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Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(4): 595-604, 2011
ISSN 1995-0756
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evaluation of Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks Fed with Diet Containing
Chickpea Seeds Supplemented with Exogenous Commercial Enzymes
Mehran Torki
Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Razi University Imam Avenue, Kermanshah, Iran, Postal
Code: 6715685418.
Mehran Torki: Evaluation of Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks Fed with Diet Containing
Chickpea Seeds Supplemented with Exogenous Commercial Enzymes
ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of diet inclusion of chickpea seeds, as an
alternative protein ingredient, with or without two commercial enzyme products on performance of broiler
chicks. A total of 396 day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed in 36 floor pens of 11 birds each.
Six replicates were allocated to one of the six iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets. Chickpea
were included in corn-soybean based diets at 100 g/kg as a partial replacement of soybean meal. Experimental
diets were: 1- a corn-soybean based diet; 2- a low phosphorous corn-soybean based diet supplemented by 0.2
g/kg Ronozyme® (phytase activity); 3- a corn-soybean based diet supplemented by 0.4 g/kg Hemicell® (βmannanase activity); 4- a corn-soybean-chickpea based diet; 5- a low phosphorous corn-soybean-chickpea based
diet supplemented with Ronozyme; 6- a corn-soybean-chickpea based diet supplemented by Hemicell. Starter,
grower and finisher diets were offered to birds from 0 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d and 43 to 49 d of age, respectively.
All experimental data were subjected to the GLM procedure of SAS as a complete randomized design. All
statements of significance are based on a probability of less than 0.05. The mean values were compared by
Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Dietary β-mannanase supplementation increased BWG of chicks fed the
chickpea-included diet, but the effect of β-mannanase on BWG was not statistically significant in broilers fed
the soybean meal-based diets. In finishing period, β-mannanase addition to chickpea-included diets improved
FCR. Performance of birds fed low-P diet supplemented by phytase compared to chicks fed the soybean- or
chickpea-included control diets had no statistically significant difference. From the results of this study, it can
be concluded that chickpea can be included in broiler diet up to 10% with no adverse effect on bird
performance. In addition, supplementing chickpea-included diets with Hemicell had beneficial effects on broiler
performance in terms of FCR.
Key words: chickpea, phytase, β-mannanase, enzyme, broiler chicks.
Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; Family
Leguminosae) is an ancient crop that has been grown
in India, tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions
such as the Middle East and parts of Africa for many
years. Chickpea is the 2nd most important pulse crop
in the world, accounting for 14% [26] of world pulse
production [53].
Chickpea seed has 38-59% carbohydrate, 3%
fiber, 4.8-5.5% oil, 3% ash, 0.2% calcium, and 0.3%
phosphorus. Digestibility of its protein varies from
76-78% and its carbohydrate from 57-60% [33,54].
Raw whole seeds contain per 100 g: 357 calories,
4.5-15.69% moisture, 0.8-6.4 % fat, 2.1-11.7 g fiber,
2-4.8 g ash, 140-440 mg Ca, 190-382 mg P, 9 mg
Corresponding Author
Mehran Torki, Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Razi University Imam
Avenue, Kermanshah, Iran, Postal Code: 6715685418.
E-mail: [email protected]
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
Fe, 0-225 μg β-carotene equivalent, 0.21-1.1 mg
thiamin, 0.12-0.33 mg riboflavin, and 1.3-2.9 mg
niacin [32]. The limiting amino acid concentrations
are 0.52 for methionine, 1.45 for lysine and cystine,
0.71 for threonine and 0.16 for tryptophan [56]. The
amino acid composition of seeds with 19.5% protein,
5.5% oil is (per 16 g N): 7.2 g lysine, 1.4 g
methionine, 8.8 g arginine, 4.0 g glycine, 2.3 g
histidine, 4.4 g isoleucine, 7.6 g leucine, 6.6 g
phenylalanine, 3.3 g tyrosine, 3.5 g threonine, 4.6 g
valine, 4.1 g alanine, 11.7 g aspartic acid, 16.0 g
glutamic acid, 0.0 g hydroxyproline, 4.3 g proline,
and 5.2 g serine [32,56].
