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Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:2, p.160-167, 1974-76 Current Contents, #42, p.5-12, October 16, 1974 October 16, 1974 Number 42 Research administrators and science policy makers have often asked for data to support the contention that basic research is necessary if we are to make advances in the ‘war on cancer.’ In this essay I believe we have provided such data. Briefly here is the story. Articles on cancer research cite basic-research and other non-cancer journals more frequently than they cite cancer journals. In other words, cancer-oriented research today seems to be learning much from basic research, and is heavily dependent on non-cancer research, That will certainly not surprise most scientists. But such objective evidence might be profitably used to show legislators or impatient administrators that such claims are not mere fantasies or self-serving assertions. In this study, sixteen journals form ed the starting nucleus. They were suggested to us by the National Cancer Institute. We first determined what journals the collective group cited most frequently. Then we determined what journals cited them. We already knew the individual patterns from our]ournaf Citation Reports. 1.2 The sixteen journals were: Bulletin du Cancer British Journal of Cancer British Journal of Experimental Pathology Cancer Chemotherapy Reports Cancer Cancer Research European Journal of Cancer Gann International Journal of Cancer Journal of the National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute Monograph Neoplasma Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Progress in Experimental Tumor Research Tumori Zeitschrift ftir Krebsforschung The results of our study are shown in Figures 1 and 2. These Figures show that three journals dominate the canCancer, Cancer Recer literature: ~earch, and Journal of the Nationa[ Cancer Institute. Figure 1 shows the top fifty journals most cited by our core group cancer top most journals. fifty that of ‘m,tnched 160 cited frequently. of journals most Figure the near the core In Figure that cite journals the top of 16 2 shows 2, cancer of the of the the group the list journals, core list. are In Figure 1, however, the list of journals most cited by cancer journals, the situation is quite different. Most of the cancer journals drop down into the general mass of the scientific literature. The field of cancer, thus, illustrates once again the law ofconcentration,3 which applies to most specialities. The totals of the citation counts in the two figures tell the same story. Considering the top 50 journals in each figure, we have the following. The cancer journals cited other journals 24,476 times. Fiftyeight percent of those citations were to non-cancer journals, 42% to cancer journals. The cancer journals were tion of cancer, in terms of journal selection for the core. For example, it IS obvious that cancer journals have a higher percentage ofcitations to cancer journals than other journals in Figure 1s usually above 25%. As we have indicated previously, larger prestigious journals have an undoubted edge in citation analysis if one considers only total citations reCeived. It is considerably mitigated by relating citations to articles published. We call this the impact factor. The modified impact number may be usefu} for comparing journals in a given specialty. For example, Neopfasma is cited only 192 times. It was cited by of their ci- cancer journals 124 times. Its