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One of the oldest religions in the world Evolved from the beliefs of the people living in an area called the Indus Valley in what is now northwestern India and eastern Pakistan Believed in one main god, Brahma (or Brahman), and many lesser gods. A set of sayings and teachings called the Vedas inspired by Brahma Contain hymns and chants The Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity (from left ), Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, c. 1880. Vishnu with his 10 avatars (incarnations): Fish, Tortoise, Boar, ManLion, Dwarf, Rāma with the Ax, King Rāma, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalkin. Painting from Jaipur, India, 19th century; in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Castes Brahmins – priests 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. – classes Assisting people with worship and remembering and passing the sacred texts Kshatriyas – soldiers and nobles Vishyas - farmers, merchants, and craftspeople Shudras – servants and laborers Untouchables – people outside the other castes who did the dirtiest jobs Hindus believe people were born into a certain caste because of their karma from a past life Remained a member of that caste for life Not allowed to associate with other castes Around the 9th century BC the Brahmins became very powerful Another group, hermits, emerged as religious leaders, who lived a simple life in the forest and devoted their life to meditation Yoga Intended to transform consciousness to free yourself from desire Bhakti Devotion and praise to deity Cast is irrelevant Reciting or singing name of deity Caring for image Wearing emblems or symbols representing deity Forehead markings (Tilak ) In the 8th century Muslims migrated to India and after 500 years of conflict took over India The British set up colonies and further diluted the Indian culture Gandhi (1869-1949) – used the Hindu principle of non-violent resistance to eventually free India of British rule in 1947 Gurus, Hindu teachers Share a common set of beliefs When people die they come back to earth in a process called reincarnation A person’s good or bad behavior, called karma, during their lifetime influences their status in their next life As a reward for good behavior, they might be born into a higher caste As a punishment for bad behavior, the could be reborn as an animal Samsara the cycle of birth, death and rebirth Ends when a person achieves moksha, the final stage of purity Four stages of life A student, householder, a forest hermit, and a wandering holy man Most spend their adult life as a householder Certain animals are sacred Cow Source of milk and cheese Does work by pulling carts and plows Dung is used as fuel Not allowed to kill a cow And most Hindus do not eat beef Many do not eat meat of any kind One creator-god – Brahma Vishnu – the preserver Believed to appear in ten forms, or avatars Shiva – the destroyer A god of opposites, responsible for destroying creation, but also for re-creating it Special places can be gods and goddesses The Ganges River is worshipped as a goddess Believe the waters will wash away their sins and cure their illnesses Written over thousands of years Oldest is in Sanskrit Vedas – written between 2000 and 400 BC Rig Veda Collection of hymns about the Hindu gods and their worship Upanishads and moksha – which talk about reincarnation Gods and goddesses in pictures and statues Shown to have many faces and arms Brahma has four faces to show he rules over the four points of the compass Each rides a specific animal The written form of the sacred sound of om or aum is used as a symbol Represents the first sound heard in the world and also is found at the beginning of Hindu prayers Temple or special shrine in the home Worship individually Dharma, behaving in a good or ethical way, to be an act or worship At home, offer prayers daily Offerings such as food, flowers, incense, milk, water, or ghee (a form of butter) to a statue or picture Some temples are in caves or mountains Dedicated to a god or goddess Before a baby is born special prayers are offered 10 or 12th day a naming ceremony 5 or 6 months special prayers for first solid food Another special ceremony for first haircut and ear piercing somewhere between one and five Hindu boy from one of the upper three castes Age of 12 After a series of ritual baths and prayers the boy is given a loop of thread It is made up of three cords, each is made up of three twisted strands, symbolizing the interconnectedness of all existence. The boy wears the cord over his left shoulder and under his right arm for the rest of his life. Holi – February or March Dussehra – September or October Diwala – October or November One of the world’s largest religions Close to one billion Hindus in the world Founded by Siddhartha Guatama (563-483 BC) who later became know as the Buddha Lived in northern India (present-day Nepal) Raised in luxury and his father wanted him to become king. A fortune teller told his father that when the boy saw four people, a poor man, and old man, a corpse and a beggar, he would leave his family and not become king. Siddhartha saw the four men and at 29 left his family to seek out an answer as to why there was so much suffering in the world. For six years he travelled Meditating under and bodhi in a place called Bodh Gaya he became aware of the answer, which he called the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path He began to travel, preaching and teaching and became known as the Buddha (The Enlightened One) Buddhism spread and took on different characteristics in different places. Four 1. 