Peas contain between 220 and 270 g/Kg crude
protein and have an amino acid profile which is
relatively well balanced [13] although like many
grain legumes, the protein is marginal in the sulphur
amino acids [42]. Although the protein concentration
in pea is lower than lupins, soybeans or oilseed
meals, the metabolisable energy (ME) is generally
higher [22].
Although most of chickpea is produced for
human consumption, a stock-feed market would
provide a secondary market for reject grain and for
excess production which is likely to occur
occasionally in rapidly expanding industry, while
providing the livestock industries with alternative
sources of protein and energy-rich foods. To date the
poultry industry has been reluctant to use these
products in broiler diets due to suspected presence of
anti-nutritional factors and very limited information
on possible inclusion levels of untreated grains. Like
other legumes, chickpea seeds contain varieties of
anti-nutritional factors such as protease and amylase
inhibitors, lectins, polyphenols and oligosaccharides
[59,15]. Increasing the proportion of chickpea seed in
the broiler diet negatively influenced body weight
gain, food intake and food efficiency (Farrel 1999;
55 Pisulewski, 2000). Tentative recommendations to
be made to industry for inclusion rate of chickpeas
10 g/kg.
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are complex
high molecular weight carbohydrates found in the
structure of plant cell walls and reduce nutrient
bioavailability in poultry production [3,20,4,,17]. The
NSP include various fiber types such as lignin, βglucans, arabinoxylans (pentosans), uronic acid,
galactose, and mannose in poultry feedstuffs [2]. βMannan and its derivatives are integral components
of cell walls in all legumes [48]. Certain protein
concentrates, especially palm kernel meal, copra
meal, and guar meal, are among the feedstuffs rich
in glucomannans and galactomannans [2,57,14].
Several studies have demonstrated the negative
effects of dietary β-mannan found in palm kernel
meal, copra meal, guar gum, and guar meal [29]. βMannan is a linear polysaccharide composed of
repeating β-1-4 mannose and 1-6 galactose and
596
glucose units attached to β-mannan backbone. Phytic
acid is an ester of cyclic alcohol inositol with 6
phosphates. Its salt, phytate, is the major forms P
[47] and occur mainly in seeds as mixed salts of
magnesium and calcium [51]. Phytin is a collective
term for this mixed salt [40] and it constitutes up to
3% of many of the oilseeds and cereals used in
animal feeds. The inability of poultry to utilize
phytate P, due to lack of endogenous phytase, results
in the addition of inorganic feed P to poultry diets in
order to meet the P requirements of poultry.
However, P is the third most expensive nutrient in
poultry diets after energy and protein [7] and phytate
P passed out in animal excreta leading to
accumulation of P in soils and subsequently its entry
into surface and ground waters and sparking off
major environmental concerns [34] . The poor
digestive utilization of phytic acid P by monogastric
animals and its consequences on diet cost,
environment and digestibility of minerals and proteins
have led to extensive research efforts directed toward
improving phytate digestion [25].
Enzyme supplementation of poultry rations has
been widely reviewed and well documented to
improve efficiency of converting feedstuffs into
broiler tissue [3,28,12, Fuente et al., 1995; Bedford
and Morgan, 1996;36]18, as well as growth
performance and nutrient digestion in poultry [5,37,1
58]. Beneficial effects of exogenous enzymes in
broiler diets containing oilseeds (Cowiesson et al.,
1999) and lupins [30,39] have also been reported.
Hemicell® is a fermentation product of Bacillus
lentus. It contains high amounts of β-Mannanase that
degrade β-mannan in feed. β-Mannanase has been
shown to improve feed conversion of broilers [57].
Broilers fed low-energy diets supplemented with βMannanase performed slightly better than broilers fed
high-energy diets without enzyme [38].
