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Blood Substitutes Baxte/ Healthcare Corporation Route 120 & Wilson Road Round Lake, Illinois 60073-0490 847.270,5300 Fax: 847.270.5306 g-”,. i3axtf3- August 5, 1997 Docket Number 95S-0158 Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305) Food and Drug Administration 12420 Parklawn Dr. rm. 1-23 Rockville, MD 20857 RE: Investigational New Drug Application #6859 Dear Sir/Madam: j-- In accordance with 21 CFR $312.54 we are enclosing a copy of the information that has been publicly disclosed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX, concerning research involving an exception to informed consent. This includes an advertisement that appeared on April 13, 1997, in three local newspapers, The Dallas Morning News, The Dallas Weekly (Attachment 1), and El Sol de Texas (Attachment 2); an advertisement that appeared on June 22, 1997, in the same three local newspapers (Attachment 3); a press release from April 16, 1997 (Attachment 4); and a press release posted on the Internet, on Parkland Memorial Hospital’s Home Page (http: //~.swed.edtiome~ages/parklanWpr/dmgtest.html) (Attachment 5). In accordance with 21 CFR $312.54, this information is also being submitted to the IND file. Based on information received from the clinical site, the investigator and IRB achieved community consultation by printing advertisements describing the clinical trial and the product in local newspapers (Attachment 1, 2, 3) and including a telephone number and/or an address to allow individuals to provide comments and ask for more information about the product. If there are any questions concerning this information, please contact me at (847)270-53 13. ‘7>’4 n K ,% Maulik Nanavaty, Ph.D. Director Regulatory Affairs Blood Substitutes Program L DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN PUBLIC HEALTH FormApproved OMBNO. O91O-OOI4, Expiration Date: December 31, 1999 See OMB Statemenl on Reverse, SERVICES SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION (lND) CODE OF FEDERAL REGIJLA TfOIVS(CFR) PART312) (TI’TLE21, ~ 2. DATE OF SUBMISSION 1. NAME OF SPONSOR Baxter NOTE No drug may be shipped or clinical mvesbgatwn begun unid an IND for that investigation is in effect (21 CFR 312.40). Healthcare Corporation 08/05/97 120 & Wilson Road Round Lake, 11 60073 Diasp~rin Crosslinked .— 4. TELEPHONE NUMBER @dudeAreaCode) 3. ADDRESS (Numbec Straet, CIM SteteandZip Code) (847)270-5309 IND 6859 Hemoglobin (DCLHb) 7. INDICATION(S) (Covamdbyfttis subrnisAn) Treatment of Severe Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock E. PHASE(S)OFCLINICAL IN’JESTIGATION TOBECONOUCTED: UPHA3Ei iJPWE2~PHASE31JOTHER (-%-%’1 9. UST NUMSERS OF ALL lNVESTIGATfONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATfONS &f C/W %-f 3/4), DRUG MASTER FILES (21 CFR Parr 914.4?Q), AND TO IN THIS APPLICATION. (21 CFR f%l 312). NEW ORUG OR ANTIBIOTIC APPUCATION! PRODUCT UCENSE APPLICATIONS (21 CFR Par! S01) f?EFERRE[ IND 4426 IND 6859 = INU submission should be consecutively numbemd Zbe Wtfaf IND shwld be numbered “Sadal number: 000. ” lhe next submksion e. ~ amendmeng rqoo@ or cotrespondencej JO! Subsequent submksfons should be should be numbered “Serial Numbtm numbered consecutively in the order in which they>m