Download Amanda Merrifield Lauren Molyneaux Period 3 The Age of

Amanda Merrifield
Lauren Molyneaux
Period 3
The Age of Napoleon and Metternich
Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769 – May 5, 1821)
Background
-
Took power in 1799 and was viewed as a national hero after he and the conspirators took over
_____________________
December 1799:
Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804
-
-
Reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the liberal and essentially moderate revolution of 1789
o
o
Women lost many gains they had made in the 1790’s
o
Wanted to re-establish the family monarchy, with the father and husband as an absolute power over the wife
and children just how Napoleon was over his subjects
New Economic Ideas
-
With the help of the leading bankers of Paris, Napoleon was able to establish the privately owned
___________________________
The new economic order appealed to peasants who gained both _________ and __________
Reassured the solid middle class and peasantry who had lost a large number of its revolutionary illusions in the
face of social upheaval
French Bureaucracy
-
Napoleon accepted and strengthened the position of the French bureaucracy and built on the solid foundations
that the new revolutionary governments had inherited from the Old Regime
Perfected a thoroughly centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for
the network of ministers, prefects and appointed mayors
Pushed aside former revolutionaries who leaned too far radical on either side of the spectrum
Religion
-
In 1800 the French clergy was still divided into two groups:
o
o
-
Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the Concordat of 1801
o
The pope gained for French Catholics: _________________________________________
o
Napoleon gained: _________________________________________________________
Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy
-
-
Treaty of ________________ (1801): Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German
territory on the west bank of the Rhine was incorporated into France
Treaty of ________________ (1802): France remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west
bank of the Rhine and most of the Italian peninsular
o Diplomatic triumph for Napoleon
o Also given right to reshape the German states as he wished
He aggressively redrew the ____________________________ so as to weaken Austria and attract the secondary
states of southwestern Germany toward France, while trying to restrict British trade with all of Europe
______________, ______________ and ______________ joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against
France
Battle of _____________ (October 21, 1805): French and Spanish fleet was annihilated by the British Royal Navy
Battle of _____________ (December 1805): Napoleon achieved a huge victory over the Austrians and Russians
 Austria accepted large territorial losses in return for peace for peace  Third Coalition collapsed
Napoleon: Emperor of Europe?
-
Treaties of _____________: Prussia lost half of its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization
of western and central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon’s economic blockade against British goods
Increasingly Napoleon saw himself as the emperor of ____________ and not just of France
Napoleon’s Three-Part Grand Empire
-
Core (first part): France, which included Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy and much German territory on
the east bank of the Rhine
Second Part: a number of dependent satellite kingdoms on the thrones of which he places the members of his
large family
Third Part: Independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia
Napoleon’s Reforms on Europeans
-
-
Introduced many French laws, abolishing ___________________________ where it had not already been done
so
o
Levied heavy taxes which led him to be regarded more as a conquering tyrant than as an enlightened liberator
Reforms Lead to Backfire
-
French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism
First revolt occurred in _____________________ when a coalition of Catholics, monarchists and patriots
rebelled against napoleons to make Spain a satellite nation
Spain was a clear warning, yet Napoleon pushed on
Napoleon’s continental system, designed to exclude the British from trade, backfired and France ended up
suffering from Britain’s counter-blockade
Napoleon Invades Russia
-
Began in June of ________ with a force of 600,000
Battle of _______________ was a draw and Russians retreated
Alexander I of Russia ordered the evacuation of Moscow and refused negotiation
Napoleon Invades Russia (cont.)
-
After 5 weeks in Moscow, Napoleon ordered a retreat that would become one of the greatest military disasters
in history
The Russian army, the Russian winter and starvation cut Napoleon’s army to pieces
370,000 men died and another 200,000 had been taken prisoner
Napoleon abandoned his troops and went to Paris to form new army
Napoleon Abdicates the Throne
-
On ____________________, Napoleon abdicated the throne and was granted the tiny island of Elba as his own
tiny state
Napoleon was allowed to keep his imperial title and France was required to pay him a yearly income of 2 million
francs
________________ becomes new monarch
End of an Era
-
Louis XVIII was old, ugly, crippled by gout and lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon
Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815  Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took control
Allies crushed him at the _____________________ on June 18, 1815 and imprisoned him on the island of St.
