in the table in #4 above to
complete the survivorship line graph
below. (2%)
1.00
island size
3. Mark in 15 squares on the grid below.
The squares marked represent cattle
pasture created from uniform tropical
forest. Place your squares to maintain
the highest species richness in the
remaining forest. (3%)
survivor0.50
ship
0.00
0
1
2
3
Age
6. What type of survivorship does the
cohort of ducks in #4 & 5 exhibit. (2%)
Type III
7. What characteristic of microparasites
often results in disease and death of the
host. (This characteristic is absent in most macroparasites.) (2%)
A compact un-fragmented forest.
Can reproduce in the host.
BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2002
EXAMINATION #1 (PART 2) - KEY
Date
Name
DEFINITIONS.For the following BIOLOGICAL words or phrases define them as accurately
and concisely as possible. (20%, 4%)
1. Science:
A belief that natural phenomena have natural causes that can be
revealed by empirical evidence.
2. Edge Effect:
A region of a habitat patch affected by the adjacent habitat.
3. Endemic:
A species or group of species found in only one place.
4. Primary Production:
Production of biologically useful energy by using sunlight (or by
using some other kind of non-biological energy source).
5. (Subpopulation) Rescue Effect:
The maintenance of a sink population by emigration from a source
population
SHORT ANSWER/PROBLEMS. Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as
possible. (10%)
1. A population of 10,000 rabbits is growing logistically and has a yearly intrinsic rate of
increase of 0.2. The carrying capacity is 100,000. What is the size of this population after one
year? After two years? (Be sure to write down any equations you used.) (6%)
∆N/∆t = rmaxN [(K-N)/K]
∆N/∆t year 1 = 0.2 (10,000) [(100,000-10,000)/ 100,000] = 1800
1800 + 10,000 = 11,800 – population after 1 year∆N/∆t year 1 = 0.2
(11,800) [(100,000-11,800)/ 100,000] = 2081.52
2081.52 + 11,800 = 13,881.52 (or 13,882) – population after 2 years
2. Briefly explain how plants benefit from producing aspirin, caffeine, nicotine, LSD, and a wide
range of other chemical compounds that are not involved in the growth, reproduction, or
maintenance of the plant but do alter the physiology of animals. (4%)
Plants produce these substances as secondary compounds to deter
their grazers and predators. Many of these substances are acute
toxins that have adverse effects upon insect physiology (i.e., many act
as “bug” killers).
SHORT ESSAYS.For the following essays, address each question in as concise and lucid a
manner as possible. Do NOT exceed the space provided. (20%)
1. Two bacteria, Yersina pestis, the black plague bacterium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the
tuberculosis bacterium, killed many Europeans in the Middle Ages. Black plague (Yersinia pestis)
kills 80%-95% of its sufferers within a few weeks, the remaining 5%-20% of those infected recover.
An outbreak of black plague in Europe in 1347-1351 reduced the European population by one third
(25,000,000+). Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) kills 5% of its sufferers within a year, the
other 95% do not show symptoms of the disease for 2-50 years. The tuberculosis bacterium
eventually kills all infected persons. Tuberculosis, sometimes called the white plague, caused about
one of every five deaths during the Middle Ages in Europe. However, European populations
maintained themselves or increased during times of increased tuberculosis. Explain why black plague,
which had a lower mortality rate (80%-95%), significantly reduced the European population and
tuberculosis (mortality rate 100%) did not? (10%)
Plague had a more pronounced effect upon European populations
because of the speed with which individuals died. The 80-95% of those
infected who died, died very rapidly and could not reproduce or
finish reproducing one infected. Tuberculosis had a less pronounced
effect upon European populations despite its higher mortality rate
because many individuals (95%) who were infected could possibly
reproduce before succumbing to the disease. Most people infected with
tuberculosis retained some reproductive value. This was not the case
with the fast-acting plague.
2. Before the arrival of Cristobal Colon (Christopher Columbus) in 1492 the disease small pox (caused by
the virus Variola major) was unknown in the Americas. Variola major can live only in human beings.
What two hypotheses would you have to consider to address the biogeographic question of “Why
wasn’t Variola major found in the Americas before 1492?” What data would be pertinent to
supporting or rejecting these two biogeographic hypotheses? (10%)
Appropriate biogeographic hypotheses.
1. Small pox evolved in North America and went extinct there.
2. Small pox evolved elsewhere, probably Africa or Eurasia, and only
arrived in the Americas with Columbus.Appropriate biogeographic
evidence.
Are smallpox-like infections part of the historic recollection of peoples
before 1492.
Archaeological evidence of smallpox infection in both Eurasia and
the Americas. How long ago are infection known.
The general biology of smallpox infection.
Where are the relative of smallpox virus found?