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Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India:
R.N.
DELENG/2002/8668
VIPNET NEWS
A monthly newsletter of Vigyan Prasar Network of Science Clubs - VIPNET
MARCH 2009
VOL. 7
NO. 3
PRICE: Rs. 2.00
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k&[kxzkl
l czãkaM esa vusd jkspd ?kVuk,a ?kfVr gksrh jgrh gSa ftudk voyksdu gekjs eu esa jksekap vkSj
dkSrwgy iSnk djrk gSA lfn;ksa ls ekuo izÑfr dh ,slh vusd ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu djrs gq,
vius vuqHko vkSj Kku ds vk/kkj ij bu ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k djrk jgk gSA vkdk'k esa fctyh
dk peduk] /kjrh dk dafir gksuk ;kuh Hkwdia vkSj lw;Z xzg.k tSlh ?kVuk,a jksekap mRiUu djus ds lkFk ekuo
eu esa bu ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa tkuus dh mRlqdrk iSnk djrh jgh gSaA lw;Z xzg.k ,slh gh vn~Hkqr ?kVuk gS tks
ekuo eu dks izkphu dky ls gh vkdf"kZr djrh jgh gSA rc rd mls bl izkÑfrd ?kVuk dk oSKkfud i{k
ekywe ugha Fkk] vkSj mlus bl ?kVuk ds lkFk dbZ feFkd tksM+ fy, FksA bl ys[k ds ek/;e ls ge iw.kZ lw;Z
xzg.k dh ?kVuk dks le>us ds lkFk gh blls tqM+h fofHkUu ckrksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl djsaxsA gesa vk'kk gS
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k ;kuh [kxzkl lw;Zxzg.k tks fd 22 tqykbZ] 2009 dks gksxk mls ns[kuk ge lcds fy, jksekapdkjh
vuqHko gksxkA
b
Inside
fo'ks"k ys[k
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k&[kxzkl
foiusV laokn%
[kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ka
fodklokn ds tud & MkfoZu
Astronomical
Breakthroughs
of 20th Century
What are Dakshinayan and
Uttarayan?
dc gksrk gS [kxzkl
lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk rc ?kfVr gksrh gS tc i`Foh vkSj lw;Z ds chp panzek vk tkrk gS vkSj mldh Nk;k i`Foh
ij iM+rh gSA bl Nk;k ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igys Hkkx dks izPNk;k ;kuh iw.kZ Nk;k dgrs gSa tcfd nwljs Hkkx
dks miNk;k dgrs gSaA iw.kZ Nk;k 'kadq ds vkdkj dh gksrh gS ftlesa lw;Z dk izdk'k lh/ks izos'k ugha dj ikrk
gSA iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa iwjk va/kdkj gksrk gSA iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa mifLFkr isz{kd dks lw;Zo`Rr panzo`Rr
ls iwjh rjg <dk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,sls lw;Z xzg.k dks [kxzkl ;kuh iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA blls fHkUu miNk;k
esa lw;Z dk ds izdk'k dk dsoy ,d Hkkx gh igaqp ikrk gSA miNk;k okys {ks=k esa vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA ,sls {ks=k esa panzo`Rr] lw;Zo`Rr dks vkaf'kd rkSj ij <drk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA miNk;k dk {ks=k O;kid gksus
ds dkj.k vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k dks dkQh cM+s {ks=k ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj i`Foh ij xzg.k dh iw.kZ
Photo Quiz
Astronomy Puzzle
VIPNET Questionnaire
vkfo"dkjd tks nqfu;k dks jks'ku
dj x;k
i`Foh
miNk;k
lw;Z
pUnzek
lkbUVwu
xksyw dh lksp
Nk;k
'ks"k i`"B 3 ij--“The Sun was eclipsed; it was all gone. It was like ink
and without light. The stars were all visible (or: stars
were visible in the daytime).”... Hyaku Rensho
rch
Volume
7
Ma
09
20
foiusV laokn
[kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ak
Camp on Computer Education
lh-oh- jkeu lkbal Dyc] ;equk uxj] gfj;k.kk
Abdur
Rafay Memorial Club of IT, Ara,
}kjk varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009 ds
Bhojpur,
Bihar organised a three day
miy{; esa [kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ka vk;ksftr
dh xb±A bu xfrfof/k;ksa esa foKku izlkj }kjk camp on Information Technology during
January 27-29, 2009 at rural area of
Koilwar, Bihar. A large number of
students participated in the camp.
Students and teachers were trained on
various aspects of computer education, its
applications and job opportunities.
fodflr djkbZ xbZ ,LVªksukWeh xfrfof/k fdV
fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jghA bl fdV esa
miyC/k fiugksy dSejk] lksyj fQYVj ¼lw;Z ,oa
lw;Z xzg.k dh Nk;k ns[kus ds fy,½] lu Mk;y]
LVkj Mk;y] vkfn vusd xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e
ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh [kxksy foKku ds izfr fnypLih
c<+hA cPPkkasa ds lewg cukdj vyx&vyx
xfrfofèk;ksa dks nksgjk;k x;kA fdV ds lkFk
miyC/k LdkbZ okfPkax pkVZ ls jkf=k vkdk'k
voyks d u dk vkua n Hkh fy;k x;kA
Dyc }kjk viuh fjiksVZ esa ftu vU;
xfrfof/k;ksa dks n'kZ;k x;k gS mlesa 'kkfey gSa &
jk"Vªh; iznw"k.k fujks/k fnol] pkYlZ MkfoZu ds
thou ij ppkZ] jk"Vªh;Z foKku fnol] e'k:e dh
[ks r h dk voyks d u vkfn 'kkfey Fks A
foKku
iq L rd
forj.k
lkbal fjlpZ Dyc] ckank] m-iz- }kjk Dyc ds iwoZ
funs'kd ,oa LFkkid lnL; Lo- Jh foosd xqIrk
dh ;kn esa ^^foKku iqLrd** forj.k lekjksg
vk;ksftr dj foKku iqLrdksa ,oa if=kdkvksa dh
izfr;ka Nk=kksa dks forfjr dh xb±A foKku dh
iqLrdsa forfjr djus dk eq[; mnsn~'; fu/kZu o
es/kkoh Nk=ksa esa foKku v/;;u ds izfr #fp
tkx`r djuk gSA
VIPNET NEWS
VIPNET Orientation Programme
in Tamil Nadu
The first and the last sensitization
programme for formation of VIPNET
Clubs in the state of Tamil Nadu was
organized at PSGR Krishnammal
environment
among
students. In January 3- 4,
2009 clubs members visited various Eco
& Science tourist spots of Bhopal like
Regional Science Centre, Rashtriya
Manav Sangrahalaya, Van Vihar Safari
Park, Bharat Bhawan, Machhali Ghar
(Aquarium). Club also organised a
Science Fest 'Spectrum 2008' during
December 13, 2008 in celebration of
second anniversary of the club.
