Download science policy makers have often

Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:2, p.160-167, 1974-76
Current Contents, #42, p.5-12, October 16, 1974
October 16, 1974
Number 42
Research administrators and science
policy makers have often asked for
data to support the contention
that
basic research is necessary if we are to
make advances in the ‘war on cancer.’
In this essay I believe we have provided such data.
Briefly here is the story. Articles on
cancer research cite basic-research and
other non-cancer journals more frequently than they cite cancer journals.
In other words, cancer-oriented
research today seems to be learning
much from basic research, and is heavily dependent on non-cancer research,
That will certainly not surprise most
scientists. But such objective evidence
might be profitably used to show
legislators or impatient administrators
that such claims are not mere fantasies
or self-serving assertions.
In this study, sixteen journals form
ed the starting nucleus. They were
suggested to us by the National Cancer
Institute.
We first determined
what journals the collective group cited most frequently. Then we determined what journals cited them. We
already knew the individual patterns
from our]ournaf Citation Reports. 1.2
The sixteen journals were:
Bulletin du Cancer
British Journal of Cancer
British Journal of Experimental
Pathology
Cancer Chemotherapy
Reports
Cancer
Cancer Research
European Journal of Cancer
Gann
International Journal of Cancer
Journal of the National
Cancer Institute
National Cancer Institute Monograph
Neoplasma
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research
Progress in Experimental Tumor Research
Tumori
Zeitschrift ftir Krebsforschung
The results of our study are shown
in Figures 1 and 2. These Figures show
that three journals dominate the canCancer, Cancer Recer literature:
~earch, and Journal of the Nationa[
Cancer Institute.
Figure 1 shows the top fifty journals
most cited by our core group
cancer
top
most
journals.
fifty
that
of
‘m,tnched
160
cited
frequently.
of journals
most
Figure
the
near
the
core
In Figure
that
cite
journals
the
top
of 16
2 shows
2,
cancer
of
the
of the
the
group
the
list
journals,
core
list.
are
In
Figure 1, however, the list of journals
most cited by cancer journals, the
situation is quite different. Most of
the cancer journals drop down into
the general mass of the scientific literature. The field of cancer, thus, illustrates once again the law ofconcentration,3 which applies to most specialities. The totals of the citation
counts in the two figures tell the
same story. Considering the top 50
journals in each figure, we have the
following. The cancer journals cited
other journals 24,476 times. Fiftyeight percent of those citations were
to non-cancer journals, 42% to cancer journals. The cancer journals were
tion of cancer, in terms of journal
selection for the core. For example, it
IS obvious that cancer journals have a
higher percentage ofcitations
to cancer journals than other journals in
Figure 1s usually above 25%.
As we have indicated previously,
larger prestigious journals have an undoubted edge in citation analysis if
one considers only total citations reCeived. It is considerably
mitigated by
relating citations to articles published.
We call this the impact factor. The
modified impact number may be usefu} for comparing journals in a given
specialty. For example, Neopfasma is
cited only 192 times. It was cited by
of their ci- cancer journals 124 times. Its overall
that number, cancer impact factor is 0.638, based on the
cited 19,292 times (79%
ting rate). Of
for 56% of the number of its 1967 and 1968 articles
total, and non-cancer
journals for that were cited in 1969. However, its
cancer impact was 0.555. Thus, the
44%.
ratio of the two is 87.0. Similarly the
For each journal, the lists provide
Bn>zsh
Joumaj
of E@en”mental Pathe following: (1) total citations to or
by all scientific journals; (2) total cita- thofogy was cited overall 2,420 times,
but only 184 times in cancer journals.
tions to or by cancer journals (’cancer
While its general impact was 1.476,
citations’);
(3) the percentage
of cancer citations in terms of total cita- its cancer impact was relatively low
tions; (4) the self-cited and self-cit- (0. 134). and its ratio only 9.1. As
ing rates in terms of cancer citations compared to other cancer journals in
the study, one wonders why this pa(5) impact in terms of all citations;
(6) the cancer impact, that is the thology journal was singled out for
journals
accounted
impact when only cancer journals are inclusion ! The Jo-a~ of lnverte~ra:q
considered rather than all journals; Patho~ogy, by comparison, has a ratio
and (7) a number expressing the ratio Ofzl.1
between overall impact and cancer
impact.