submitted 1. THIS SUSMI B ION 00NTAINS THE FOLLOWfNG: (Cha&@that ~) INITIAL lNVESTIGATDNAL NEW DRUG APPUOATfON (lND) ‘ROTOCOL AMENDMENT(S) n SERIAL NUMSER 015 ——— RESPC44SE TO CLINICAL HOLO INFORMATION AMENDMENT(S): IND SAFETY REPORT(S) J NEW PROTOCOL ❑ CHEMISTRYrMICROSIOLOGY O INITIAL WRITTEN REPORT ~ CHANGE IN PROTOCOL O PHARMACOLOGYiTOXICOLOGY D FOLLOW-UP TO A WRfTfEN REPORT ~ NEW ff&’ESTIGATOR H CLINML J RESPONSE 70 FDAREOUESTFORINFORMATW Public Disclosure or Waiver of informed ❑ ANNUALREPORT 3 REQUEST FOR REINSTATEMENT OF INO THAT 1SWITHDRAWN, n ❑ GENERAL ODRRESPONDENOE OTHER iNAOTfVATED,TERMINATEDOR DISCONTfNUED (%=W CHECK ONLY IF APPLICABLE %., .. lUSTIFICATION STATEMENT MUST BE SLfBMllTEO WITH APPLICATION FOR I@ CHECt& ,: )ECTiON FOR FURTHER lNFORMATKfN. ~TREATMENT IND 21 Cl% 312.35(b) D Consent TREATMENT PROTOCOL d CFR 312.~a) . . “ri . ,,. .. B~OW. REFER TO THE C$TED CFR C@t%~}REQUEST/NOTIFICATION 21 CFR312.7(t ..’ FOR FDA USE ONLY :DR/DSIND/DGD RECEIPT STAMP I )DR RECEIPT STAMP -—_ INO NUMBER ASSIGNED. ORM FDA 1571 (1/97) PREVIOUS ) PAGE 1 OF 2 EOITION IS OBSOLETE ! rr I, 22..=, CONTENTS OF APPLICATION contains the following items: (Check all that app@) This application ~ 1. Form FDA 1571 [21 CFR 312.23(a)(l)] J 2 Table of Contents [2? CFR 312.23(a)(2)J I 3. Introductory statement /21 CFR 312.23(a)(3)) J 4. GWWS1 Investigational plan -Igatots [21 CFR312.23(a)(3)) brochure [21 CFR312!23(8)(5)J I 5. ~ 6. Protoooi(s) [21 CFR3t2.23(a)(6)j u [27 CFR 31223(8)(6)J a. Study protocol(s) D b. Investigator data/27 C~3i2.23@)(6)@,,(b)jor completed Form(s) FDA 1572 ❑ c. Fadfities data /27 CFR312.23(a)(6)(i#(b)jor ~ d. Institutional Review 8oard data [21 CFR 312.23(a)(6)@#(b)jor completedForm(s) J 7. Chemistry, manufacturing, and control data /21 CFR3?2.23(a)@)] ~ 6. Pharmacology and toxicology data [21 CFR3t2.23(a)(8)] ~ 9. Previous human experience [21 CFR312.23(a)(9)J n FDA 1572 completed Form(s) FDA 1572 Environmental assessment or claim for excfusion f21 CFR312.23(a)~)(?v)(e)] [21 CFR312.23(a)(10)J ~10. AddMortal reformation PARTOF THE CLINICAL STUDY TO BE CONDUCIEO SY A CONTRXT 3. tS W RESEARCH [email protected]? ~ ❑ NO S=VES. WfU ANY SPONSOR OSLIGATfONS BETRANSFERREDTO THE CWTRACT RESEARCH ORGANfZATION?~ YES FtEswof IF YES, A1-fAofi A STATEMENT C0NTAfNiN(3 7t4E NAt4E ND ADDRE3S OF 7HE ~a ff THE CLINICAL STUDY, AND ALfSTINS ~~E 0BL@4TfONS TRANSFERRED. 6859: ()()() ~- c ❑ YES ~ANDTln.EOF WPERSON RESPONEW-EFO RMONfTORlt@THE wEsnGATfoNs Robert lled~cal J. Przybelski, Director S w)&#lll~ ~ ORGANIXION. ~ee Im AND PROGRESSOF THE CfJMCAL M.~. OFTHE PERSON(S)RESPOf4SlSLEFOR REVtEWAND EVMUATfON OFtNFORMATtON RELEVANT TO THE Robert J. Przybelski, Medical Director M.D. 1agree not to begin clinical investigations until 30 days after FDA’s reoeipt of the lND unless I receive earlier notification by FDA that the studies may bsgln. I ●lso agree not to begin or contlnw clinkxd Investigations covered by the IND if those studies are placed on cllnlcal hold. I agree that an Institutional Review Board {IRS) that compiles with the M@@JM@S * ~rth In 21 CFR pan * Ml! b$ =@nslble for initial and tindng review and approval of each of the I agree to oonduct the Invaatlgatlon in accordance wtth ail other applicable studies in the proposed cfinical