Learning Farm Tactics
Members of Kalpana Chawala Science
Club, Ram Shanti Vidya Mandir,
Pandhurna visited a farm to observe
agriculture activities and soil
degradation under their project. As per
College for women, Peelamede,
Coimbatore during Feb 19-20, 2009. The
programme was organized jointly with
Tamil Nadu S&T centre, Chennai.
During the workshop participants were
oriented for taking up activities by
forming science clubs in the school about
60 teachers representing various schools
attended the workshop. Each participate
was given resource materials in the form
of poster, CD and kits to start the
activities in the science club. The
department of education was also
included in the programme. During the
programme about 50 exhibits on Do-ItYourself were also displayed, explaining
scientific phenomena and the principals.
In Tamil Nadu two such workshops have
already being organized in the past at
Chennai and Trichi.
Study Tour to Bhopal
Eureka Science Club, Delhi Public
School, Vijaipur, M.P. organised a study
tour to Bhopal. Objective of this tour was
to develop awareness on science &
2
the report students were inspired through
the activities highlighted in VIPNET
News.
Yaga Camp
Members of Aryabhatta Science Club,
Sarawati Shishu Vidya Mandir, Sohela,
Bargarh, Orissa organised a Yoga Camp
on occasion of National Youth Day,
January 12, 2009. Special lecture on
"Coming genext and our aim" was also
organised in the camp.
izLrqfr% fufe"k diwj
[email protected]
Note: All VIPNET Clubs are advised to send
their reports monthly or quarterly, because it is
difficult for us to mentioned all your annual
activities in a single report. -Editor
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009
i`"B 1 dk 'ks"k Hkkx--Nk;k ugha iM+rh] dsoy miNk;k gh iM+rh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa èkjrh ij
vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
panzoR` r us iwjh rjg <d fy;k gSA gkykafd fdlh Hkh iw.kZ lw;Z
xzg.k dks i`Foh ds vR;ar lhfer {ks=k esa gh ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
vuwBk la;ksx
lw;Z xzg.k ds le; cnyko
lw;Z dk O;kl panzek ds O;kl ls 400 xquk gS vkSj i`Foh ls mldh nwjh Hkh èkjrh lw;xZ gz .k ds le; vkdk'k esa va/ksjk Nk tkrk gS] ysfdu panez k dh Nk;k i`Foh
ls pkan dh nwjh dh rqyuk esa 400 xquk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd i`Foh ls ns[kus ij ds vR;ar lhfer {ks=k ij iM+us ds dkj.k f{kfrt ls yxk i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy
gesa lw;Z vkSj panzek nksuksa dk vkdkj yxHkx leku yxrk gSA blfy, [kxz k l
ml le; Hkh izdk'keku jgrk gSA ;g
lw ; Z xz g .k ds nkS j ku pa n z e k lw ; Z ds
Path of Total Solar Eclipse ( 22 July, 2009)
?kVuk ekuo ds lkFk vU; tho&tarqvksa
iw j s xks y s dks <d ys r k gS A
dks pfdr dj ns r h gS A ftldh
lw;Z xzg.k ds laca/k esa ,d vkSj
vuwBk la;ksx mYys[kuh; gSA panzek
vkSj lw;Z ds vkdkj ,oa i`Foh ls
mudh nwjh esa ,slk vuqikr gS fd i`Foh
ls mudh dks.kh; vkÑfr yxHkx ,d
tSlh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA gkykafd muds
vkHkklh vkdkj /kjrh ls mudh
?kVrh&c<+rh jgus okyh nwjh ds QyLo:i
cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g rks ge tkurs gh
gSa fd i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek ,d o"kZ
esa iwjh dj ysrh gSA i`Foh lw;Z dh
ifjØek vaMkdkj d{kk esa djrh gS
ftlls o"kZ Hkj lw;Z ls i`Foh dh nwjh
cnyrh jgrh gS vkSj blds lkFk gh
lw;oZ R` r ds vkHkklh vkdkj ;kuh dks.kh;
O;kl esa Hkh ekewyh lk varj vkrk
jgrk gSA ftl le; i`Foh lw;Z ds
lcls ikl gksrh gS vkSj mldh panzek
dh nwjh lokZf/kd gksrh gS rc panez k dk
vkHkklh vkdkj lw;Z ds vkHkklh vkdkj
ls NksVk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;fn bl nkSjku
lw;xZ gz .k gksrk gS rc lw;oZ R` r ls xqtjus
okyk panzo`Rr mls iwjh rjg ugha <d
ikrk vkSj panz ds bnZ&fxnZ lwjt dk
fdukjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl rjg ds lw;Z
xzg.k dks dad.kko`fRr ;k oy;kdkj
lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k
dks dsUnzh; lw;Z xzg.k Hkh dgrs gSaA
lkekU;r;k Hk;fefJr izfrfØ;k gksrh
gSA bl le; i{kh vius ?kksalyksa dh
vksj oSls gh ykSVus yxrs gSa ftl izdkj
og lw;kZLr ds le; ykSVrs gSaA
Mk;eaM fjax
The greatest solar eclipse of the 21st century is
just a few months away. On Wednesday, 22 July 2009,
a total eclipse of the sun will be visible from within a
narrow corridor, which traverses a third of the
Earth.This eclipse will cross India from West to East.