2. 3. 4. Noble Truths There is suffering in the world. Suffering is caused by human desires or greed. Suffering can be stopped by stopping human desires. This can be done by following the Eightfold Path. 1. 2. 3. 4. Right understanding – understanding the teachings of the Buddha, especially the Four Noble Truths. Right thoughts – thinking about the Four Noble Truths and how to put them into practice by being kind to others. Right speech – speaking kindly toward and about others. Right action – acting in ways that are kind and helpful. 5. Right livelihood – choosing a job that is not harmful to others. 6. Right effort – concentrating on becoming a better person. 7. Right mindfulness – being aware of thoughts in order to think kindly towards others. 8. Right concentration – practicing meditation, which helps to enlighten the mind. Completing the Eightfold Path is said to have freedom from all suffering which Buddhist call reading nirvana Buddhists believe that when a person dies he or she returns to continue in another attempt to reach nirvana The laws of karma, reincarnation and dharma apply Buddha is not thought of as a god, but as a person who is enlightened Any person can become a buddha For centuries passed down by monks through word of mouth Written down in the first century, Pali Canon Dhammapada Buddha Hands touching the ground symbolizes his enlightenment Reclining position shows the Buddha in a stage near to nirvana The Wheel of life, the wheel of the law Circular nature of life, cycles of life and rebirth Sri Lanka, Burma and southeastern Asia Most traditional, individual responsibility Most become monks or nuns to seek personal enlightenment Shave heads and wear saffron as Buddha did, live in simplicity and meditation Boys as young as 4 or 5 sent to a monastery 2nd century BC India, spread to Tibet, China and Japan Bodhisattvas, people who are ready to reach nirvana but chose to help others along the path to enlightenment Comparison of the Theravadan & Mahayanan traditions: Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Reaching Nirvana is the ultimate goal of the Theravada Buddhist. Vow to be reborn in order to help all other sentient beings reach Nirvana first. Strives for wisdom first . Compassion is the highest virtue. Centers on meditation, and requires major personal dedication such as being a monk or nun. Encourages practice in the world and among the general community. Followed as a teaching or Philosophy. Followed with reference to higher beings, more like a religion. Moved primarily South and West covering Indochina and Ceylon (Sri-Lanka). Moved Primarily North and West, covering China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet. Early work written in Pali (e.g. kamma, dhamma). Early texts are in Sanskrit (e.g. karma, dharma) Emphasizes rules and education Emphasizes intuition and practice Politically conservative Politically liberal In Japan- Pure Lane Buddhism Zen Buddhism –centers on meditation, taken into Japan Believe in enlightenment called satori, by physical labor or meditation cross-legged Vajrayana Buddhism or Tantric Buddhism, Tibet – Dalai Lama, spiritual leader When he dies his spirit enters a newborn boy who becomes the next Dalai Lama Practice in all aspects of life Devotion is meditation Temples and monasteries can be found everywhere Shrines were built to house relics of Buddha or to house his writings When visiting a temple Might remove shoes Sit before a statue of the Buddha Recite a short verse Leave an offering meditate New Year – New Moon of February Vaishakha Festival – eighth day of the second lunar month Hana Matsuri – April 8 Pirit Confucius (551-479BC) Teacher Social harmony Society based on respect, li Jen – goodness, human-heartednesss Superior person (a father, an elder brother, a ruler) was to be considerate of and benevolent toward those beneath him, and the inferior person was to be respectful and loyal. “do not do unto others what you would not want others to do to you” Analects Don’t have a particular concept of god Ancient religion of India Believe every living being has a soul and the soul collects atomic particles, called karma, which cling to it and keep it from reaching perfection. Right faith, right knowledge and right conduct Non-violence Do not eat meat and periods of fasting When the body dies the soul is reborn Jains treat their bodies harshly to burn out the bad karma Do not eat after dark so they will not accidently swallow an insect Believe any living being has the potential to become siddha, or god, by achieving moksha Ancient traditional religion of Japan Emperor Meiji made it the official religion in 1868 Religion of nature Supernatural spirits or gods (kami) inhabit all aspects of nature Can be found in oceans, mountains, animals, plants and especially human ancestors. The kami protect people who are placed in their care Izanagi and his wife, Izanami, created the earth, they stirred the water the create many islands, the islands are Japan Sun goddess, Amaterasu Omikami Practice in the Punjab region of India Founded in the 15th century A religion that accepted both Hindu and Muslim faith Gurus leaders built temples and established cities During the 18th and 19th centuries fought the Muslims for control, but was taken over by the British in 1849 1947 – India and Pakistan became independent and today there is still animosity between Sikhs and Muslims but they live peacefully Believe in one God and that all people are equal Believe it is important to care for and serve other people