Investigation. nsgulatory raq uirements. Is. NAMEOF SPONSOR OR SPONSOR’S Authorized REWESEMATfVE J. Przybelski, Medical Director Robert m NxmEaS(N-. -, 17. SK3NATURE OF SPOHSOR OR SPONSOR’S AUTf+ORfZED R SENTA M.D. & B w w. Samand+ @C%) 19. TUEPHONE NLM4SER 30. DATE -m-) 120 & Wilson Road 60073 Round Lake, 11 (WARNINO: PM A willfultyfalse statement Ls a <847)270-5309 4 crirnhal oflenae. U.S,C. Tii 31% 18, ses. 1001.) m?porfing burden for this collection of infofrnatiin is estimated 10 avenge 100 hours per response, incfudhg the time for reviewing irist~, ~ existing data sources, gathering and maintainingp the data needed, and mrnpfeting revfewing the collection of information. Send mmm( Jmg Uus burden estimale or any other aspect 01 this cd ectmn of inlorrnafii, In&ding suggestions for reducing thw&?n to K;’%!XR!X%%%%’KW014 f4&;&H;;[;~~~#c!k!c@~m Washiion, OC 20201 j “An agen~ may not COnduct or sponsor, and a ermn is not required to respond to, a mlfectiin of mforma Ion unless it displays a currently vaht OMB mntrd number. 531-H Please 00 NOT RETURN this application to this address. FORM FOA 1571 (1/97) PAGE 2 OF 2 ,. –—— —— RdlikJlndlTitmlllnrna celr!iliklf!oooo ‘ to Test New Ichg , - Bloodprodua may save lives ~ MmtialHospitalis among35maja traumacanters&t areevahtiag a MWtnwmantforaiticallyinjured patiaM with severcbloodloss. The tmtment involves admkMdng an ~~wd~t @~~ @-1 w~ * as@OSIiSk Of@@ d%pk die k$t mdkd -. @SS-~~ Ba.xterHe.althcasq k., has deveks@ tbePtOdU4 ~treatment of tmxnapatknts in shock Tle ti which is dm ~CDXFXKV _O~=~O w~~is fig ** audmzedbydieU.S.FoodandDrugMmdstra do%rtqukes poblicnoticebecauseit willoccuruodercmmgencyconditions thatmaystqoire anexceptionfrominformedcansett Thisnoticeattemps to addressquestionsaboutthetrial. Wi3willmakeeveryaaem or frostily A DCLHbmis ghm andall phsta and members wiU becos@@y infcartedof rhdr partklpndon stsiOuslyhlJusedp3rhlasf@quendysdwiuthehospitathsottock , thdrfhily wkha@d5cmtbtoodtsw Desphcdsebcsrsarcs ne&tnebastoc@x,as Maapw my=a~dtimwd~yh~pauwtieh to obtaincoruemfrom patiem,rbeirle.gal L repzwntatiws Adl*tiptior tim~s*tiwmy . --pW*[email protected] dxiTkajUrk&studies mggeSrtbstDcUib" msyisnprovether&aceclf pedsmtaWbodecide llottocohuein [email protected]@chassoa afkp@tg aowivalasdrcdudssgcomplications wtm it is given he Srody. shockandblrcding, hmodmu& atithcbcgistning ofcasasrsophic A Da.Hb"tsasbeeusateosivelystudiodiorarldosnizaduiala kWolviskgrO&e tbaat700 padcrmoverafour-ycarperiod to evaluate its mdbaamks$ ydlowing of dla &in(Uruelarad 10 M-@WJ~d-tititiG&@tiedmlwof indudi”i,gDCMP. atttu~ md M abdomiaalandmusskpsin. ntwmd d heasedreredustbe Sisioftslood-bodhtfecrioaa Blood Am6. Duxb~maysesromblood 5us14iacreistMoodftowto praamra rnaY bafollowing adosialsmtion: bowcvu,tb$smay blood @g viralotgXssandcqeMygerImCer andtiSStSC.S. babadcaal wpatuntsmshockwbosabloodpreaaweisdangerbualy tesr-ksulia, t Unprary iaaotsa@redmdhaproducrsanbestoredinthoEmargaacy DcLHw -be giveu knrncdatcly afsa s patiem’s *&wlngcddcal momessrs iassabilizing a Ualssnapariem Q. D09S~m A DuHb~iaashdnkdindditiontotra&udwmmybe 9 I’@@thellCCdfOfbloodtransfusion? oeedetftotraatthoftajurcdpatiorIL(siithcptoducti$snadetiom bmmttWo4itwddnotbcsuirnblelaueadngp3iMrswbose reli$iouabdief4forbtdbloodcra@lsions.) PuientsWitlstiltgatau stsmdadtbe@ca iaddaStudy,isschdillg Moo4fluldsandaurgary. AM@.