overall that number, cancer impact factor is 0.638, based on the cited 19,292 times (79% ting rate). Of for 56% of the number of its 1967 and 1968 articles total, and non-cancer journals for that were cited in 1969. However, its cancer impact was 0.555. Thus, the 44%. ratio of the two is 87.0. Similarly the For each journal, the lists provide Bn>zsh Joumaj of E@en”mental Pathe following: (1) total citations to or by all scientific journals; (2) total cita- thofogy was cited overall 2,420 times, but only 184 times in cancer journals. tions to or by cancer journals (’cancer While its general impact was 1.476, citations’); (3) the percentage of cancer citations in terms of total cita- its cancer impact was relatively low tions; (4) the self-cited and self-cit- (0. 134). and its ratio only 9.1. As ing rates in terms of cancer citations compared to other cancer journals in the study, one wonders why this pa(5) impact in terms of all citations; (6) the cancer impact, that is the thology journal was singled out for journals accounted impact when only cancer journals are inclusion ! The Jo-a~ of lnverte~ra:q considered rather than all journals; Patho~ogy, by comparison, has a ratio and (7) a number expressing the ratio Ofzl.1 between overall impact and cancer impact. The relationship between the two impact factors is extremely interesting. It is a measure of the similarities between cancer journals. The higher the value, the greater the similarity between the journal and our defini- 161 Following a pattern established in previous editorials of this type, as for example in our citation analysis of pediatric journals, 4 we have included 1n Figure 3 articles from our core cancer journals that were cited more than 100 times in the period 19611972. By coincidence there were exact- ly 100 of them. only ten of the in the data base are represented. The first five journals account for !)4 Oh. Cancer Research published 41; Journai of the Natiorzai sixteen journals Cancer Institute, 29; Bri~zsh Journal of Expen”metztal Patbo[ogy, 12; Caricer, 8; Bri~ish Journal of Cancer, 4; and IntemationaiJouma! of Cancer, 2. Only one article each turned up from Cancer chemotherapy Reports, Gann, Progress in Experimental Tu - and Zeitsch+t fir’ Fifty-nine of the arti-, cles appeared in the 60s, 3> in the 50s, and 6 in the 40s. Whether the list reflects accurately the main points of research concentration in cancer during the past decade. only expert readers can determine. rnor Re~earcb, Krebsforscbung. The top article in the list deserves special comment. In such lists, it is unusual that the first article should stand so far ahead of others. Newell’s was cipaper on phytohemagglutinin ted 774 times; the second item was cited only 427 times. Newell attributes record to its rethe article’s citation port of a ‘‘seminal technical advance Garfield, E. ISI@’s Journal Citafion Index 1. data base, a multi-media tool. Current Corrtents (cct19) No. 16, 19 ~ ---- ------------ April 1972, p. rather than a conceptual advance.”~ Nevertheless, as 1 understand it, the article was the basic report that led to development of lymphocyte cultures and greatly facilitated research on human chromosomes in cancer, leukemia, and other disorders. It became also a model system for immunological studies, which in turn and time, ~ we know, have had enormous impact on cancer research. lr should be noted that perhaps some extremely significant articles in cancer research are not on this list. They may have appeared in Nature or $cience or whatever--those non-cancer tournals heavily cited by cancer research workers. If most of these arti:Ies in such journals turn out to beobviously cancer-oriented, then one may ronch.tde that there isa need for a few more journals in this field. A final note--since our journal data is five years old, certain journals will not show up as well as would be expected. By early 1975 we expect to reexamine this list of journals and to report any significant changes. ~ ....