Phytase (myo-inositol-hexakisphosphohydrolase)
degrades phytate to yield inositol monophosphate and
orthophosphate via inositol penta to monophosphates
as intermediary products [35]. It has been well
documented that phytase improves P utilization in
poultry [52,49,24, 31,54,10 41, 44]. Further studies
have suggested that microbial phytase can have
beneficial effects on amino acid digestibility in
poultry [8,50,45,].
Although the benefits of the addition of
exogenous enzymes to wheat, rye, barley, oilseeds
and lupins have well documented, whether the
benefits of phytase and β–mannanase will also be
demonstrable in chickpea-based diets is not as
evident. The present experiment was conducted in
order to investigate the effects of addition of
exogenous enzymes to chickpea included diets on
performance, slaughtered traits, antibody response and
litter pH and moisture of growing broiler chicks.
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
Materials and methods
All procedures used in this six-week experiment
were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of
Razi University and complied with the “Guidelines
for the Care and Use of Animals in Research". A
total of 396 unsexed day-old Cobb broiler chicks
were obtained from a local hatchery, weighed and
randomly allocated to 36 pens. Eleven birds placed
in each pen. Any birds showing signs of ill health,
injury or being in poor condition were discarded.
There were a total of six iso-energetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets, each replicated 6
times. Two commercial exogenous dietary enzyme
preparations which were used in this study,
Hemicell® and Ronozyme P 5000® (CT: Coated
Thermotolerant), have β-mannanase and phytase
activity, respectively. The Hemicell was provided by
Chem Gen Co., Ltd., and the activity of β-mannanase
was 165 × 106 U/kg (inclusion dose: 400 g/t feed).
Ronozyme P 5000 was provided by DSM Nutritional
Products Ltd, Switzerland (inclusion dose: 150 g/t
feed). Chickpea was included in corn-soybean based
diets at 100 g/kg as a partial replacement of soybean
meal.
597
Experimental diets were: 1- a corn-soybean
based diet; 2- a low phosphorous corn-soybean
based diet supplemented with 0.2 g/kg Ronozyme®
(phytase activity); 3- a corn-soybean based diet
supplemented by 0.4 g/kg Hemicell® (β-mannanase
activity); 4, a corn-soybean-chickpea based diet; 5- a
low phosphorous corn-soybean-chickpea based diet
supplemented with Ronozyme; 6- a corn-soybeanchickpea based diet supplemented by Hemicell.
The levels of dietary Ca and available P in
control and low P groups were 0.89, 0.40 and 0.89,
0.24 in starter, 0.82, 0.32 and 0.82, 0.19 in grower,
and 0.74, 0.28 and 0.74, 0.17 in finisher diets,
respectively.
Starting (ME=2850 Kcal/kg and 20.48 % CP),
growing (ME=2900 Kcal/kg and 18.13 % CP), and
finishing (ME=2950 Kcal/kg and 16.59 % CP) diets
were fed from 0-21, 22-42, and 43-49 days of age,
respectively.
Tables 1-3 show the experimental diets. Water
and feed was available ad libitum throughout the
study. Body weights and feed intake were monitored
by the end of each rearing periods (d 1, 21, 42, and
49).