The wide path of totality passes over the states of
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam,
Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and through highly
populated regions of India. Millions of citizens will
be able to watch the eclipse occurring in the sky over
their cities, villages and landscapes. The eclipse will
start off on the west coast of India and travel north
east across the sub-continent passing over Varanasi
and Darjeeling lasting for a duration of 4 minutes,
then onward through Bhutan and Bangladesh till it
reaches China.
vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k
vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k esa panzo`Rr dk dsUnz lw;Zo`Rr ds dsUnz ij ls ugha xqtjrk gSA
vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k esa panez k lw;Z ds ,d Hkkx dks gh <drk gSA panoz R` r ds lEidZ
ds ckn gh lw;Zo`Rr ds vkdkj esa deh gksus yxrh gS vkSj ;g izfØ;k lw;Zo`Rr
vkSj panzo`Rr ds dsUnzksa ds ,d&nwljs ds ;FkklaHko lehi vkus rd tkjh jgrh
gSA bl fLFkfr esa xzg.k viuh vf/kdre lhek rd igaqp pqdk gksrk gSA lw;oZ R` r
ds O;kl vkSj xzg.k ds nkSjku fn[kkbZ nsus okys mlds y?kqRre pki dh pkSM+kbZ
ds vuqikr ds vkèkkj ij xzg.k dh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh izs{kd dks yxrk gS fd lw;Zo`Rr dks
VIPNET NEWS
3
xzg.k ds nkSjkuk lw;Zo`Rr ds y?kq vkdkj
ds csgn irys pki ds yqIr gksus ij ghjs
dh vaxwBh ¼Mk;eaM fjax½ tSls n`';
lkeus vkrs gSaA ;g panzek dh ?kkfV;ksa
ls izR;kofrZr gksus okyk izdk'k gksrk gSA
blds QkSju ckn panzek ds fdukjs ds
èkals gq, fgLls pedhys eksrh ds :i esa
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;s xzg.k ds nkSjku lcls
var esa vn`'; gksrs gSaA bu pedhys
èkCcksa dks ßcsyh dh ef.kdk,aÞ dgk
tkrk gSA lw;Zo`Rr ls panzo`Rr ds nwljs
lEidZ ds lkFk gh ;s ef.kdk,a yqIr gks
tkrh gSAa bl le; rd panoz R` r lw;oZ R` r
dks iwjh rjg vkPNkfnr dj pqdk
gksrk gSA ;g lw;Z xzg.k dh pje
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lw;Z xzg.k dk [kxksyfoKkfu;ksa ds
fy, egRo
lw;xZ gz .k ds nkSjku panoz R` r ds pkjksa vkSj
lw;Z ls izLQqfVr yky iz{ksi ,oa o.kZeMa y
dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl le; T;knk
pedhys xzg ,oa rkjs Hkh utj vkrs gSAa
lw;Z ds /koy vkHkkeaMy dk foLrkj
lw;oZ R` r ds O;kl ls vfèkd gksrk gS] blhfy, xzg.k ds nkSjku panoz R` r] lw;oZ R` r
dks rks vkPNkfnr dj ysrk gS] ij mlds vkHkkeaMy dks ugh <d ikrkA iw.kZ
Nk;k ds iFk ds rkieku esa dbZ fMxzh fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA
lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku viuk;h tkus okyh lko/kkfu;ka
lw;Z xzg.k ls igys vkSj ckn dh fLFkfr esa ;kuh vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku
lw;Z dh rst ped ls vka[kksa dh fgQktr djuk vko';d gSA lw;Z xzg.k
dks fo'oLr fQYVj ;k ,slh vfr mn~Hkkflr 'osr&';ke ,Dl js IysVksa ls
ns[kuk pkfg, ftu ij pkanh ds feJ.k dk ysi p<+k gksA
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009
lw;Z xzg.kksa dh vko`fRr
lw;Z xzg.k dks fo'ks"kdj [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dks i`Foh ds lhfer Hkkx ls gh ns[kk
tk ldrk gSA lw;Z xzg.k lky esa nks ls ikap ckj gksrk gSA gkykafd o"kZ esa ikap
ckj lw;Zxzg.k dh fLFkfr dks viokn gh ekuk tk ldrk gSA fiNyh ckj lu~
1935 esa ikap ckj lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh vkSj ,slh ?kVuk vxyh
ckj lu~ 2206 esa ?kfVr gksxhA
'kke 5%29 ij gksxkA foKku izlkj bl volj ij vius pqus gq,
foiusV Dycksa ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ,d dSEi dk Hkh vk;kstu
djsxkA ftldh tkudkjh ge vxys vad esa nsaxsA
,sls djsa lw;Z xzg.k ns[kus dh rS;kjh
"
lw;Z xzg.kksa dh vof/k
,d iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh vf/kdre vof/k dsoy lk<+s lkr feuV gksrh gSA
bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd panzek dh vuqizLFk dkV vkdkj esa xzg.k ds nkSjku
ml ij iM+us okyh i`Foh dh
Nk;k ls dkQh NksVh gksrh gS
tcfd mldk vkHkklh vkdkj
lw;Z ds vkHkklh vkdkj ls
FkksM+k gh cM+k gksrk gSA ;gka
mYys[kuh; gS fd ;fn i`Foh
Hkh viuh /kwjh ij panz Nk;k
dh lkekU; fn'kk esa ¼if'pe
iw.kZ lw;Zxzg.k dk ,d n`';
ls iwoZ½ gh ugha ?kqerh] rks
[kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dh vof/k vkSj de gksrhA
"
"
"
"
lw;Z xzg.k pØ
lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk vekoL;k dks ?kfVr gksrh gSA gkykafd gj vekoL;k dks
lw;Z xzg.k ugha gkssrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd panzek dh d{kk dk ry
Økafro`Rr ds ry ds lkis{k >qdk gksrk gS] vFkkZr ml d{kk ds ry ds lkis{k
>qdk gksrk gS] ftlesa i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek djrh gSA nksuksa ryksa ds chp
5 fMxzh dk dks.k curk gSA blfy, panzek lw;Z ds Åij ;k uhps ls xqtj
ldrk gSA
"
"
2009 dk lw;Z xzg.k
"
21oha lnh ds lcls vf/kd le; rd ns[ks tk ldus okys iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh
?kVuk esa dqN gh eghus cps gSaA 22 tqykbZ] 2009 dks iM+us okyk iw.kZ lw;Z