The relationship between the two
impact factors is extremely interesting. It is a measure of the similarities
between cancer journals. The higher
the value, the greater the similarity
between the journal and our defini-
161
Following a pattern established in
previous editorials of this type, as for
example in our citation analysis of
pediatric journals, 4 we have included
1n Figure 3 articles from our core
cancer journals that were cited more
than 100 times in the period 19611972. By coincidence there were exact-
ly
100
of them.
only
ten
of
the
in the data base are
represented.
The first five journals
account for !)4 Oh. Cancer Research
published 41; Journai of the Natiorzai
sixteen
journals
Cancer Institute,
29; Bri~zsh Journal
of Expen”metztal Patbo[ogy, 12; Caricer, 8; Bri~ish Journal of Cancer, 4;
and IntemationaiJouma!
of Cancer,
2. Only one article each turned up
from Cancer chemotherapy Reports,
Gann, Progress in Experimental
Tu -
and Zeitsch+t
fir’
Fifty-nine of the arti-,
cles appeared in the 60s, 3> in the
50s, and 6 in the 40s. Whether the list
reflects accurately the main points of
research concentration
in cancer during the past decade. only expert readers can determine.
rnor Re~earcb,
Krebsforscbung.
The top article in the list deserves
special comment. In such lists, it is
unusual that the first article should
stand so far ahead of others. Newell’s
was
cipaper on phytohemagglutinin
ted 774 times; the second item was cited only 427 times. Newell attributes
record to its rethe article’s
citation
port of a ‘‘seminal technical advance
Garfield, E. ISI@’s Journal Citafion Index
1. data base, a multi-media tool. Current Corrtents (cct19) No. 16, 19
~
---- ------------
April
1972,
p.
rather than a conceptual advance.”~
Nevertheless, as 1 understand
it, the
article was the basic report that led to
development of lymphocyte cultures
and greatly facilitated research on human chromosomes
in cancer, leukemia, and other disorders. It became
also a model system for immunological studies, which in turn and time, ~
we know, have had enormous impact
on cancer research.
lr should be noted that perhaps
some extremely significant articles in
cancer research are not on this list.
They may have appeared in Nature or
$cience or whatever--those
non-cancer
tournals heavily cited by cancer research workers. If most of these arti:Ies in such journals turn out to beobviously cancer-oriented,
then one may
ronch.tde that there isa need for a few
more journals in this field.
A final note--since our journal data
is five years old, certain journals will
not show up as well as would be
expected. By early 1975 we expect to
reexamine this list of journals and to
report any significant changes.
~ ....- -----------Journal.citatiocrstudies.
“ Highly
cited
pediatric
journafs
IX.
and articles.
5-8. CC No. 29, 17 JUIY 1974. P. 5-9.
The new 1S1 jourmal Cif4/ion
“ Reports@ should significantly affect the future course of scientific publication. CC No. 33,
15 August 1973, p. 5-6.
~ ;...-.--------- The mystery of the transpoacd
“ journal lists; wherein Bradford’s law of scattering is generalized according to Garfield’s law
of concentration.
CC No. 31, 4 August 1971,
p, S-6.
50 Newell,
P.C.
October
Personal
Garfield,
E. Citation
1972. Reprinted
162
3
analysis as a tool in
Science
178:471-79,
in Current Corr/ents No. 6, 7
6. jO”rnd ,valua,iOn
Feb~ary
communication,
1974,
1973. P. 5-24.
FWC
1.JoumafsCited
by Cancer Journafs
Jourmal
3%&&lTotalCi.ti.ms &&+&&$
(A)
●1.
●2.
*3.
*4.
“5.
*6.
*7.
*8.
*9.
*lo.
*11,
12.
13.
14.
●15.
“16.
“17.
18.
*19.
20.
*21.
*22.
*23.
*24.
Res.
J. Nat. Cancer {rut,
Cancer
Nat ure
(c]
c-m..
Impact
(D)
Impact
Ratio
(D/c)-
100
30448
17952
15432
32824
19076
18096
5740
1088
9492
5468
3952
576
38000
13364
7528
30500
3.084
4.400
2.162
2.244
1.964
2.894
1.670
6.371
1.815
1,509
1.027
9.030
1,308
3.484
2,453
1,916
2.533
4.720
1.578
20.000
0.738
3.287
0.568
2.273
3.193
1.105
2.105
0.594
0,050
0.118
0.048
0.722
0.054
0.003
0.001
0.041
0.227
0.095
0.076
0.069
0.152
1.062
0.195
0.087
1.600
1,235
0.029
0,135
0.081
0,030
35.9
47.8
27.4
2.2
6.1
1.7
43.2
0.8
0.2
0.1
4.0
2.5
7.2
2.2
2.8
7.9
41,9
4.1
5.5
8.0
169,2
0,9
2,4
3.6
0.9
620
6444
P. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res.