Table 1: Composition of experimental diets for starting period (0-21 days)
Corn-soybean meal-based diets
Corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ingredients
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------g / 100 g diet
Corn
59.96
59.84
59.97
55.59
55.47
55.59
Chickpea
10
10
10
Soybean meal
33.93
33.7
33.95
29.86
29.63
29.88
Wheat bran
1.71
2.4
1.64
0.07
0.75
Sunflower oil
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
DCP1
1.37
0.51
1.37
1.47
0.6
1.47
Oyster shell
1.25
1.75
1.25
1.2
1.7
1.2
Salt
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Mineral premix2
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Vitamin premix3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Lysine-Hcl
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.12
0.13
0.12
DL-Methionine
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
Phytase4
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
β-Mannanase5
Calculated analysis
ME (Kcal/kg)
2850
2850
2850
2850
2850
2850
Crude protein %
20.48
20.48
20.48
20.48
20.48
20.48
Ether extract %
3.1
3.11
3.1
2.98
2.99
2.98
Crude fiber
3.88
3.94
3.88
3.87
3.93
3.86
Calcium
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
Available phosphorous
0.4
0.24
0.4
0.4
0.24
0.4
Lysine
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.21
1.21
1.21
Methionine
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
Methione + Cystein
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.77
1
DCP: Dicalcium phosphate; 2 The mineral premix supplied per kilogram of diet: zinc, 120 mg; manganese, 120 mg; iron, 80 mg; copper,
10 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt, 1 mg; 3The vitamin premix supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12,500 IU; vitamin D3, 4,000 IU;
vitamin E, 66 IU; vitamin B12, 39.6 µg; riboflavin, 13.2 mg; niacin, 165 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 44 mg; menadione, 0.4 mg; folic
acid,3.3 mg; pyridoxine, 13.75 mg; thiamin, 6.66 mg; D-biotin, 0.28 mg, 4Ronozyme, 5Hemicell
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
598
Table 2: Composition of experimental diets for growing period (21-42 days).
Corn-soybean meal-based diets
Corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ingredients
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------g / 100 g diet
Corn
67.6
67.5
67.61
63.23
63.13
63.24
Chickpea
10
10
10
Soybean meal
27
26.83
27.03
22.93
22.75
22.95
Wheat bran
1.89
2.42
1.81
0.24
0.78
0.17
DCP1
0.99
0.31
0.99
1.09
0.4
1.09
Oyster shell
1.32
1.72
1.32
1.28
1.67
1.28
Salt
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Mineral premix2
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Vitamin premix3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Lysine-Hcl
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.17
0.17
DL-Methionine
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
Phytase4
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
β-Mannanase5
Calculated analysis
ME (Kcal/kg)
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
Crude Protein %
18.12
18.12
18.12
18.12
18.12
18.12
Ether extract %
2.84
2.85
2.84
2.72
2.73
2.72
Crude fiber
3.58
3.63
3.58
3.57
3.62
3.57
Calcium
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
Available phosphorous
0.32
0.19
0.32
0.32
0.19
0.32
Lysine
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.08
1.08
1.08
Methionine
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
Methione + Cystein
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.64
0.64
0.64
1
DCP: Dicalcium phosphate; 2The mineral premix supplied per kilogram of diet: zinc, 120 mg; manganese, 120 mg; iron, 80 mg; copper,
10 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt, 1 mg; 3The vitamin premix supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12,500 IU; vitamin D3, 4,000 IU;
vitamin E, 66 IU; vitamin B12, 39.6 µg; riboflavin, 13.2 mg; niacin, 165 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 44 mg; menadione, 0.4 mg; folic
acid,3.3 mg; pyridoxine, 13.75 mg; thiamin, 6.66 mg; D-biotin, 0.28 mg, 4Ronozyme, 5Hemicell
Table 3: Composition of experimental diets for finishing period (42-49 days).
Corn-soybean meal-based diets
Corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ingredients
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
No enzyme
Phytase
β-mannanase
Corn
71.91
71.83
71.92
67.54
67.46
67.55
Chickpea
10
10
10
Soybean meal
22.91
22.76
22.93
18.85
18.7
18.87
Wheat bran
2.04
2.5
1.96
0.39
0.85
0.31
DCP1
0.81
0.22
0.81
0.91
0.31
0.91
Oyster shell
1.25
1.59
1.25
1.2
1.55
1.2
Salt
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Mineral premix2
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Vitamin premix3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Lysine-Hcl
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
DL-Methionine
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
Phytase4
0.02
0.02
?-Mannanase5
0.04
0.04
Calculated analysis
ME (Kcal/kg)
2950
2950
2950
2950
2950
2950
Crude protein %
16.59
16.59
16.59
16.59
16.59
16.59
Ether extract %
2.98
2.99
2.97
2.86
2.87
2.86
Crude fiber
3.41
3.45
3.4
3.4
3.43
3.39
Calcium
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.74
Available phosphorous
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
Lysine
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.91
0.91
Methionine
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
Methione + Cystein
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.57
1
DCP: Dicalcium phosphate; 2The mineral premix supplied per kilogram of diet: zinc, 120 mg; manganese, 120 mg; iron, 80 mg; copper,
10 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt, 1 mg; 3The vitamin premix supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12,500 IU; vitamin D3, 4,000 IU;
vitamin E, 66 IU; vitamin B12, 39.6 µg; riboflavin, 13.2 mg; niacin, 165 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 44 mg; menadione, 0.4 mg; folic
acid,3.3 mg; pyridoxine, 13.75 mg; thiamin, 6.66 mg; D-biotin, 0.28 mg, 4Ronozyme, 5Hemicell
Carcass measurements were taken on one
randomly selected bird per each pen on day 49 of
age. Feed was withdrawn 3 hours prior to slaughter.