xzg.k Hkkjr] iz'kkar egklkxj vkSj phu esa ns[kk tk ldsxkA lw;Z xzg.k dh
vfèkdre vof/k 6 feuV 38 lsdsaM rd gksxhA bl xzg.k ds Nk;kiFk dh
vfèkdre pkSM+kbZ 256 fdyksehVj gksxhAbl lw;Z xzg.k dk egRo varjkZ"Vªh;
[kxksfydh o"kZ dh n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA
D;k u djsa
"
"
Hkkjr esa dgka ls ns[kk tk ldsxk lw;Zxzg.k
22 tqykbZ] 2009 ds fnu djksM+ksa Hkkjrh; iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh vn~Hkqr vkSj
jkspd vkdk'kh; ?kVuk dks ns[kus dk vkuUn mBk ldsaxsA blds ckn Hkkjr
esa vxy iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k 20 ekpZ] 2034 esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA gkykafd 15 tuojh
2010 dks Hkh lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gksxh ysfdu ;g dsoy nf{k.kh Hkkx
;kuh dU;kdqekjh vkSj vkne ds iqy ds vklikl fn[kkbZ nsxkA oSls bl ckj
Hkkjr esa iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk dks ,d n'kd ckn ns[kk tk,xkA blls igys
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk 1995 ,oa 1999 esa ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA bl o"kZ 22 tqykbZ]
cq/kokj ds fnu ?kfVr ;g xzg.k xqtjkr ds lqjr 'kgj ls xqtjrk gqvk Hkkjr
esa if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj gksxkA xzg.k dh bl ?kVuk dks xqtjkr] e/;izns'k]
mRrjizn's k] fcgkj] >kj[k.M] if'pe caxky] vle] es|ky;] v:j.kkpy izn's k
vkfn izn's kksa esa ns[kk tk ldsxkA xzg.k dk vkjaHk Hkkjrh; le;kuqlkj yxHkx
VIPNET NEWS
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh 'kq:vkr ls igys lw;Z dk dsoy ijkofrZr
izfrfcEc ns[kuk gh mfpr gSA
lw;Z ds izfrfcEc dks fdlh fiu ds cjkcj fNnz ls Nk;k ;qDr 'ksMsM
nhokj ij izsf"kr djsaA
Nk;k ;qDr nhokj ij lw;Z ds izfrfcEc dks izsf"kr djus ds fy, ,d
NksVs ls niZ.k dks dkxt ls <d dj mlesa 1 ls 2 lsaVhehVj ds
o`Rrh; fNnz dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fdlh lQsn dkxt vFkok LØhu ;k fQj nhokj ij lw;Z ds izfrfcEc
dks iz{ksfir djus ds fy, NksVh nwjchu dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA NksVh nwjchu dk iz;ksx djrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku vo';
j[kuk pkfg, fd ;fn bldk dksbZ Hkkx IykfLVd dk gS rks mls lw;Z
ds izdk'k dh xehZ rFkk fi?kyus ls cpkuk gksxkA
xzg.k ds nkSjku vkaf'kd :i ls <ds lw;Z dks lh/kk gh fdUrq lqjf{kr
<ax ls ns[kus ds fy, oSKkfud rjhds ls ijhf{kr o izekf.kr fQYVj
dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
fQYVj dh fQYe ij fdlh Hkh rjg dh [kjksap ;k eksM+us ls og lw;Z
xzg.k dks lqjf{kr <ax ls ns[kus ds fy, Bhd ugha gksrk gSA blfy,
lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, vPNs fQYVj dk gh iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A
iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku] lw;Z dks :d&:d dj ns[ksa vFkkZr lw;Z xzg.k
dh ?kVuk dks yxkrkj u ns[ksaA
;g mfpr gksxk fd lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, dksbZ vuqHkoh O;fDr
lkFk gks tks lw;Z xzg.k ds ckjs esa vPNs ls tkurk gksA
"
"
uaxh vk[kksa ls lw;Z xzg.k dh vkaf'kd vFkok oy;kdkj voLFkk esa
ns[kus dh ps"Bk u djsaA
fdlh Hkh ,sls fQYVj dk iz;ksx u djsa tks lw;Z dh n`'; rhozrk dks
?kVkrk gksA
lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, jaxhu fQYe] /kq,a ls dkys fd, x, ;k
jaxhu cuk, x, dkap ftls LeksDM Xykl Hkh dgk tkrk gS] /kwi ds
p'es] ukWu&flYoMZ 'osr ';ke ¼CySd ,aM OgkbV½ fQYe] QksVks
xzkfQd] U;wVªy MsfUlVh fQYVlZ rFkk iksyjkbftax fQYVlZ dk iz;ksx
u djsaA
jaxhu ikuh esa cuus okyh lw;Z dh ijNkbZ dks ugha ns[ksaA
¼;g ys[k foKku izlkj }kjk [kxzkl 2009 ds fy, rS;kj dh tk jgh lanHkZ lkexzh
ij vk/kkfjr gS½
izLrqfr% ch- ds- R;kxh ,oa uouhr xqIrk
[email protected], [email protected]
4
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009
ASTRONOMY PUZZLE 3
!
!
!
!
fp= igsyh& 36/Photo Quiz - 36
Answers of puzzle are hidden in the box. The answers are either
vertical, horizontal, diagonal or in reverse order.
Sample answer is shown in the puzzle.
Last date of receiving correct entries: May 15, 2009.
Winners will get an Astronomy activity kit as a prize. Please
send your entries to:-
Astronomy Puzzle-3, VIPNET News, Vigyan Prasar,
A-50, Sector 62, Noida-201 307
# ;g fp= fdl izfl¼ oSKkfud dk gS\
# Identify the picture of the famous Scientist's?
mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk% 15 ebZ] 2009
MªkW }kjk p;fur fotsrkvksa dks iqjLdkj Lo:i foKku izlkj ds izdk'ku
Hksts tk,¡xsA vius tokc bl irs ij Hkstsa%&
foiusV fp= igsyh & 36] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk
VIPNET Photo Quiz - 36, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sec. 62, Noida
Correct Answer of Photo Quiz 34
Clues
1. A zodiacal constellation which has the symbol as a balance.
2. A prominent zodiacal constellation seen in the southern sky
during the night sky of June to September
3. A zodiacal constellation known as Dhanu
4. A zodiacal constellation which has the Messier object M30
(globular cluster).