@lDCLMbThfrnty Sedllcedle nusnbarofbloodOansfudoas rm-tibjumd,vohm=bloo ddontions ~atill vital. Ixpcrrs winsnonflOcpllrbcSdcry dsmughourdteWiat. low.Iodepaastont Paaidandla pmidpadasgin thisdrugUid because be lvmedtsSo maygrc.atly W~5tUWSInXPa6CnU Q s e.xcd know side effecu Wbowill be eligible topardsipare? 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No addirhssd chargotwill be ineorredbypatientsast tit ateincaidcdtwdof immdaSetsaatate?lLTbaus FOOdadDang &ds&radeabaa gr8atcdmaexCcption fMlinformadooateatiosQch the ~lbcY luwtiyevalnati DCL.HWanddetamhd IJASU potetitial!xnetW greadyoarweighthe risks ofpatrkipasing!n ha oial. k asesok psdentsntayk earollrd in W studyand redveDCLHbw what ksfomd cmsear is riot possible. g ~ w Parkland Health & Hospital System 5201 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas, Texas 75235 \ .—- ofpardsipation. N ml-NmN12 de~rauma (kRt~O _ _. pa de pdda.nd Ulma moga . . ~arii Il?mebm I?4ueva Unpmducto de h sangre ~uepodrtu salvar la violas Mcmc&l Hospital@ c@eIos35cmtros& trauxna&h@@esqueestdncvahandouo tmtamkntonuevopas-a PaxMaMI paciellteshefidosCdticaumltcconunap41’dkh&sangreSCVCG+ El (xatamiCnto inc~cl Up*onpmduoto Cxpcdmeutal& _AoSdW~~$:~,_ a fhgo mayordexnor@ a y..wmdob.&9%?zFti%*s”g2s?a natmniwUo& crncrgenciacn spacknmsdem mmaquccsth:cae stado&ohoquc. 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AddtUSmashSS grmtisnexce@Otl &lOmiQfOtmd aSS&Tbcybsvc OarcfUffycvSIUStcd DcLHbmmd S&%$ -~**Y~~a**of “‘ “ ia&tiw AsawsulLp&atsms ybtauoucditlthk d * istfolmcdConsca! isml possible. L of DcLHb~? for blood twnsMon? ● DC1..Hb-”kadnkksd insddkioato “ A bol%edcdtotrcsttls ciajdpsdmt.(sincodloproducs. ml&&&y kwnbloo4itwould notbcsuiubls iamss&lgpuiotlts sdi#ousbslicfsroeoidbbXJdmlsfusiou&)Pxtiwn2win gad Smdard shcrapicsfn rhkpdy, inchsdiagblocd. !lUi& SqcJ. +ti -“,yY $equue$to=tU=sojm& rishuvlsidedfau d Dsllasmdtbc U.S.PoodsodDmtMmmmdoGNosdditionsI ‘. dsssgwwillbinamsdbypslimtsssaresllltofpsnidpadow wcuP$CUmdac.xCitai sbouttfupOmukl lhssprodwsl$uclls DcL3ib'mxyksvsto mtolllysaYslivabutakotomftndtksusdll Iifeofawxyscars [email protected] =$mPkOfb--.cxp$ad tbcssfctyaadkls ==@$~wbybm~*@&$Imhc@s$wth= sltothcr — To provide comments undfor mo~ inforntorion abour this product, pleuse call 214-648-5430. Par$landlIal*&EI.spitalSystern 52 1 Wny nines Boulevard D~l+ Texas 75235 - -P ##-z 000-000004 .-. ● P ● A NEWS TIPS R ● K ,L,A,N,D NEWS TIPS NEWS TIPS April 14, 199? FOTImrudiate klooM Contack Swan K Wilson work (214) S9Q-&)~ Pap (214) 7864527 New drug ttatd - OU rntidiy iqjumd tmltfna @cnts DALLAS-P8akkd Walth & WSpital System’sTkaumaDopar?matis one of ?Xirnatoly 35 sites tostingancwdrugbit mq helpszwcb WCSofsomcof tie most mtkttlj y i@uui tralunapatiults. ~tiy4pt&dl*@mb* =atitd&tidwmbl@ 105s,dospk the best medd cam available. ~enmhgkabld--h-h-~bld~s -~ in a ~l~tione ~ ~ x ~ b ma =wJy injti patientsu major txaurn?oen,tcrsacrosstbe oouatrycopreventdw harm!ideffectsof were bloodloss in iSiuuMK&xedbyMxtorXcaltbcarc Ccqoration’s IMZKIXS. The bkxi pSUCW Bloo Wxdtutcs Dtf&iiOsi. Y .