864
Brit. Med. J.
17156
Lab. Invest.
3668
Ann. Surg
6504
Zschr. Krebsforschung
664
Arch. Pathol.
4496
Amer. J. Med.
8752
Comptes Rendus
21888
Brit. ]. Exp. Pdml.
2420
J. Immunology
10492
Amer. J. Ruentgenol.
4976
J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass.
1924
Eur. j. Cancer
420
Transplantation
2036
Cancer Chemother. Rep.
796
Radiology
4700
Brit. J. Surg.
2356
J. Histochem. Cytochem.
4892
Ann. Internal Med.
7728
Anat. Rec.
5416
19116
J. Clin. Invest.
J. Invert. Pathol.
924
Neopfasma
192
Prog. Exp. Tumor Res.
192
228
B. Cmcer
Tumori
124
0.874
2.867
0.421
0.778
2.008
1.665
1.212
1.509
4.694
0.780
1.476
4.305
1.257
0.488
2.027
3.164
1.206
1.533
0.506
2.442
1.640
0.423
3.461
1.194
0.638
2.400
0.413
0.238
0.318
0.138
0.174
0.006
0.130
0.077
0.394
0.055
0.158
0.007
0.134
0.109
0.024
0.038
1.609
0.228
0.229
0.035
0.005
0.012
0.021
0.002
0.004
0.252
0.555
1.067
0.310
0.119
36.4
4.8
41.3
0.7
6.5
4.6
32.5
3.7
3.4
1.0
9.1
2.5
1.9
8.5
79.4
7.2
19.0
2.3
0.9
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.1
21.1
87.0
44.4
75.1
50.2
cancer
P. Sue. Exp. Biol. Med.
Science
Brit. ]. Cancer
J. Biol. Chem.
Ann. New York Acad. Sci.
Lancet
J, Amer. Med. Assoc.
J. Exp. Med.
P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
J. Cell Biol.
New Engl. J. Med.
Amer. J. Pathol.
Intemat. J. Cancer
Virology
Surg. Gyn. Obst.
J. Med. Microbiol.
Nat. Cimcer Inst. Mon.
Biochim. Biophys. Acts
Fed. Proc.
Exp.Cell.Res.
25. Biochem.J.
*26. Can.
27. Blood
28.
29.
30.
31.
*32.
●33.
34.
35.
*36.
*37.
38.
39.
*40.
*41.
*42.
*43.
“44.
45.
46.
47.
*48 .
49.
*50.
*86.
*87.
*113.
9772
6604
5656
61240
20044
38956
1860
68012
15024
Owrall
Imwact
Figure 1. Journals cited most frequently by 16 cancer journals. Numbers are based on an
an;ual extrapolation
from a quarterly &mple (see refe;ence 6). The title abbreviations of
journals among the 16 used as the data base for this study are italicized. An asterisk indicates
that the particular journal is common to the lists in F@res 1 and 2,
163
Figure 2. Joumah
that Most Often Cited Cancer Journafs
Wf4ired
R,t,
*1.
*2.
*3.
*4.
*5.
6.
“7,
● 8.
*9.
*1O.
*11.
*12.
●13.
*14.
*15.
16.
*17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
*22.
●23.
*24.
*25.
●26.
*27.
*28.
●29
*30.
●31.
*32.
33.
34.
*35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
*42.
*43.
*44.
+45.
46.
47.
●48.
49.
50.
“101.
*123.
28.8
26.7
16.0
29,8
Brit j. Cancer
Jnternut. J. Cater
Fed. Proc.
Neopfasma
cam
Exp. Celf Res.
Acts Path. Stand.
Lancet
Amer. J. Surg.
Acts CytoL
Arch. Geschw.
Molec. Pharmacol.
J. Immunol.
Zschr. Krebsforschung
Transplantation
Biochim. Biophys. Acts
Brit J. Exp. Pathol.
Nature
New Engl. J. Med.
Science
Arch. Pathol.
Cancer Chemotker. Rep.
J. Biol. Chem.
Path. Biol.
Virch. Arch, B.
Brit. J. Surg.
Rev. Fr. Clim
J, Pathology
Exp. Mol. Path.
Acts Med. Oka.
J. N.urosurg.
Klii. Wschr.
Radiology
J. Amer. Med. Assoc.
Amer. J. Pathol.
Surg. Gyn. obst.
