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Chapter 8
The Appendicular
Skeleton
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Appendicular
Skeleton
•  The Appendicular Skeleton
•  126 bones
•  Allows us to move and manipulate objects
•  Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
•  The limbs
•  The supportive girdles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
AXIAL SKELETON
80
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
126
(see Figure 7–1)
Pectoral
girdles
Upper
limbs
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal
bones
16
4
60
Metacarpal
10
bones
Pelvic
girdle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Phalanges
28
Hip bone
2
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).
Lower
limbs
60
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle
•  The Pectoral Girdle
•  Also called shoulder girdle
•  Connects the arms to the body
•  Positions the shoulders
•  Provides a base for arm movement
•  Consists of:
•  Two clavicles
•  Two scapulae
•  Connects with the axial skeleton only at the
manubrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle
•  The Clavicles
•  Also called collarbones
•  Long, S-shaped bones
•  Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
•  Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle.
Scapula Clavicle
Jugular notch
a The position of the clavicle within
the pectoral girdle, anterior view.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle.
Acromial end
LATERAL
Facet for
articulation
with acromion
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sternal
end
MEDIAL
b Superior view of the right clavicle.
Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle.
Sternal
facet
Acromial end
LATERAL
Cunoid
tubercle
Costal
tuberosity
MEDIAL
Sternal end
c Inferior view of the right clavicle.
Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid
tubercle and the costal tuberosity.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle
•  The Scapulae
•  Also called shoulder blades
•  Broad, flat triangles
•  Articulate with arm and collarbone
•  Anterior surface depression is subscapular fossa
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula.
Acromion
Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Superior
angle
Lateral
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Body
Lateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula.
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Acromion
Spine
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Inferior angle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Lateral view
Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula.
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Acromion
Superior
border
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Body
Medial
border
Lateral
border
Inferior angle
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
8-2 The Upper Limbs
•  The Humerus
•  Also called the arm
•  The long, upper arm bone
•  Articulates with the pelvic girdle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Greater tubercle
Head
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular
groove
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Shaft
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
a Anterior surface
Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Head
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial groove
Olecranon fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior surface
Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Head of radius
Trochlea
Capitulum
Coronoid process of ulna
Radial notch of ulna
c Elbow joint, anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
Trochlea of humerus
Ulna
Head of radius
d Elbow joint, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-2 The Upper Limbs
•  The Forearm
•  Also called the antebrachium
•  Consists of two long bones
1.  Ulna (medial)
2.  Radius (lateral)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-2 The Upper Limbs
•  The Radius
•  Lateral bone of forearm
•  Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
•  Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches
biceps
•  Articulations of the radius
•  Ulnar notch
•  Distal end
•  Articulates with wrist and ulna
•  Styloid process
•  Stabilizes wrist joint
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon
Radial head
Proximal
radioulnar
joint
Neck of
radius
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Ulnar head
Styloid process of ulna
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Styloid process
of radius
a
Posterior view
Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna.