- -----------Journal.citatiocrstudies. “ Highly cited pediatric journafs IX. and articles. 5-8. CC No. 29, 17 JUIY 1974. P. 5-9. The new 1S1 jourmal Cif4/ion “ Reports@ should significantly affect the future course of scientific publication. CC No. 33, 15 August 1973, p. 5-6. ~ ;...-.--------- The mystery of the transpoacd “ journal lists; wherein Bradford’s law of scattering is generalized according to Garfield’s law of concentration. CC No. 31, 4 August 1971, p, S-6. 50 Newell, P.C. October Personal Garfield, E. Citation 1972. Reprinted 162 3 analysis as a tool in Science 178:471-79, in Current Corr/ents No. 6, 7 6. jO”rnd ,valua,iOn Feb~ary communication, 1974, 1973. P. 5-24. FWC 1.JoumafsCited by Cancer Journafs Jourmal 3%&&lTotalCi.ti.ms &&+&&$ (A) ●1. ●2. *3. *4. “5. *6. *7. *8. *9. *lo. *11, 12. 13. 14. ●15. “16. “17. 18. *19. 20. *21. *22. *23. *24. Res. J. Nat. Cancer {rut, Cancer Nat ure (c] c-m.. Impact (D) Impact Ratio (D/c)- 100 30448 17952 15432 32824 19076 18096 5740 1088 9492 5468 3952 576 38000 13364 7528 30500 3.084 4.400 2.162 2.244 1.964 2.894 1.670 6.371 1.815 1,509 1.027 9.030 1,308 3.484 2,453 1,916 2.533 4.720 1.578 20.000 0.738 3.287 0.568 2.273 3.193 1.105 2.105 0.594 0,050 0.118 0.048 0.722 0.054 0.003 0.001 0.041 0.227 0.095 0.076 0.069 0.152 1.062 0.195 0.087 1.600 1,235 0.029 0,135 0.081 0,030 35.9 47.8 27.4 2.2 6.1 1.7 43.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 4.0 2.5 7.2 2.2 2.8 7.9 41,9 4.1 5.5 8.0 169,2 0,9 2,4 3.6 0.9 620 6444 P. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 864 Brit. Med. J. 17156 Lab. Invest. 3668 Ann. Surg 6504 Zschr. Krebsforschung 664 Arch. Pathol. 4496 Amer. J. Med. 8752 Comptes Rendus 21888 Brit. ]. Exp. Pdml. 2420 J. Immunology 10492 Amer. J. Ruentgenol. 4976 J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 1924 Eur. j. Cancer 420 Transplantation 2036 Cancer Chemother. Rep. 796 Radiology 4700 Brit. J. Surg. 2356 J. Histochem. Cytochem. 4892 Ann. Internal Med. 7728 Anat. Rec. 5416 19116 J. Clin. Invest. J. Invert. Pathol. 924 Neopfasma 192 Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 192 228 B. Cmcer Tumori 124 0.874 2.867 0.421 0.778 2.008 1.665 1.212 1.509 4.694 0.780 1.476 4.305 1.257 0.488 2.027 3.164 1.206 1.533 0.506 2.442 1.640 0.423 3.461 1.194 0.638 2.400 0.413 0.238 0.318 0.138 0.174 0.006 0.130 0.077 0.394 0.055 0.158 0.007 0.134 0.109 0.024 0.038 1.609 0.228 0.229 0.035 0.005 0.012 0.021 0.002 0.004 0.252 0.555 1.067 0.310 0.119 36.4 4.8 41.3 0.7 6.5 4.6 32.5 3.7 3.4 1.0 9.1 2.5 1.9 8.5 79.4 7.2 19.0 2.3 0.9 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.1 21.1 87.0 44.4 75.1 50.2 cancer P. Sue. Exp. Biol. Med. Science Brit. ]. Cancer J. Biol. Chem. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. Lancet J, Amer. Med. Assoc. J. Exp. Med. P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA J. Cell Biol. New Engl. J. Med. Amer. J. Pathol. Intemat. J. Cancer Virology Surg. Gyn. Obst. J. Med. Microbiol. Nat. Cimcer Inst. Mon. Biochim. Biophys. Acts Fed. Proc. Exp.Cell.Res. 25. Biochem.J. *26. Can. 27. Blood 28. 