Birds were manually hung on shackles, stunned with
an electric knife, bled for 3 min after the jugular
vein was severed. Hocks and heads were removed
manually. Viscera and abdominal fat were then
removed manually. Carcass, various viscera parts and
abdominal fat weights were recorded. Breast, wings,
thighs and drumsticks were removed from the
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
carcass, weighed and recorded. Weights for each
variable measured, were expressed as relative to live
BW at processing.
On d 35, primary antibody response to
Newcastle disease virus was measured in one
randomly selected bird from each pen. Birds were
immunized on day 15. At d 35, birds were bled via
the wing vein to collect serum used or evaluating
primary antibody response.
To measure litter pH, a 200-g litter sample was
collected from various places of each pen when the
birds reached 47 d of age. The pH-meter was at first
calibrated by buffer=10 solution then pH determined
by stirring 50 g of litter into 500 ml of deionizeddistilled H2O for 5 min and the H+ concentration of
the resulting solution measured. In addition, the pH
meter was calibrated by buffer=10 solution after each
16 testing. Litter moisture was determined
gravimetrically by drying the samples at 70oC until
the weight of samples reached to a constant level.
All experimental data were subjected to the
GLM procedure of SAS as a complete randomized
design. All statements of significance are based on a
probability of less than 0.05. The mean values were
compared by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Results and discussion
Body weight (BW) means and standard
deviations of chicks fed on experimental diets on
days 21, 42 and 49 are shown in table 4. There was
no statistically significant difference between dietary
groups in BW on day 21 of age. Chicks BW on days
42 and 49 of age was affected by dietary treatment.
On day 42, chicks fed on phytase-supplemented low
P soybean-based diets had significantly higher BW
than those fed on phytase-supplemented low P
chickpea-included diets (P < 0.05). There was no
statistically significant difference in chick BW
between other dietary groups (P > 0.05). Chicks fed
β-mannanase supplemented chickpea included diets
did have the highest BW on day 49 of age that was
significantly higher than BW of birds fed chickpeaincluded diets (P < 0.05). No significant difference
was seen in BW between birds fed corn-soybean
meal-based diets (P > 0.05)
Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and
feed conversion ratio (FCR) are provided in table 5.
Feeding low P, phytase supplemented diet decreased
chicks BWG. BWG of chicks fed the low P, phytase
supplemented chickpea-included diet compared to
birds fed the low P, phytase supplemented soybeanbased diet was lower on average of 21-42 days of
age (P<0.05). The highest and lowest BWG during
days 42-49 of age was seen in birds fed the βmannanase supplemented chickpea-included and low
P phytase-supplemented soybean meal diets,
respectively (P<0.05). Dietary treatment did have
599
significant effect on FI in growing period. Birds fed
the chickpea-included diets with no supplementary
enzyme fed less than birds fed the soybean mealbased diets supplemented by β-mannanase (P<0.05).