5. A zodiac known as Kumbha
6. A last zodiacal constellation
7. A constellation known as Saptarishi.
8. The brightest star in the night sky.
9. A star Procyon lies in the constellation.
10. A brightest star in the constellation Lyra and also known by
Abhijeet.
11. A constellation known as Hansa in Indian mythology.
$ Dr. Arvind C. Ranade
[email protected]
Hkwy lq/kkj
fiNys vad esa jsfM;ks /kkjkokfgd dk uke ^rkjksa ls ijs* fn;k x;k FkkA bl /
kkjkokfgd dks vc vkdk'kok.kh }kjk ^flrkjksa ls vkxs* uke fn;k x;k gSA vr%
ikBd ^rkjksa ls ijs* dks ^flrkjksa ls vkxs* i<+saA
& laiknd
VIPNET NEWS
5
This is Titan, the first known moon of Saturn, discovered in
1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. Titan is the
largest moon of Saturn and second largest moon of our solar
system. Titan is the sixth moon from Saturn. It has a diameter
roughly 50% larger than Earth’s moon. Titan is primarily
composed of water ice and rocky material. Its dense and opaque
atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan’s surface until
the arrival of the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004. Titan has
liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Polar Regions. These are the only
large, stable bodies of surface liquid known to exist anywhere
other than Earth. The surface is geologically young; although
mountains and several possible volcanoes have been discovered.
It is relatively smooth and few impact craters have been
discovered. Titan is the only moon known to have a dense
atmosphere made up of largely nitrogen and its climate includes
methane and ethane clouds.
Name of the winner: Shehzad S. Hathi, Rajkot, Gujarat
If you want to know more about Vigyan Prasar, its publications & software,
besides the next moves of VIPNET Science Clubs, please write to us at
the address given below:Vigyan Prasar
A-50, Institutional Area, Sector 62,
Noida (U.P.) 201 307
Regd.Office : Technology Bhawan,
New Delhi -110 016
Phone
: 0120 240 4430, 240 4435
Fax
: 0120 240 4437
Email
: [email protected]
Website
: http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009
fodklokn ds
tud & MkfoZu
rF;ksa ,oa erksa dks O;Dr djus dh fgEer dj tkrs
Fks vkSj dHkh&dHkh blds dkj.k mUgasa èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa
ds dksi dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA
,sls gh dqN izfl) Økafrdkjh oSKkfudksa esa
pkYlZ MkfoZu dk uke vxz.kh gSA MkfoZu 19oha lnh ds egku
oSKkfudksa esa ls ,d FksA MkfoZu us vius thoudky esa 25 iqLrdksa
dh jpuk dhA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd MkfoZu ds thou vkSj
dk;ks± ij nqfu;kHkj esa gtkjksa iqLrdsa fy[kh xbZ gSaA 12 Qjojh
1809 esa Jwtcjh] baXySaM ds ,d le`) ifjokj esa tUesa pkYlZ
MkfoZu us ,fMucxZ ;wfuoflZVh ls vk;qfoZKku dh i<+kbZ dh FkhA
gkykafd bl nkSjku MkfoZu ds dhV laxzg vkSj fpfM+;ksa dks fugkjus
ds vius 'kkSd dks dk;e j[kdj izÑfr ls fe=krk dks tkjh j[kkA
lu~ 1831 esa ikap o"kks± ds fy, pkYlZ MkfoZu ,p ,l chxy
$ ch- ds- R;kxh ,oa uouhr xqIrk uked tgkt ls oSKkfud ;k=kk ij fudysA ;k=kk ds nkSjku mUgksua s
ykW;y dh HkwxHkZ foKku ij vk/kkfjr ^fizfa liYl vkWQ ft;ksykWth*
[email protected], [email protected]
uked iqLrd i<+hA bl fdrkc esa MkfoZu us i<+k fd thok'e i`Foh
uo eu dh ,slh izo`fÙk gS fd og izÑfr ds jgL;ksa dks tkuus ij gtkjksa lky igys ik, tkus okys thoksa ds lcwr gSaA bl fopkj us MkfoZu dks
dks csrkc jgrk gS vkSj tc ;s jgL; mlls lacfa /kr gksa rks mldk dkQh izHkkfor fd;k vkSj mUgksaus viuh ;k=kk ds nkSjku ;g ik;k fd gj }hi ij
jksekap vkSj vf/kd c<+ tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd ekuo ,d gh iztkfr ds vyx&vyx i{kh gSAa ,slk mUgksua s nf{k.k vesfjdk ds xkykikxksl
eu esa lfn;ksa ls ;g tkuus dh mRlqdrk jgh gS fd mldk vkfoHkkZo /kjrh }hi ij fofHkUu izdkj ds if{k;ksa dks ns[kdj vuqHko fd;k FkkA ;k=kk ds vius
ij dSls gqvk\ fdl izdkj mlds vkpkj&fopkj ,oa 'kkjhfjd lajpuk vU; vuqHkoksa ij mUgksaus baXySaM ykSVdj xgu fparu&euu fd;k vkSj thou ds fodkl
izkf.k;ksa ls vyx gS vkSj og fdu&fdu pj.kksa o izfØ;kvksa ls xqtjdj vkt dh igsyh dks lqy>kus dh dksf'k'k djus yxsA bl izdkj MkfoZuokn /khjs&/khjs vius
tUe dh vksj c<+ jgk FkkA MkfoZu us vius