Helena
Louis XVII returned and regained his reign
November
1799:
Napoleon
overthrows
the
Directory
December
1804:
Napoleon
crowns
himself
emperor
1801: Treaty
of Lunéville
and
Concordat
of 1801
December
1799: French
voters approve
Napoleon's new
constitution
1802: Treaty
of Amiens
December
1805: Battle
of Austerlitz
October
1805: Battle
of Trafalgar
1807:
Treaties of
Tilsit -->
Napoleon
redraws
map of
Europe
April 1814:
Napoleon
abdicates
and is exiled
to Elba
Late 1812:
Napoleon
retreats
from Russia
1810: Height
of Grand
Empire
June 1812:
Napoleon
invades
Russia
March 1814:
Quadruple
Alliance is
formed to
defeat
France
1815:
Napoleon
excapes
from Elba
and rules
France until
he is
defeated at
the Battle of
Waterloo
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria (May 15,1773-June11, 1859)
Napoleon and Metternich Overlap
-
Congress of Vienna, at the end of Napoleon’s Era
o _________________________ revived, Louis XVIII reinstated, as a lenient settlement from the allies in
attempts at a Balance of Power
o Revolutionary triumph uncertain the idea of
______________________________________________________________________________
feeling of irritation because they’ve come full circle
-
Metternich felt balance of power meant
_________________________________ of political and
military forces to discourage aggression from anyone
Europe after Congress of Vienna
Intervention and repression
-
Reestablishment of political peace domestically = Metternich crusaded against all ideas about the dual
revolution; lasted until 1848
1st step: Joined the Holy Alliance
o Austria + Prussia + Russia
o To preserve ________________ principles
o Became a symbol of repression
o Horrified Metternich; did not want another rev. battled against liberal political change
(______________________rooting out liberal papers/universities)
Metternich and Conservatism
-
Believed liberalism embodied revolutionary spirit and should be crushed
Felt it coalesced with ____________________, which also should be crushed
o It’s for national Safety, guys
People don’t have a voice in gov’t
Concert of Europe
-
Congress System
o
_____________________- wanted to combine enlightenment ideals with modern day problems to keep
wars like the Napoleonic Wars from happening again
o
In effect until ___________
o
Reaction to _____________________
Religion
Romanticism
-
Emotional exuberance, unrestrained______________, spontaneity in both art and personal life
A reaction to conservative politics
Saw growth of modern industry as ugly and brutal- wanted exotic escape
Artistic People of Importance
-
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)-
-
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)-
-
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)-
Economics
-
Serfdom still existed in poorer parts of _________________
Laissez Faire- Adam Smith
o People wanted less conservative, absolute power and more free rule; saw this in Smith’s “invisible hand”
philosophy
o Free competition among trade
o Saw this as new type of ____________
o Inspired by Wealth of Nations
Socialism
-
1815 marked the beginning of Utopian Socialism; originally started in ____________
A gov’t should be rationally organized economically
New laissez-faire economy denied workers the right to organize  violently upset the French urban workers
developed a sense of class
____________ philosophy on the rise
o Communist Manifesto
o Bourgeoisie/proletariat
Austrian Empire in 1848
-
-
Upheaval in France revolution in __________________, first
o Liberals demanded written constitutions , representative gov’t and civil liberties from authoritarian
regimes
o Caused Metternich to flee in disguise toward ___________. The old absolutist order seemed to be
collapsing
o Tried to appease by ___________________in the country, but the city did not rest revolutionaries
wanted to join w/minorities and create a Hungarian nation (didn’t go over well)
 Gov’t played revolutionaries against minority groups
Aristocratic forces toppled the revolution. FOR NOW.
1815: Congress
of Vienna
1848:
Communist
Manifesto
1818: Joined the
Holy Alliance
1815: Utopian
Socialism Begins
1821: Metternich
joins "Germanic
Confederation"
1848: First
Hungarian Revolt
Stopped
1848: Metternich
flees at first sign
of disturbance
Prompt: Analyze the shifts in the European balance of power in the period between 1763 and 1848.
Thesis: The shifts in the European balance of power between 1763 and 1848 mostly had to do with liberal reform stemming from
France; conflicts such as the French and Indian War, French Revolution, and eventually the Congress of Vienna caused the balance
to shift drastically.
Paragraph one: End of French and Indian War
 French wanted to overcome their king in north America
 Peace of Paris
o France lost all its claims in Canada
o Ensured colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain and strengthened the colonies
o Bitterness over this France helping Americans in war for independence
o Britain became new world power (shift!)
Paragraph two: French Revolution
 Liberal reforms gone bad
 Tried to shift power into hands of gov’t; instead, lost power
 Ended up with Napoleon as a dictator/leader, which put France back in the lead
Paragraph three: Metternich’s balance of power and Socialism
 Congress of Vienna (to end France’s rule)
 Holy Alliance and all the others
 Conservatism to keep everyone in line
 Congress system- tried to keep EVERYONE balanced; no one should have too much power!
 Socialism (originated in France) gained prominence Revolutions of 1848; balance upset again
Question: Analyze various ways in which government policies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era contributed to a
greater sense of French national identity in the period 1789 to 1815.
Thesis: During the period of 1789 to 1815, the French Revolution and Age of Napoleon that followed helped contribute to a greater
sense of French national identity through new republican values, increased rights and Napoleon’s foreign policy.
Paragraph One: New Culture from New “Republican Way”
-
New calendar emphasized Republican ideals
“Fraternity” played a large role in making all citizens feel part of the country
o Based off new slogan “Liberté, égalité, fraternité”
Paragraph Two: Increased Rights
-
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Napoleonic Code
Both increased rights during both periods and encouraged people to feel proud of their country and national unity
Paragraph Three: Napoleon’s Wars increase national pride
-
By conquering foreign lands, Napoleon was able to encourage people’s pride and spirit for their country, thus
increasing nationalism
Again, Napoleonic Code increased France’s wealth and international standing, which emphasized a greater sense of
French national identity