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial head
Radial notch
Neck of
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Distal radioulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process
of radius
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Ulnar tuberosity
Ulna
c Lateral view of ulna,
showing trochlear
notch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-2 The Upper Limbs
•  Eight Carpal Bones
•  Four proximal carpal bones
•  Four distal carpal bones
•  Allow wrist to bend and twist
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Carpals
Radius
Carpals
Ulna
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Lunate
Scaphoid
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Hamate
Trapezoid
I
Capitate
I
V
II
Pollex
III
IV
V
Metacarpal
bones
IV
III
II
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Phalanges
Phalanges
Proximal
Proximal
Middle
Middle
Distal
Distal
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
b
Posterior view
8-2 The Upper Limbs
•  Metacarpal Bones
•  The five long bones of the hand
•  Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
•  Articulate with proximal phalanges
•  Phalanges of the Hands
•  14 total finger bones
•  Pollex (thumb)
•  Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
•  Fingers
•  Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Radius
Carpals
Ulna
Carpals
Lunate
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Hamate
Trapezoid
Capitate
I
V
II
Pollex
III
IV
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Metacarpal
bones
Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Carpals
Ulna
Carpals
Radius
Lunate
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Trapezoid
Hamate
I
Capitate
V
IV
III
II
Metacarpal
bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Posterior view
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  The Pelvic Girdle
•  Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
•  Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
•  Part of the pelvis
•  Coxal bones
•  Made up of three fused bones
1.  Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
2.  Ischium
3.  Pubis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  Coxal Bones
•  The acetabulum
•  Also called the hip socket
•  Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
•  Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal
bone)
•  Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)
•  Acetabular notch
•  A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Gluteal Lines
Iliac crest
Anterior
Inferior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Lunate surface
Acetabulum
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabular notch
Greater sciatic notch
Pubis
Ischial spine
Superior ramus
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Inferior ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
a Right hip bone, lateral view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Gluteal Lines
Iliac crest
Anterior
Inferior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Lunate surface
Acetabulum
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabular notch
Greater sciatic notch
Pubis
Ischial spine
Superior ramus
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Inferior ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
a Right hip bone, lateral view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Auricular surface
for articulation
with sacrum
Iliac
fossa
Iliac
tuberosity
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Arcuate line
Pubis
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubic tubercle
Pectineal line
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Location of
pubic symphysis
b Right hip bone, medial view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  Coxal Bones
•  Articulations of the pelvic girdle
•  Sacroiliac joint
•  Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium
•  With the sacrum
•  Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity
•  The Pelvis
•  Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the
coccyx
•  Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum,
and lumbar vertebrae
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ilium
Pubis
Hip bone
(see Figure 8–7)
Ischium
Iliac crest
L5
Iliac
fossa
Sacroiliac
joint
Sacrum
Ilium
Arcuate
line
Pubis
Acetabulum
Pubic
symphysis
Pubic
tubercle
Ischium
Obturator
foramen
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ilium
Pubis
Hip bone
(see Figure 8–7)
Ischium
Iliac crest
L5
Sacral
foramina
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacrum
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Greater
sciatic
notch
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Coccyx
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Posterior view
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  Divisions of the Pelvis
•  True pelvis
•  Encloses pelvic cavity
•  Pelvic brim
•  Upper edge of true pelvis
•  Encloses pelvic inlet
•  Perineum region
•  Inferior edges of true pelvis
•  Forms pelvic outlet
•  Perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  Divisions of the Pelvis
•  False pelvis
•  Blades of ilium above arcuate line
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Pelvic
brim
Pelvic
inlet
a Superior view. The
pelvic brim, pelvic inlet,
and pelvic outlet.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic brim
True
pelvis
Pelvic outlet
b Lateral view. The
boundaries of the true
(lesser) pelvis (shown
in purple) and the
(false) greater pelvis.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
Pelvic outlet
Ischial
spine
c Inferior view. The limits
of the pelvic outlet.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
•  Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
•  Female pelvis
•  Smoother and lighter
•  Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
•  Pelvis modifications for childbearing
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (>100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upward
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4).
MALE
FEMALE
SKULL
Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother
About 10% larger
Cranium
About 10% smaller
More sloping
Forehead
More vertical
Larger
Sinuses
Smaller
Larger
Teeth
Smaller
Larger, more robust
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandible
Smaller, less
robust
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4).
PELVIS
Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust
More vertical; extends farther
superior to sacroiliac joint
Long, narrow triangle
with pronounced
sacral curvature
Ilium
Sacrum
Less vertical; less extension
superior to sacral articulation
Broad, short
triangle with less
sacral curvature
Deeper
Iliac fossa
Shallower
Narrower,
heart
shaped
Pelvic inlet
Open,
circular
shaped
Narrow
Pelvic outlet
Enlarged
Coccyx
Points
inferiorly
Points
anteriorly
Directed
laterally
Oval
Under 90º
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubic angle
Faces slightly
anteriorly
Triangular
100º or more
OTHER
Heavier
More prominent
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone weight
Bone markings
Lighter
Less prominent
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 3 of 4).