dh voLFkk rd igaqpk\ fo'o esa bruh
vè;;u vkSj voyksdu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk
fofo/krk dSls vkSj D;ksa mRi=k gqbZ\
bl o"kZ iwjs fo'o esa pkYlZ MkfoZu dh 200oha t;arh dks
fd tks izk.kh vius vki dks i;kZoj.k ds vuqdy
w
mijksDr ftKklkvksa dks ysdj vkfndky
èkwe/kke ls euk;k tk jgk gSA mudh tUeHkwfe baXySaM esa bl
<ky
ys
r
s
gS
a
ogh
vius
uLy
dks
vkxs
c<+
k
ikrs
ls gh vusd fo}kuks]a ,oa cqf)thfo;ksa us
iwjs vk;kstu dk uke ^MkfoZu 200* j[kk x;k gSA ogka 1
gSa ;k bl nqfu;k esa vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ dks thr
vius&vius rdZ izLrqr fd, ,oa mUgsa
tqykbZ 2009 ls MkfoZu ls tqM+s jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe dks vkjaHk
ysrs gSaA MkfoZu us fodklokn ds fl)kUr ds
fofHkUu iqLrdksa o èkeZxzUFkksa esa fy[kkA
fd;k tk,xk tks 24 uoEcj 2009 rd pysxkA bl o"kZ
varxZr crk;k fd ikS/kksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa dh
gkykafd foKku vkSj /keZ nksuksa ds }kjk
MkfoZu dh ;qxkardkjh fdrkc ^vkWu fn vksfjftu vkWQ
larkuksRifÙk dh 'kfDr miyC/k [kk| lkexzh dh
thou ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu
Lis'kht* ds Ms<+ lkS o"kZ iwjs gq, gSaA bl iqLrd dk
rqyuk esa dgh vf/kd rst j¶rkj ls pyrh gS]
èkkj.kkvksa ij vyx&vyx er izLrqr
MkfoZuokn dks izpkfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd izÑfr esa lHkh lthoksa ds eè;
fd, x, gSa vkSj ;g Hkh lR; gS fd
vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd lu~ 1859 esa ^vkWu
izkphu dky esa fofHkUu dky[kaMksa esa
vius vfLrRo ds fy, fujarj la?k"kZ py jgk gSA
fn vksfjftu vkWQ Lis'kht* dh 1200 izfr;ka Nih Fkha tks fd
fdlh ,d er dks iwjh rjg ls ekU;rk
ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i os gh izk.kh thfor cp
igys gh fnu fcd xbZ FkhaA
ugha fey ikbZA blhfy, vyx&vyx
ikrs gSa tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lokZf/kd vuqdwy
izns'kksa esa vyx&vyx /keZ ,oa erksa dks
gksrs gSaA bl izdkj thou dk la?k"kZiw.kZ Øe
ekuus okys yksxksa dh thou ds fodkl dks ysdj fofHkUu ekU;rk,a izpfyr vuojr pyrk jgrk gS vkSj blh izfØ;k ds nkSjku 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSa
jgh gSaA
vkSj thoksa dk fodkl gksrk jgrk gSA bl izdkj ubZ ih<+h esa i;kZoj.k ds izfr vius
16oha&17oha lnh ds ckn ls gh leLr fo'o esa foKku ds izfr ftKklk dks vuqdwfyr djus dh [kwch mlds vfLrRo dks dk;e j[krh gSA MkfoZu ds
c<+ jgh Fkh ftlls ,slk ekgkSy cuus yxk Fkk tks ,d vksj oSKkfudkas dks fodklokn ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl esa Js"B fdLesa detksj
ubZ [kkstksa ds fy, mdlk jgk Fkk rks nwljh vksj /kkfeZd xqVksa ds fy, foKku fdLeksa ls vkxs c<+ tkrh gSa vkSj detksj iztkfr ds lnL;ksa dks izÑfr vius rjhdksa
lEer uohu /kkj.kk,a muds ijaijkxr ,oa /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ds le{k pqukSrh ls [kRe dj nsrh gSA uspjq y lsyDs 'ku ;kuh izkÑfrd oj.kokn ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj
mRi=k dj jgs FksA vusd oSKkfud lekt esa O;kIr va/kfo'oklksa ,oa izkphu vPNs Lrj dh uLyksa dks gh vkxs c<+usa dk ekSdk fey ikrk gSA
/kkj.kkvksa ds LFkku ij viuss u, rF;ksa dks izpkfjr djuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu
MkfoZu ds vuqlkj lHkh thoksa dk viuk yk[kksa&djksM+ksa o"kks± dk bfrgkl jgk
/kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ds Hk; ds dkj.k vf/kdrj vius u, o Øakfrdkjh fopkjksa gS vkSj ekuo bl tSoh; fodkl ds f'k[kj ij vkrk gSA muds vuqlkj ekuo vkt
dks lkoZtfud ugha dj ikrs FksA ysfdu dqN oSKkfud dHkh&dHkkj vius ds ouekuq"kksa ljh[ks fdlh vkfn dfi ekuo 'kk[kk ls fodflr gqvk gSA MkfoZu us
ek
VIPNET NEWS
6
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009
viuk ;g er vius nh?kZdkyhu voyksduksa ,oa v/;;u ds ckn O;Dr fd;k Fkk
ysfdu bl er dk rRdkyhu iknfj;ks]a /kekZoyfEc;ksa us MVdj fojks/k fd;k D;ksfa d
MkfoZu ds fopkj ikjEifjd /kkfeZd fopkjksa lss esy ugha [kkrs FksA ;gh ugha ml le;
ds vusd oSKkfudksa rd us MkfoZu ds fopkj dks cscqfu;kn vkSj cdokl crk;k
gkykafd MkfoZu ds oSKkfud leFkZdksa dh la[;k vis{kkÑr dgha vf/kd FkhA ysfdu
/kkfeZd izHkkoksa ds dkj.k ml le;
vke turk MkfoZu ds fodklokn ds
fl)kUr dks vkRelkr ugha dj ikbZ
vkSj vusd lekpkj i=kksa esa MkfoZu