29. 30. 31. *32. ●33. 34. 35. *36. *37. 38. 39. *40. *41. *42. *43. “44. 45. 46. 47. *48 . 49. *50. *86. *87. *113. 9772 6604 5656 61240 20044 38956 1860 68012 15024 Owrall Imwact Figure 1. Journals cited most frequently by 16 cancer journals. Numbers are based on an an;ual extrapolation from a quarterly &mple (see refe;ence 6). The title abbreviations of journals among the 16 used as the data base for this study are italicized. An asterisk indicates that the particular journal is common to the lists in F@res 1 and 2, 163 Figure 2. Joumah that Most Often Cited Cancer Journafs Wf4ired R,t, *1. *2. *3. *4. *5. 6. “7, ● 8. *9. *1O. *11. *12. ●13. *14. *15. 16. *17. 18. 19. 20. 21. *22. ●23. *24. *25. ●26. *27. *28. ●29 *30. ●31. *32. 33. 34. *35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. *42. *43. *44. +45. 46. 47. ●48. 49. 50. “101. *123. 28.8 26.7 16.0 29,8 Brit j. Cancer Jnternut. J. Cater Fed. Proc. Neopfasma cam Exp. Celf Res. Acts Path. Stand. Lancet Amer. J. Surg. Acts CytoL Arch. Geschw. Molec. Pharmacol. J. Immunol. Zschr. Krebsforschung Transplantation Biochim. Biophys. Acts Brit J. Exp. Pathol. Nature New Engl. J. Med. Science Arch. Pathol. Cancer Chemotker. Rep. J. Biol. Chem. Path. Biol. Virch. Arch, B. Brit. J. Surg. Rev. Fr. Clim J, Pathology Exp. Mol. Path. Acts Med. Oka. J. N.urosurg. Klii. Wschr. Radiology J. Amer. Med. Assoc. Amer. J. Pathol. Surg. Gyn. obst. Amer. J. Clin. Path. Deut. Med. Wschr. J. Clin. lnvcst. Amer. J. Obst. Gyn. Med. J. Australia B. Cancer Tumori 28.6 34.5 6.1 18.0 27.6 4.7 4.6 1.7 4.1 12.0 21.3 9.9 2.1 19.7 4.7 0.6 1820 1204 6712 2248 1420 7756 6940 17636 7496 2292 1296 2656 12084 1256 5068 41076 2168 27108 14064 22796 3576 380 34636 4308 2628 2692 2132 4404 2204 2580 4576 9844 8444 8266 3716 3680 3384 16052 9160 10948 6396 936 284 10.1 0.8 1.5 3.5 5.0 46.3 0.5 3.7 5.9 5.6 7.1 3.6 6.4 5.0 2.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 3.0 2.8 3.0 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.5 8.1 11.3 4.400 3.084 2.673 2.162 1.670 2.533 0.568 0.638 0.874 2.273 1,009 1.509 0.992 1.046 0.500 4.028 4,305 1.212 3.164 3.287 1.476 2.244 2.453 2.894 1.509 1.206 6.371 0.722 1.066 0.506 0.037 1.948 1.400 1.320 0.723 1.533 1.027 1.916 1.578 0.623 0.675 3.461 1.269 0.501 0.413 0.238 37.9 33.5 48.6 57.3 75.7 51.8 55.9 17.1 57.6 14.9 45,8 2.8 21.4 29.0 29.8 100.0 41.3 41.1 30.7 30.6 34.3 35.5 93.5 78.2 74.3 59.1 38.5 35.5 37.5 Figure 2. Journafs that cited 16 cancer journals most frequently. Numbers are based on an annual extrapolation from a quarterly sample (see reference 6). The title abbreviations of journals among the 16 used as the data base For this study are italicized. An asterisk indicates that the particular journal is common to the lists in Figures 1 and 2. Self. citing rate is the percentage of a journal’s citation of itself in terms of total citations it makes Self-cited rate is the percentage of a journal’s citation of itself in terms of total citations it receives. 164 Figure Tinm Cited 1961.1972 1. 774 2, 427 3. 359 4, 325 S. 323 6. 303 7. 302 8, 301 9. 300 10, 296 11. 291 12. 278 13. 268 14, 262 15. 248 16. 248 17. 245 18. 239 19. 