Enzyme addition increased FI of chicks fed on
chickpea-included diets. Dietary treatment
significantly affected FCR during finishing period
(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in
FCR between dietary groups during starting and
growing periods (P>0.05). In finishing period, βmannanase addition to chickpea-included diets
improved FCR which was better than FCR in low P
soybean-based diets (P<0.05). Performance of birds
fed the low P, phytase supplemented diet had no
statistically significant difference compared to chicks
fed the soybean- or chickpea-included control diets.
In other studies increasing the proportion of
chickpea seed in the broiler diets negatively
influenced body weight gain, food intake and food
efficiency (Farrel 1999; 55]. McNaughten et al.
(1998) and Odetallah et al. (2002), which showed
that the addition of β-mannanase to corn-soybean
diets improved performance of birds fed soybeanbased diets. Viveros et al. [55] who formulated diets
to contain 75 and 150 g/kg of raw and autoclaved
Desi chickpea seeds, weight gain and FI of the
chicks given Desi chickpea diets was significantly
reduced compared to those fed the control diet.
Increasing the proportion of seed in the diet
negatively influenced BWG, FI and FCR. Moreover,
a significant increment in the relative weights of liver
and pancreas and in the relative lengths of
duodenum, ileum and ceaca was observed when the
concentration of chickpea seeds in the diets was
increased. Feeding autoclaved seeds significantly
increased the BWG and the FI. However, FCR was
not modified by the autoclaving. Relative weights of
gizzard and liver and relative lengths of ileum were
decreased significantly by the inclusion of autoclaved
desi chickpea in the diet. These differences might be
due to the inclusion level or chickpea varieties used.
Christodoulou et al. [19] reported that the
replacement of soybean meal with extruded chickpeas
in broiler turkey diets at inclusion levels (400, 600
and 800 kg/t of diet) decreased body weight and
increased feed conversion ratio compared to the
control. Brenes et al [11] who evaluated the
inclusion of different concentrations (0, 100, 200 and
300 g kg-1) of raw and extruded chickpeas on
performance of growing broiler chickens reported that
Increasing chickpea content in the diet did not affect
weight gain, feed consumption and feed to gain ratio.
Carcass parameters are demonstrated in tables 6
and 7. Dietary treatment had significant effect on
relative weights of heart and duodenum to live body
weight. In other reports, the relative weights of the
pancreas, liver and gizzard and the relative lengths of
duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were increased
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
and amylase and trypsin activities and AMEn were
reduced (Farrel 1999; 55]. Relative pancreas and
liver weights, and relative lengths of duodenum,
jejunum and ceca were significantly increased in
response to increasing chickpea concentration in the
diet [11]. Christodoulou et al. [19] showed that
carcass yield traits of broiler turkeys were not
affected by feeding diets with increasing levels (400,
600 and 800 kg/t of diet) of extruded chickpeas.
600
Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus did
not significantly affected by dietary treatment (table
8).
It can be concluded that partial replacement of
soybean meal by chickpea in broiler diets would
have no detrimental effects on BWG, FI and FCR.
Supplementing chickpea-included diets with Hemicell
had beneficial effects on broiler performance in terms
of FCR.
Table 4: Body weight (g /bird) of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets with or without
enzyme supplementation
Experimental diets
Enzyme
Body weight (g/chick)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
42
49
Soybean
No enzyme
640.93 ± 16.02
1872.77 ± 70.14ab
2283.08 ± 102.42ab
Soybean-low P
Phytase
626.93 ± 24.74
1910.71 ± 72.11a
2257.03 ± 123.12ab
Soybean
?-Mannanase
617.78 ± 37.38
1815.99 ± 141.19ab
2243.51 ± 96.41ab
Chickpea
No enzyme
632.73 ± 36.34
1845.01 ± 83.41ab
2228.23 ± 155.97b
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
626.52 ± 15.49
1795.60 ± 117.56b
2238.23 ± 111.62b
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
638.86 ± 15.32
1909.42 ± 42.51ab
2378.83 ± 136.46a
Pooled SEM
4.24
16.21
20.81
Means ± standard deviation, a-b Means within a column (within main effects) with no common superscript differ significantly (P <0.05).