ij O;ax fy[ks x, ,oa mu ij dkVwuZ
cuk, x,A
oj.kokn ds fl)kUr dk lgkjk ysdj nqcZy yksxkasa dks vkSj
nck;k vkSj ,slk djrs gq, MkfoZu ds fodklokn fl)kUr dk
lgkjk fy;kA ,sls yksxksa us fodklokn ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k
vius&vius fglkc ls dhA dqN yksxksa us muds fl)kUrksa dks
rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k djrs gq, dgk fd nqfu;k esa detksj yksxksa
dks rks lekIr gksuk gh gSA 20oha
lnh ds vkjaHk esa detksj oxZ ds
yksxksa ds 'kks"k.k ds ihNs rdZ fn;k
tkus yxk Fkk fd izÑfr esa Js"B
vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gh fodkl dh jkg
esa vkxs c<+rk gS] nqcy
Z ,oa detkjs
O;fDr dks rks izÑfr Lo;a lekIr
cgqr yacs le; rd fo'o ds
dj nsrh gSA bl izdkj MkfoZuokn
vusd Hkkxksa esa ;k rks MkfoZu ds er
dh xyr O;k[;k dj dqN yksx
dks rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k fd;k x;k ;k
viuk mYyw lh/kk djrs jgsA blh
mls le>us esa Hkwy gqbZ ftlls
izdkj oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa vkt
tuekul esa MkfoZuokn dkQh le;
Hkh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka vius O;kikj
rd vius ewy :i esa ugha igaqpkA
MkfoZu ds vuqlkj ekuo viuh orZeku voLFkk esa fodkl dh fofHkUUk izfØ;kvksa ls dks foLrkfjr djrs gq, dgrh gaS fd
yksxksa us vusd o"kks± rd MkfoZu dks
xqtj dj igqapk gS
tks Js"B gS ogh cktkj esa fVd
,sls oSKkfud ds :i esa ;kn j[kk
ftlus canjksa dks vkneh dk iwoZt crk;k FkkA ysfdu lPpkbZ ;g gS fd MkfoZu us ik,xk vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i dqVhj m|ksx lfgr y|q m|ksxksa dks dkQh
balkuksa vkSj dfi;ksa ds fdlh la;qDr iwoZt dh ckr dh FkhA muds vuqlkj canj ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
rks viuh fodkl ;k=kk ds nkSjku ekuo fodkl dh 'kk[kk ls cgqr igys gh vyx
MkfoZu us dHkh ,slk lkspk Hkh ugha gksxk fd muds fopkjksa dh bl izdkj
jkLrk viuk pqds FksA MkfoZu ds bl fl)kUr dks rc cy feyk tc thok'eksa ds ls Hkh O;k[;k dh tk,xhA yksxksa dks bl ckr dks le>uk pkfg, fd MkfoZu
:i esa dfi;ksa] canjksa ,oa ekuoksa ds vfLFk iatj ds v/;;u djus ds nkSjku ekuo us viuk fl)kUr izkÑfrd lanHkZ esa fn;k Fkk] lkekftd ifjizs{; esa ughaA
ds vkfn iwot
Z ^jkekfiFksdl* dks ,d djksM+ o"kZ izkphu ekuk x;k tks fd ,d dfi muds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh tho dk 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj loZJs"B gksuk
ekuo ls izFke ekuokÑfr ds :i esa mRiUu gqvk FkkA
mldh izkÑfrd l{kerk ds Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA tc ekuo Lo;a dks
dqN yksxksa vkSj laLFkkvksa us MkfoZu ds izkÑfrd oj.kokn vkSj fodklokn ds yk[kksa o"kks± ds yacs fodkl Øe esa j[kdj ns[krk gS rks mls viuh lgh fLFkfr
fl)kUr dh O;k[;k viuh LokFkZflf) djus vkSj vius fopkjksa dks izpkfjr djus dk cks/k gksus ds lkFk gh ikjLifjd izse vkSj lfg".kqrk ij vk/kkfjr thou
ds fy, Hkh dhA ,sls yksxksa esa dqN ,sls rkuk'kkgksa dk uke Hkh gaS ftUgksaus izkÑfrd 'kSyh dh laHkkouk,a c<+ tkrh gSaA ysfdu vkt lHkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj
dj jgs gSa fd fiNys lkS&Ms<+ lkS o"kks± ds nkSjku tho'kkL=k ds rgr ftrus Hkh
Økafrdkjh 'kks/k gq, gSa os izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls MkfoZuokn ls izHkkfor
VIPNET Questionnaire 157
jgs gSaA ;g [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd MkfoZu ds fodklokn dks tUe fy, gq, Ms<+
lkS lky gks pqds gSa vkSj vc muds er dks cgqla[; yksxksa ds }kjk ekU;rk
fey pqdh gSA
#
foiusV iz'ukoyh 157
Question 1: How do we can measure the height of a
tree?
iz'u 1% ge ,d isM+ dh ÅapkbZ dSls uki ldrs gSa\
Question 2 : Why some plants need little water to grow?
iz'u 2% dqN ikS/kksa dks mxus ds fy, cgqr de ikuh dh vko ;drk gksrh
gSa] D;ksa\
Astronomy Puzzle - 1
Name of the Winner:
1. Saurav Kumar,
Chapra, Bihar
mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk%& 15 ebZ] 2009
MªkW ds }kjk rhu fotsrkvksa dk p;u gksxk vkSj mUgsa iqjLdkj
Lo:i foKku izlkj dh iqLrdsa Hksth tk,¡xhA vki vius mÙkj fgUnh ;k
vaxt
sz h esa bl irs ij Hkst ldrs gaS %&
foiusV iz'ukoyh &157] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk
2. Shehzad S. Hathi,
Rajkot, Gujarat
3. Narendra Patidar,
Mansour, M.P.
Congratulations!
Winner will receive
an Astronomy Kit.