237 3. Highly Cited Articles from Ten Bibliographical Highly Cited Cancer Data NOWCO P C. Phytohcmag81utinin; an initiator of mitosis in cukures of nornm.f leukocytes. Cancer Research 20:462.6, 1960, Eark W R, Schifling E L, Stark T H, Straus N P, Brown M F & Shelton E. Production of malignancy in vitro, [V, The mouse fibroblast cultures and changes seen in the living cells, J. Nat. Cancer fnst. 4:165.212, 1943. Biozzi G, Benacerraf B & Halpem B N. Quantitative study of the granulopectic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. II. A study of the kinetics of the granttlopectic activity of the RES in relation to the dose of carbon lnJected; relationship between the weight of the organs and their activity. 1953, Brft. j. EXfL PathoL 34:441-57, Goldbur~ J A & Rutenbcrg A M. The colorlmetric determination of Ieucine aminopeptidase in urine and serum of normal subjects and patients with cancer and other diseases, Cmacer 11:283-91, 1958, Prehn R T & Main J M. Immunity to methylcholanthrene. induced sarcomas. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 18:769-78, 1957. Rcmcnatt W & Moon H D. Lysis of homologous cells by sensitized lymphocytes in tissue culture. J. Nat. Cmcer Inst. 27:471-83, 1961, Kkin G, Sjogren HO, Klein E & Helktrom K E. Demonstra t!on of resist.mce against methylcholanth rene. induced sarcomas in the primary autochthonous host. Cuncer Research 20:1561-72, 1960. Rucckert R R & M“elkr G C, Sludies cm “nbalanccd growth m tissue culture, 1. Induction a“d consequences of thymidme deficiency. Cancer Research 20:1584-91, 1960. Abercrombie M & Ambrose E J. The surface properties of cancer cells; a review. Cancer Research 22:525.48, 1962. Dunn T B. Normal and pathologic anatomy of the reticular tissue in laboratory mice, with a classification and discussion of neoplasms. J. Nut. Cancer kt. 14:1281.1434, 1954. Porter K R & Bruni C. An electron microscope study of the early effects of 3’.Mc.DAB o“ rat liver cells. Cancer Research 19:997.1009, 1959. Dmckrey H, Prcussmarn R, lvankovic S, Schmahl D, Afkham J, Blum G, Mennd H D, Mukkr M, Pe:ropoukx P, & Schneider H. Organotrope carctioge.c Wirkungen be] 65 verschiedenen N-Nitroscwerb indungen an BD-Ra,tten. [Organotro ic carcinogenic effects of E ung 69:103.201, 65 differeni N-nltroso-compounds in BD rats}. Zschr. Krebs@c 1967. Gey G O, Coffman W D & Kubicek M T. Tissue culture studies of the proliferative capacity of cewical carcinoma and normal epitheliums. C+mcer Research 12:264.65. 1952. Cbalkfey H W. Method for the quantitative morphologic analys!s nf rissues. J. Nat. Cacerlnst, 4:47.53, 1943. Kaliss N. [immunological enhancement of tumor homografts in mice; a review. Cancer Research 18:992.1003, 1958. Rauscher F J. A virus-induced dwease of mice characterized by crythrocytopoiesis and Iymphcnd leukemia./. Nat. Cdficer fnst. 29:515-43, 1962. Fawcctt D W. Obsen’ations on the cytology and electron microscopy of hepauc cells. { Nat. Cm,.. rInst. 15:1475.1504, 1955. Mo oncy J B. Biolo ical studies on a lyntphodfeukemia virus exlracced from sarcoma 37.1. 24:933-51, 1960. Origin and intro 1Puctoty investi ations. ]. Nat. Cancer Foley E J. Antigenic properties o mcthylcholanthrene.induced tumors in mice of the scram of origin. C@tcer Research 13:835-37, 1953, Bernhard W. The detection and study of tumor viruses wjth the electron microscope Cuncer Research 20:712.27, 1960. Hughes D E. A press for disrupting bacteria and other ms.roorganisms. Brff. J. f+ Patho/. 