Table 5: Growth rate (gain/bird/d), feed intake (feed/bird/d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal
or corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation.
Diet
Enzyme
Body weight gain (g/chick/day)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0-21
21-42
42-49
0-49
Soybean
No enzyme
28.38 ± 0.76
58.09 ± 3.44ab
64.7 ± 11.23ab
46.37 ± 1.45ab
Soybean-low P
Phytase
27.69 ± 1.18
61.07 ± 2.96a
51.74 ± 4.80b
45.32 ± 1.77ab
Soybean
?-Mannanase
27.28 ± 1.79
56.73 ± 6.06ab
56.29 ± 5.83ab
44.99 ± 1.77ab
Chickpea
No enzyme
27.99 ± 1.73
57.88 ± 3.56ab
57.88± 11.89ab
44.88 ± 2.46b
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
27.69 ± 0.74
55.20 ± 5.34b
62.91 ±14.39ab
44.58 ± 1.38b
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
28.28 ± 0.73
60.47 ± 1.87ab
67.03 ± 10.41a
47.44 ± 2.27a
Pooled SEM
0.202
0.723
1.831
0.337
Diet
Enzyme
Feed intake (g/chick/day)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0-21
21-42
42-49
0-49
Soybean
No enzyme
47.88 ± 3.55
114.27± 3.29ab
179.67± 13.62
95.37 ± 3.14ab
Soybean-low P
Phytase
49.43 ± 1.51
118.20± 4.51ab
180.74 ± 8.05
96.72 ± 1.84ab
Soybean
?-Mannanase
49.84 ± 1.12
120.31± 5.63a
179.46 ± 9.11
97.94 ± 3.45a
Chickpea
No enzyme
47.68 ± 1.01
111.59 ± 4.11b
179.11 ± 8.29
92.91 ± 4.85b
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
47.98 ± 1.63
114.65± 2.19ab
181.54 ± 9.40
95.07 ± 1.07ab
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
48.78 ± 0.43
116.29± 4.09ab
181.74 ± 8.53
95.88 ± 2.02ab
Pooled SEM
0.310
1.022
1.511
0.531
Diet
Enzyme
Feed conversion ratio (g: g)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0-21
21-42
42-49
0-49
Soybean
No enzyme
1.69 ± 0.16
1.97 ± 0.09
2.85 ± 0.49ab
2.06 ± 0.11ab
Soybean-low P
Phytase
1.79 ± 0.79
1.94 ± 0.11
3.51 ± 0.25a
2.14 ± 0.08ab
Soybean
?-Mannanase
1.83 ± 0.09
2.14 ± 0.27
3.20 ± 0.17ab
2.18 ± 0.21a
Chickpea
No enzyme
1.71 ± 0.12
1.94 ± 0.27
3.19 ± 0.58ab
2.08 ± 0.15ab
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
1.77 ± 0.07
2.09 ± 0.18
3.01 ± 0.64ab
2.13 ± 0.06ab
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
1.73 ± 0.05
1.93 ± 0.11
2.76 ± 0.41b
2.03 ± 0.12b
Pooled SEM
0.018
0.032
0.082
0.018
Means ± standard deviation, a-b Means within a column (within main effects) with no common superscript differ significantly (P <0.05).
Table 6: Carcass yield parameters of broiler chicks fed diets based on corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-chickpea with or without
exogenous enzymes supplementation.
Diet
Enzyme
% of live body weight
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Viscera
Skin & Feather
Abdominal fat
Soybean
No enzyme
5.86 ± 3.59
14.02 ± 0.81
2.11 ± 0.65
Soybean-low P
Phytase
6.11 ± 1.55
13.79 ± 0.69
2.04 ± 0.75
Soybean
β-Mannanase
6.18 ± 1.51
13.49 ± 1.32
2.09 ± 0.76
Chickpea
No enzyme
6.07 ± 2.51
13.5 ± 1.19
2.10 ± 0.40
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
5.96 ± 4.60
13.57 ± 1.48
1.94 ± 0.34
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
6.06 ± 0.74
13.53 ± 1.11
2.03 ± 0.56
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(4): 595-604, 2011
Table 6: Continue.