+VXXX MOpatierm who am at W ofdyiagfromtbcir rn,es willbe part ofti nadonwidetrial.Bcoaue of the c&W natureoftkit rnjtiq few Many of thesepatients @hqlcd#*MdmmtMm*~h*rnid Mof-xmsa-wacq,ti-wtiumcao solution. TIK3c patietxsab will be giy &loImUyusedto &at shock RWdnlgise Hemo@bin@CLHbT a+ Odierstmda@ lc$E%P@du’bM’”+~~~”-= #obut solutior.adkd LhspmnCTOSS-LJnImd ,wkhhaskmutbod;dforti@tes@bytieF dtid ~MmkWationaiterf6uty emfhumauciinid&iddnvdv@mmti7@ iUCIU&# 139shock aud -~ “ef~. ptiCTdS, Sxuh help Sbbii to tho mostseverelyinjured traumapaficms to win b Uimhistercd * Silook andimyOvO paliult OutcOml UcOdhlg IOIX. David Pmv* chief ohioal invcstig#Orforthc dtug*&%~~@lh@4nt Univdty of TexasSadmM&m ~SOhJtiOtliSI@C~OU-OreX prO&SOrofnqq ‘ ti’lhe inxma~~oodcoils-ljloti supp[iesdaatwouldothemtkbemmovcd fsom Y loodbanks8nddcsuoycd.lnstea&&a new PKXCSS ckvciopcciby BucteL the bloodis tma&dtoremovedu bmogktbin,the m&w=y@ ~mpm-f~blod fkomthebkxxi ds.’rhenit is doestlqcuodtobecmss-matcbcd8r&dcan#@yk@Jfcdi,n itnmccUouseinthcmOaakicaltfauma~,(Wcedtc %KRL12 P ‘giousboliofsforiidbloocl bti d wouldnotbe sMaMehtrWngp@caG ~transfuJoOsJ -rhenew~=*wti@ete 45-timhtintitia [email protected] cxamplGmatddngtlwviodm’abloodtypewithbloodbank suppks m * aslongas45 minutes. - bloodloathecdls amdepnvedofh Wwxlpasial@bavcscrip Mlmatlo Ix@ 10 d%” Frovostsaid.‘Their bloodpsessurc Oxy@idod bythehemogWn UM3 drops,their organsb@u to (@ aad fti:l,theF:tk!dies.: Thconlyway tointcrvcne inthisprocoss ist.o~ Ymphm the bloodthat caries theoxyg#=nch hemoglobinto the celis. DCLH?J can be given to a patiait of any bloodtype withw May, sum it contains My the hemoglobinfrom the blood cell, ncxthe andgcnsfound on *6 sutfaseof -’-m- 000-000005 NCWdmg — add Otx the cell. The hemoglobincarriesoxygow andmay improve oxygen dclivcg to the organs @need h mom help rem the ~Yc ticda of shock and save lives. Becauseof thecziticalna(uxeofthia ~=ofqnqency, t% FDA hasgmnwdan cxcc “onfrom infofmai comontnormall manewdtugstudy. tisoonas ~ r ble,howevur,the~“ent orthe &y* bcmfbnncdofthestud yandcandocideif theywishto continueparticipating. Parklandwaschosen watestsitc tnnuseofirsre “onas a majortraumaOaet andkst@usaschc prinwytcach inghospitalforUTSo r western. w --u-l .—. ~ &J@f#~” -...—..——— ——----- - .— ._— I —.. ——_. ——-—____ 4%tw#lilip ‘1– ‘ NeWIJJg-Te3~–”---———--—..--._.——— ‘“----–-” ——. ----- Contact: Susan K. Wilson Work: (214) 590-8054 April 8, 1997 For immediate Release — Mwa!@ ----- ___ ._ .. . . ____ ___ _. --,.._ _.. . .. . .. . . ____ New drug tested on critically injured trauma patients DALLAS - Parkland Health & Hospital System’sTrauma Department is one of approximately 35 sites testing a new drug that may help save the lives of some of the most critically injured trauma patients. Approximately40 percent of all such patients die as a result of shock due to blood loss, despite the best medical care available. The new drug is a blood producl made from expired human red blood cells suspended in a solution. It is being tested on the most severe!y injured patients at major trauma centers across the country to prevent the harmful effects of severe blood loss in trauma patients. The blood product is manufactured by Bax[er HealthCareCorporation’sBlood Substitutes Division. About 850 patients who are at risk of dying from their injuries will be part of the nationwide trial. Because of the critical nature of their injuries, few if any of these patients will