32:97.109, 1951. Bollum F J & Poster V R. Nucleic acid metabolism III rcgcneratmg rat liver. V1. Soluble enzymes which convert thymidine phosphates and DNA. c4ncer Research 19:561.65, 1959. Conncy A H, Mifler E C & Miller J A. The metabolism of mcthylatcd ammoazo dyes. V, Evidence for induction of enzyme synthesis m the rat by 3-methylcholanthrene. Cancer Research 16:450-59, 1956. Gorcr P A & Mikuk.ka Z B. The antibody response to tumor inoculations; improved methods of antibody detection. Cancer Research 14:651-55, 1954. Bernhard W. Electron microscopy of tumor cells and tumor viruses; a rcvww. Cuncer Research 18:491.509, 1958, Burstone M S, Hiscochemlcal comparison of naphthol AS. pllosphaccs for the demonstration of phosphates. J. NCTI. Cmcer Inst. 20:601-16, 1958. Kkin E & Kkin G. Antlgenic propcrtws of lymphomas Induced by the Moloncy agent. ]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 32:547-68, 1964. Newell P C & Hunzer ford D A. Chromosome studies on normal and leukemic human leukocytes J. Nat. Camwr~n$t. 25:85.109, 1960. Sanford K K, Earle W R & Likely G D. The growth In vttro of single isolated t!ssue cells, j. Nat. Cancer inst. 9:229.46.1948. Sjogren H O, Hellstrom 1 & Klein G. Transplantation of polyoma wrus-induced tumors m mtce. Cancer Research 21:329.37, 1961. Knox W E. Two mechanisms which increase m vivo the lwcr tryptophan peroxidme actwtty; specific enzyme adaptation and st!mulatmn of the pituitary-adrenal system. Pathol. 32:462-69, 1951. f?rit. J. ~Xp. Inst. 20. 233 21. 231 22. 225 23. 217 24. 217 25, 216 26. 206 27. 202 28, 198 29. 198 30. 194 31. 185 Journals, 165 32. 185 33. 182 34. 180 35. 179 36. 178 37. 173 38. 172 39. 171 40. 171 41. 169 42. 168 43. 166 44. 158 45. 156 46, 155 47. 151 48. 150 49, 150 50. 148 51, 147 52. 145 53. 142 54. 140 55. 138 56. 57. 138 136 58. 33 59. 32 60, 32 61. 32 62. 32 63, 31 64. 31 65. 30 Magee P N & Barnes J M. The production of mahgnan( primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dlmethylmtrosamine, Brit. ], Cancer 10:114.22, 1956. Burstone M S. Hmochemical demonstration of ac]d phosphates wnth naphthol AS-phosphates. ], Nat, Cuncer Imt, 21:523-40, 1958, Volkman A & Gowans J L. Ortgin o{ macmphages from bone marrow m the rat. Brit. ], fixp. Pathol. 46:62-70, 1965, Miller E C, Miller J A & Hartmann H A. N. Hydrox y 2.acetylammofluorene; a metabohte of 2-acetylam inofluorcne with increased carcinogenic activity in the rat, Cancer Research 21:815-24, 1961. Baserga R. Relationship of cell cycle to tumor growth and control of cell division; a rev~w, Cancer Research 25:581.95, 1965, Harnden D G. A human skin culture technique used for cytological examimttlons. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 41:31-7, 1960. Rmesz L. Detection of antigen]c differences m mlogous host-tumor systems by pretreatment with heavify Irradiated tumor cells. Cancer Research 20:443-51, 1960. Bmce W R, Meeker B E & Valeriot F A. Comparison of sensitivity of normal hematopo]etic and transplanted lyrnphoma colony-forming cells to chemotherapeutic agents administered in VNO.J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 37:233.45, 1966. Wheeler G P. Studies related to the mechanisms of action of cytotoxic alkylating agents; a review. Cuncer Research 22:651-88, 1962. Old L J, Bcnaccrraf B, Clarke D A, Carswell, E A & Stockert E. Role of the reticuloendothelial system m host reaction to neoplasia. Cancer Research 21:1281.1300, 1961. key R H, Trainin N & Law L W. Evidence for function of thymic tissue in diffusion chambers implanted m nconatally thyrnectomized mice; preliminary report. J. Nat. Ctm.erfnst. 