Amer. J. Clin. Path.
Deut. Med. Wschr.
J. Clin. lnvcst.
Amer. J. Obst. Gyn.
Med. J. Australia
B. Cancer
Tumori
28.6
34.5
6.1
18.0
27.6
4.7
4.6
1.7
4.1
12.0
21.3
9.9
2.1
19.7
4.7
0.6
1820
1204
6712
2248
1420
7756
6940
17636
7496
2292
1296
2656
12084
1256
5068
41076
2168
27108
14064
22796
3576
380
34636
4308
2628
2692
2132
4404
2204
2580
4576
9844
8444
8266
3716
3680
3384
16052
9160
10948
6396
936
284
10.1
0.8
1.5
3.5
5.0
46.3
0.5
3.7
5.9
5.6
7.1
3.6
6.4
5.0
2.8
1.3
1.4
1.4
3.0
2.8
3.0
0.6
1.1
0.9
1.5
8.1
11.3
4.400
3.084
2.673
2.162
1.670
2.533
0.568
0.638
0.874
2.273
1,009
1.509
0.992
1.046
0.500
4.028
4,305
1.212
3.164
3.287
1.476
2.244
2.453
2.894
1.509
1.206
6.371
0.722
1.066
0.506
0.037
1.948
1.400
1.320
0.723
1.533
1.027
1.916
1.578
0.623
0.675
3.461
1.269
0.501
0.413
0.238
37.9
33.5
48.6
57.3
75.7
51.8
55.9
17.1
57.6
14.9
45,8
2.8
21.4
29.0
29.8
100.0
41.3
41.1
30.7
30.6
34.3
35.5
93.5
78.2
74.3
59.1
38.5
35.5
37.5
Figure 2. Journafs that cited 16 cancer journals most frequently. Numbers are based on an
annual extrapolation
from a quarterly sample (see reference 6). The title abbreviations of
journals among the 16 used as the data base For this study are italicized. An asterisk indicates
that the particular journal is common to the lists in Figures 1 and 2. Self. citing rate is the
percentage of a journal’s citation of itself in terms of total citations it makes Self-cited rate
is the percentage of a journal’s citation of itself in terms of total citations it receives.
164
Figure
Tinm Cited
1961.1972
1.
774
2,
427
3.
359
4,
325
S.
323
6.
303
7.
302
8,
301
9.
300
10,
296
11.
291
12.
278
13.
268
14,
262
15.
248
16.
248
17.
245
18.
239
19.
237
3. Highly
Cited
Articles
from
Ten
Bibliographical
Highly
Cited
Cancer
Data
NOWCO P C. Phytohcmag81utinin;
an initiator
of mitosis in cukures
of nornm.f
leukocytes.
Cancer Research
20:462.6,
1960,
Eark W R, Schifling
E L, Stark T H, Straus N P, Brown M F & Shelton
E.
Production
of malignancy
in vitro, [V, The mouse fibroblast
cultures
and
changes seen in the living cells, J. Nat. Cancer fnst. 4:165.212,
1943.
Biozzi G, Benacerraf
B & Halpem
B N. Quantitative
study of the granulopectic
activity
of the reticuloendothelial
system.
II. A study of the kinetics
of the
granttlopectic
activity
of the RES in relation
to the dose of carbon lnJected;
relationship
between
the weight of the organs and their activity.
1953,
Brft. j. EXfL PathoL 34:441-57,
Goldbur~
J A & Rutenbcrg
A M. The colorlmetric
determination
of Ieucine aminopeptidase
in urine and serum of normal subjects and patients
with cancer and other diseases,
Cmacer 11:283-91,
1958,
Prehn R T & Main J M. Immunity
to methylcholanthrene.
induced sarcomas.
J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 18:769-78,
1957.
Rcmcnatt W & Moon H D. Lysis of homologous
cells by sensitized
lymphocytes
in tissue
culture. J. Nat. Cmcer
Inst. 27:471-83,
1961,
Kkin G, Sjogren HO, Klein E & Helktrom
K E. Demonstra
t!on of resist.mce
against
methylcholanth
rene. induced sarcomas
in the primary autochthonous
host.
Cuncer Research
20:1561-72,
1960.
Rucckert
R R & M“elkr G C, Sludies
cm “nbalanccd
growth m tissue culture,
1. Induction
a“d
consequences
of thymidme
deficiency.
Cancer Research
20:1584-91,
1960.
Abercrombie
M & Ambrose
E J. The surface properties
of cancer cells; a review.
Cancer Research
22:525.48,
1962.