be capable of giving informed consent before the drug is administered. Half of these patients will receive the drug; the other half will receive a saline solution. These patients also will be given all other standard therapies and procedures normally used to treat shock patients, including blood, fluids and surgery. The dmg is a purified hemoglobin solution called Dkspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHbTM), which has been authorized for clinical testing by the Food and Drug Administration after four years of human cIinical trials involving more than 700 patients, including 139 shock and trauma patients. DCLHbm wiil be administered only to the most severely injured trauma patients to help stabilize shock and improve patient outcome, according to Dr. David Provo~ chief clinkxd investigator for the drug at Parkland and assistant professor of surgery at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. The solution is made from outdated or expired human red blood cells - blood supp~iesthat would otherwise be removed from blood banks and destroyed. instead, in a new process developed by Baxter, the blood is treated to remove the hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying component of the blood, from the blood AIs. Then it is pasteurii. It does not need to be cross-matched and can easily be stored in emergency deptutments for immediate use in the most critical trauma eases. (Since the product is made from human blood, it would not be suitable in treating patients whose religious beliefs forbid blood tmnsl%sions.) The new treatment ean shave fkomfiv; to 45 minutes from the time it takes to obtain blood for trandhdon. For example, matching the victim’sblood type with blood bank supplies can take as long as 45 minutes. ‘When patients have serious traumatic blood loss, the cells are deprived of the oxygen earned by the hemoglobin and begin to die,” Provost said. “Their blood pressure drops, their organs begin to die, and , ____.–– 000-000007 finally, the patient dies.” .n. The only way to intervene in this process is to immediately replace the blood that carries the oxygen-rich hemoglobin to the cells. DCLHbTMcan be given to a patient of any blood type without delay, since it contains only the hemoglobin from the blood cell, not the antigens found on the surface of the cell. The hemoglobin carries oxygen, and may improve oxygen delivery to the organs that need it most, help reverse the destructive effects of shock, and save lives. Becauseof the critical nature of this type of emergency, the FDA has granted an exception from informed consent normally required in a new drug study. As soon as possible, however, the patient or the family will be informed of the study and can decide if they wish to continue participating. Parkland was chosen as a test site because of its reputation as a major trauma center and its status as the primary —- teaching —--— hospital for UT Southwestern. .—._— —.. - _.. . . .. _. ..__.-._.,.._, . .. Authorized by: Dep[. of Corporate Communications - Parkland Health& Hospital System -520 I Harry Hines .—. . ... -—-. 5908054 -...——- ..-....-.. .. — Blvd.- DallasTX 75235-214 . —-.—— .-— — —.-.. . _________ _____ ._ / / / / / / / / ., u K-. #$??J!, ‘i’ (.4/; ., ‘- ‘ — . .- ?’. . . / 1 / / ;