31:199-217, 1963, Mantel R & Hacnszel W. Statistic=] aspects of the analysis of data from retrospecttie studies of disease. j. Nat. Cancer Inst. 22:719-48, 1959. Sullivan R D, Mifler E & Sikes M P. Ant!metabolite-metobolite combination cancer chcmo. therapy; effects of intra-arterid methotrexate and intramuscular citrtworum factor therapy in human cancer, Cancer 12:1248-62, 1959. Bullough W S, Mitottc and functional homeostasis; a speculative review, Cancer Research 25:1683-1727, 1965. Dalton A J, Law L W, Moloney J B & Manakcr R A. An electron microscopic study of a series of murine lymphoid neoplasms. J. Nat, Cancer Inst. 27:747.91, 1961. Rosenberg S A. Report of a committee on stagings of Hodgkin’s dkease, Cancer Research 26:1310, 1966. Bosch L, Hatbers E & Hcidefbergcr C. Studies on fluorinated p yrimidines. V. Effects on nucleic acid metabolism in vitro. Cmtcer Resemch 18:335-43, 1958. Volkman A & Gowans J L. Production of macrophages in the rat. Brit J. Exp. PathoL 46:50.61, 1965. Moore G E, I to E, Uklch K & Sandberg A A. Culture of human leukemia cells. Cuncer 19:713.23, 1966, Milch R A, RaU D P & Tobic J E. Bone Iocahzation of the tetracycline. J. Nat, Cuncer Inst. 19:87.94, 1957. BiUin am R E, Defendi V, Silver W K & SteinmuUer D. Quantitative studks on the induction o ?“tolerance of skin homomafts and on runt disease in neonatal rats, J. Nat. Cmcer Inst. 23:36{ -435, 1962. AUcn M J, Boyland E, Dukes C E? Horning E S & Walson J G. Cancer of the urinary bladder induced m mice with mctaboifites of aromatic amines and tryptophan. ffrit. ], Cancer 11:212.227, 1957. Allen A C & Spitz S. Mal~nant melanoma; a clini-copatholc.gical analysm of the crweria for dia nosis and prognosis. Cuncer 6:1-45, 1953, Benva fd Y & Sachs L. In vitro transformation of normal cells to tumor cells by carcinogenic hydrocarbons. J. Nat. Cancer In$:. 35:641-61, 1965, Hauschka T S. The chromosomes in ontogeny and cmcogeny. Cntcer Research 21:957-74, 1961. Rabson A S, O’Conor G T, Baron S, Wbang J J & Legallai F Y. Morpholo ic cytogenet!c and virologx studies in vitro ofa mahgnant Iymphoma from an African chi ! d. lntemat. ]. Cancer 1:89.106, 1966. Klein G, Sjogren H O & Klein E. Demonstration of host resistance against isotransplantac]on of Iymphomas induced by the Gross ent, Cancer Research 22:955.61, 1962. Fuflcr A T. The formam]dc method for % t e extraction of polysaccharidcs from hacmolytic streptococci, Brit. ]. hp. Pathcd. 19:130.39, 1958. Mifler J F A. Studies on mouse lcukaemia; the role of the thymus m Ieukaemogenesis by cellfree Ie”kaernic fdtrates, Brit. ], tinter 14:93-8, 1960. Muelkr G C, Kajiwara K, Scubblefickf E & Rueckert R R. Molecular events in the reproduction of animal cells. 1. The effect of puromycin on the duplication of DNA. Cancer Research 22:1084-90, 1962. Sjogren H O. Transplantatmn methods as a tool for detection of tumor-speciftc antigens. Pro Exp. Tumor Res. 6:289-322, 1965. Mcnde f sohn M L. Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation in spontaneous breast cancer of the C3H mouse, 11[. The growth fraction. ], Nat. Cmtcer Inst. 28:1015-29, 1962. Mifler E C & Milkr J A. The presence and significance of bound aminoazo dyes in the livers of rats fed p-d]mcthylam inoazobenzene. Cuncel Research 7:468.80, 1947. Waymouth C. Rapid proliferation of sublines of NCTC clone 929 (strain L) mouse cells m a simple chemically defined medium (MB752/1). J. Nat. Ccmcer Iwt. 22:1003.17, 1959. 166 66. 128 67. 124 68. 124 69. 123 E. 123 122 72. 118 73. 118 74. 118 75. 118 76. 117 77. 117 78. 117 79. 116 80. 14 81. 14 Johnson 1 S, Armstrong J G, Gortnan M & Burnett J P. Vinca alkaloids a new class of oncolytic agents. Cancer Research 23:1390.1427, 1963. Grisham J W. 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