Pooled SEM
Diet
601
0.536
0.178
0.111
% of live body weight
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thigh
Drumstick
Heart
Soybean
No enzyme
8.36 ± 1.00
9.22 ± 0.78
0.51 ± 0.05ab
Soybean-low P
Phytase
8.75 ± 0.63
9.46 ± 0.82
0.58 ± 0.09ab
Soybean
?-Mannanase
8.53 ± 1.37
8.82 ± 0.75
0.49 ± 0.04ab
Chickpea
No enzyme
8.46 ± 0.74
9.71 ± 0.41
0.59 ± 0.06a
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
8.85 ± 0.94
9.29 ± 0.66
0.59 ± 0.11a
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
8.51 ± 6.62
9.27 ± 0.93
0.48 ± 0.11b
Pooled SEM
0.146
0.123
0.014
Means ± standard deviation, a-b Means within a column (within main effects) with no common superscript differ significantly (P <0.05).
Enzyme
Table 7: Carcass yield parameters of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-chickpea-based diets with or without
exogenous enzymes supplementation
Diet
Enzyme
% of live body weight
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Liver
Gizzard
Pancreas
Soybean
No enzyme
2.64 ± 0.435
2.59 ± 0.61
0.20 ± 0.02
Soybean-low P
Phytase
2.31 ± 0.38
2.65 ± 0.53
0.20 ± 0.06
Soybean
β-Mannanase
2.52 ± 0.49
2.40 ± 0.34
0.21 ± 0.69
Chickpea
No enzyme
2.23 ± 0.46
2.57 ± 0.12
0.21 ± 0.22
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
2.40 ± 0.32
2.60 ± 0.758
0.24 ± 0.03
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
2.31 ± 0.19
2.58 ± 0.26
0.22 ± 0.07
Pooled SEM
0.064
0.076
0.008
Diet
Enzyme
% of live body weight
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Deodenum
Jeojenum
Ileum
Cecae
Soybean
No enzyme
0.71 ± 0.02ab
1.91 ± 0.59
1.67 ± 0.43
0.64 ± 0.23
Soybean-low P
Phytase
0.68 ± 0.12ab
1.57 ± 0.42
1.58 ± 0.575
0.63 ± 0.19
Soybean
β-Mannanase
0.64 ± 0.10a
1.90 ± 0.46
1.48 ± 0.33
0.55 ± 0.06
Chickpea
No enzyme
0.63 ± 0.08b
1.95 ± 0.52
1.68 ± 0.48
0.50 ± 0.05
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
0.69 ± 0.11ab
1.61 ± 0.59
1.47 ± 0.63
0.58 ± 0.13
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
0.67 ± 0.13ab
1.77 ± 0.47
1.70 ± 0.52
0.62 ± 0.28
Pooled SEM
0.016
0.083
0.081
0.029
Means ± standard deviation, a-b Means within a column (within main effects) with no common superscript differ significantly (P <0.05).
Table 8: Humoral immune response against Newcastle disease virus of broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean
meal-chickpea-based diets with or without exogenous enzymes supplementation
Diet
Enzyme
Antibody titers (log 2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Day 15 of age (day of immunization)
Day 35 of age (primary Ab response)
Soybean
No enzyme
2.75 ± 1.29
8.00 ± 1.16
Soybean-low P
Phytase
2.60 ± 1.52
7.33 ± 1.16
Soybean
β-Mannanase
2.67 ± 0.58
7.20 ± 1.30
Chickpea
No enzyme
2.50 ± 0.58
5.80 ± 2.95
Chickpea-low P
Phytase
3.00 ± 0.01
6.80 ± 0.45
Chickpea
β-Mannanase
2.20 ± 0.90
6.50 ± 1.52
MSE
0.176
0.312
Means ± standard deviation,
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