Dunn T B. Normal and pathologic
anatomy
of the reticular
tissue in laboratory
mice, with a
classification
and discussion
of neoplasms.
J. Nut. Cancer kt.
14:1281.1434,
1954.
Porter K R & Bruni C. An electron
microscope
study of the early effects
of 3’.Mc.DAB
o“ rat
liver cells. Cancer Research
19:997.1009,
1959.
Dmckrey
H, Prcussmarn
R, lvankovic
S, Schmahl
D, Afkham J, Blum G, Mennd
H D,
Mukkr M, Pe:ropoukx
P, & Schneider
H. Organotrope
carctioge.c
Wirkungen
be] 65
verschiedenen
N-Nitroscwerb
indungen
an BD-Ra,tten.
[Organotro
ic carcinogenic
effects
of
E ung 69:103.201,
65 differeni
N-nltroso-compounds
in BD rats}. Zschr. Krebs@c
1967.
Gey G O, Coffman
W D & Kubicek
M T. Tissue culture studies of the proliferative
capacity
of
cewical
carcinoma
and normal epitheliums.
C+mcer Research
12:264.65.
1952.
Cbalkfey
H W. Method
for the quantitative
morphologic
analys!s nf rissues.
J. Nat. Cacerlnst,
4:47.53,
1943.
Kaliss N. [immunological
enhancement
of tumor homografts
in mice; a review.
Cancer Research
18:992.1003,
1958.
Rauscher
F J. A virus-induced
dwease of mice characterized
by crythrocytopoiesis
and
Iymphcnd
leukemia./.
Nat. Cdficer fnst. 29:515-43,
1962.
Fawcctt
D W. Obsen’ations
on the cytology
and electron
microscopy
of hepauc
cells.
{ Nat. Cm,.. rInst.
15:1475.1504,
1955.
Mo oncy J B. Biolo ical studies on a lyntphodfeukemia
virus exlracced
from sarcoma
37.1.
24:933-51,
1960.
Origin and intro 1Puctoty
investi ations. ]. Nat. Cancer
Foley E J. Antigenic
properties
o mcthylcholanthrene.induced
tumors in mice of the scram of
origin. C@tcer Research
13:835-37,
1953,
Bernhard W. The detection
and study of tumor viruses wjth the electron
microscope
Cuncer Research
20:712.27,
1960.
Hughes D E. A press for disrupting
bacteria
and other ms.roorganisms.
Brff. J. f+
Patho/.
32:97.109,
1951.
Bollum
F J & Poster V R. Nucleic
acid metabolism
III rcgcneratmg
rat liver. V1. Soluble
enzymes
which convert
thymidine
phosphates
and DNA. c4ncer
Research
19:561.65,
1959.
Conncy
A H, Mifler E C & Miller J A. The metabolism
of mcthylatcd
ammoazo
dyes. V,
Evidence
for induction
of enzyme
synthesis
m the rat by 3-methylcholanthrene.
Cancer Research
16:450-59,
1956.
Gorcr P A & Mikuk.ka Z B. The antibody
response
to tumor inoculations;
improved
methods
of
antibody
detection.
Cancer Research
14:651-55,
1954.
Bernhard W. Electron
microscopy
of tumor cells and tumor viruses; a rcvww.
Cuncer Research
18:491.509,
1958,
Burstone
M S, Hiscochemlcal
comparison
of naphthol
AS. pllosphaccs
for the demonstration
of
phosphates.
J. NCTI. Cmcer
Inst. 20:601-16,
1958.
Kkin E & Kkin G. Antlgenic
propcrtws
of lymphomas
Induced by the Moloncy
agent.
]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 32:547-68,
1964.
Newell
P C & Hunzer ford D A. Chromosome
studies on normal and leukemic
human leukocytes
J. Nat. Camwr~n$t.
25:85.109,
1960.
Sanford K K, Earle W R & Likely G D. The growth In vttro of single isolated
t!ssue cells,
j. Nat. Cancer inst. 9:229.46.1948.
Sjogren H O, Hellstrom
1 & Klein G. Transplantation
of polyoma
wrus-induced
tumors m mtce.
Cancer Research
21:329.37,
1961.
Knox W E. Two mechanisms
which increase m vivo the lwcr tryptophan
peroxidme
actwtty;
specific
enzyme
adaptation
and st!mulatmn
of the pituitary-adrenal
system.
Pathol. 32:462-69,
1951.
f?rit. J. ~Xp.
Inst.
20.
233
21.
231
22.
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