PELVIS
Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance
More vertical; extends farther
superior to sacroiliac joint
Long, narrow triangle
with pronounced
sacral curvature
Ilium
Sacrum
Deeper
Iliac fossa
Narrower,
heart
shaped
Pelvic inlet
Narrow
Pelvic outlet
Points
anteriorly
Directed
laterally
Oval
Under 90º
Coccyx
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubic angle
OTHER
Heavier
More prominent
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone weight
Bone markings
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 4 of 4).
PELVIS
General Appearance Broader, smoother, less robust
Ilium
Sacrum
Less vertical; less extension
superior to sacral articulation
Broad, short
triangle with less
sacral curvature
Iliac fossa
Shallower
Pelvic inlet
Open,
circular
shaped
Pelvic outlet
Enlarged
Coccyx
Points
inferiorly
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubic angle
Faces slightly
anteriorly
Triangular
100º or more
OTHER
Bone weight
Bone markings
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lighter
Less prominent
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  Functions of the Lower Limbs
•  Weight bearing
•  Motion
•  Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  Bones of the Lower Limbs
•  Femur (thigh)
•  Patella (kneecap)
•  Tibia and fibula (leg)
•  Tarsals (ankle)
•  Metatarsals (foot)
•  Phalanges (toes)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  The Femur
•  The proximal epiphysis
•  Femoral head
•  Articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
•  Attaches at fovea capitis
•  The neck
•  Narrow area between head and trochanters
•  Joins shaft at angle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur.
Neck
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Femoral head
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Intertrochanteric line
Gluteal tuberosity
Lesser trochanter
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
Popliteal surface
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adductor tubercle
Anterior surface
Lateral condyle
b Posterior surface
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  The Patella
•  Also called the kneecap
•  A sesamoid bone
•  Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris
•  Base attaches quadriceps femoris
•  Apex attaches patellar ligament
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Base of patella
Attachment area
for quadriceps
tendon
Attachment area
for patellar
ligament
Apex of patella
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for
medial condyle
of femur
Articular surface
of patella
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Patella
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for
medial condyle
of femur
Lateral
condyle
of femur
Medial
condyle
of femur
c Inferior view of right femur
and patella
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  The Tibia
•  Also called the shinbone
•  Supports body weight
•  Larger than fibula
•  Medial to fibula
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  The Fibula
•  Attaches muscles of feet and toes
•  Smaller than tibia
•  Lateral to tibia
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Head of fibula
Superior
tibiofibular
joint
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Anterior margin
Tibia
Fibula
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior articular surface
a
Anterior view
Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Intercondylar
eminence
Articular surface of
lateral tibial condyle
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Lateral tibial condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous membrane
Fibula
Tibia
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
Trochlea of talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
V IV III
II
I
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hallux
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
a Superior view, right foot
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  Metatarsal Bones of the Foot
•  Five long bones of foot
•  Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
•  Articulate with toes
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  Phalanges of the Foot
•  Phalanges
•  14 bones of the toes
•  Hallux
•  Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal,
proximal)
•  Other four toes
•  Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
Trochlea of talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
V IV III
II
I
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hallux
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
a Superior view, right foot
8-4 The Lower Limbs
•  Arches of the Feet
•  Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to
another
•  The longitudinal arch
•  Calcaneal portion
•  Lateral
•  Talar portion
•  Medial
•  The transverse arch
•  Formed by a difference in curvature between
medial and lateral borders of the foot
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiform
bones Metatarsal
bones
Phalanges
Calcaneus
b Lateral view, right foot
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-14c Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Medial Navicular Talus
cuneiform
bone
Metatarsal
bones
Phalanges
Calcaneus
Transverse Longitudinal
arch
arch
c Medial view, right foot
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-5 Individual Skeleton Variation
•  Studying the Skeleton
•  Reveals characteristics
•  Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone
mass)
•  Medical history (condition of teeth, healed
fractures)
•  Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)
•  Body size
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 8-1 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.