VIPNET Questionnaire -157, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sector 62, Noida
VIPNET NEWS
"
7
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
foiusV iz'ukoyh 153 ds mÙkj
D;ksa vkSj dSls
tSo&fofo/krk D;k gS\
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k D;k gS\
tSo&fofo/krk ls rkRi;Z gekjh i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys fofHkUUk iztkfr;ksa ds
tho&tUrqvksa ,oa isM+&ikS/kksa ls gS tks fd ty] Fky ,oa fofHkUUk ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=kksa esa ik, tkrs gSAa tSo&fofo/krk esa iztkfr;ksa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa ds chp
thu&Lrjh; fofo/krk Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gS bl izdkj tSo&fofo/krk lHkh izdkj
ds thou dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA yxHkx 3-8 fcfy;e o"kZ igys i`Foh ij thou
dh mRifÙk ds le; ls i`Foh ij thoksa esa cgqr vf/kd fofof/kdj.k gqvk gSA
fo'o esa 15 yk[k ls vf/kd tkfr;ksa ds lk{; ,df=kr fd, tk pqds gaS ysfdu
vHkh 60 yk[k tkfr;ka [kkst rFkk ukedj.k dh izrh{kk esa gSaA
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ¼ikfjra=k½ izdf` r dh fØ;k'khy bdkbZ gS ftlesa lHkh oufLifr;ka]
tho&taUrq vkSj lw{e tho ¼tSfod dkjd½ vkil esa vkSj vkl&ikl ds HkkSfrd
i;kZoj.k ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrs gSaA ,d ikfjfLrfrdh ra=k ,d nwljs ij
fuHkZj jgus okys tho/kkfj;ksa ls cuh ,d iw.kZ :i ls Lora=k bdkbZ gS] ftlesa dh
tho/kkjh ,d nwljs ds lkFk lkeku O;ogkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSa ikfjfLFkfrdh
ra=k lkekU;r% dbZ [kkn~; Ja[kykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tks fd ,d
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds vanj tho&/kkfjr;ks dh vkRe fuHkZjrk dks iznf'kZr
djrs gSaA
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds vaxzsth i;kZ; bZdksflLVe 'kCn dk fuekZ.k 1920 esa
jkW; DyseQSu us fd;k ftldk vFkZ mUgksaus crk;k fd ^^i;kZoj.k ds HkkSfrd ,oa
tSfod vO;oksa dk feyu**A rRi'pkr fczfV'k bZdksykWftLV vkFkZj VSalys us bZdks
flLVe dks dqN bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k & ^^,d lai.w kZ ra=k-- ftlesa fd u dsoy
tho&/kkfj;ksa ds lady
q 'kkfey ga]S cfYd HkkSfrd dkjdksa dk lesdu ,d i;kZoj.k
dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA**
ikfjra=k izd`fr dh ,d fØ;k'khy bdkbZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tgka ij
tho/kkjh vU; thotarv
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gSaA eq[;r% ikfjra=k LFkyh; ,oa tyh; nks Js.kh;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA LFkyh;
ikfjra=kksa esa taxy] ?kkal ds ekSnku ,oa jsfxLrku vkrs gSa ,oa tyh, ikfjra=kksa esa
>hysa] rkykc] nynyh {ks=k] ue Hkwfe] ufn;ka ,oa Tokj uneq[k o leqnz vkfn
'kkfey fd, x, gSaA ,d ikfjra=k ds ?kVdksa esa mRikndrk] ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k
& vkgkj Ja[kyk] vkgkj tky] ÅtkZ {kfr 'kkfey gSaA ;s ?kVd ,d nwljs ls
lEcafèkr gksrs gSaA
leqnzh tSo&fofo/krk dk jkspd ut+kjk
Hkkjr fo'o ds egk tSo&fofo/krk okys {ks=kksa esa vkrk gS vkSj fo'o ds 28
tSo&fofo/krk ^gkWV LikWV* esa ls nks Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSA ,d losZ{k.k fjiksVZ
¼1999½ ds vuqlkj ns'k esa djhc 49 gtkj ikS/kksa dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 81 gtkj
tho&tarqvksa dh iztkfr;ka gSa] tks fd fo'o dh oufLifr;ksa dk 12-5 izfr'kr
,oa tho&tUrqvksa dk 6-5 izfr'kr gSA tSo&fofo/krk dk vè;;u ,d jkspd
fo"k; gS tks gesa vk'p;Z ls Hkj nsrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd i`Foh ij 20
gtkj phfV;ksa dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 3 yk[k Hk`xa ksa dh iztkfr;ka] 28 gtkj eNfy;ksa
dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 20 gtkj ls vf/kd vkWjfdM dh iztkfr;ka gSaA
rkykc dk ikfjra=k
gekjs tSo&eaMy esa iztkfr ds Lrj ij ,oa tSoh; laxBu ds Lrj ij
dksf'kdkvksa ds v.kqvksa ls ysdj thokse ¼ck;kse½ rd cgqr fofo/kr feyrh gSA
tSo&fofo/kr 'kCn lkekftd tho&foKkuh ,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu
ds izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofo/krk dks n'kkZus ds fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k
gSA tSo&fofo/krk esa vkuqokaf'kd fofo/krk] iztkfr;k fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh;
fofo/krk 'kkfey gSA
vkuqokf'kd fofoèkrk esa ,d tkrh vkuqokaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k
esa fofo/krk n'kkZ ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vf/kd vkuqokaf'kd :i ls
fHkUUk /kku dh rFkk ,d gtkj ls vf/kd vke dh tkfr;ka gSaA tkrh; fofo/
krk esa ;g fHkUUkrk tkfr Lrj ij gksrh gSa tSls if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj
tkfr;ksa dh fofo/krkA ikfjfLFkfrdh; fofo/krk ikfjra=k Lrj ij gksrh gSA tSls
dh Hkkjr ds jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] eSaxzkso] dksjy jhQ] ue Hkwfe vkfnA izd`fr
dh bl le`) tSo&fofo/krk ds fuekZ.k esa yk[kksa o"kks± dk jkspd bfrgkl jgk
gSA vkt gesa viuh tSo&fofo/krk ds laj{k.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd gekjh
ouLifr;ksa vkSj tho&tarqvksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks fouk'k ls cpk;k tk ldsA
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ikfjra=k dh ifjdYiuk esa tks fopkj fn;k mlesa ,d LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k esa
lHkh thfor inkFkZ nwljs inkFkZ lHkh vU; inkFkks± ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrs
gSa ikfjra=k ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d ;wthu vksMe ds vuqlkj ^^,d ikfjra=k og
bdkbZ gS ftlesa ,d lekt ds lHkh tho/kkjh vius HkkSfrd okrkj.k ds lkFk
fØ;k djrs gSa ftlls dh ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk gS] ftlls fd tSfod
fofoèkrk vkSj tSfod pØ ,d fudk; ds vanj pyrk jgrk gSA**
izLrqfr% fufe"k diwj
[email protected]
8
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009
Astronomical Breakthroughs
of 20th Century
Presented by: Kapil Tripathi
[email protected]
The International Union has launched 2009 as International year of Astronomy (IYA2009). It is a global celebration
of astronomy and its contribution to society and culture with strong emphasis on education, public engagement
and the involvement of young people. In last century many discoveries were made in the field of astronomy. Cap
journal (Published by IAU) published an article on top ten achievements in the field of Astronomy. On that basis
following few Astronomical breakthroughs are given here in this article.
The Milky Way
Our Galaxy (the Milky Way) is a collection of about hundred billion
stars (1011 ) mostly arranged in a disc like shape. Several stars are
much brighter than Sun, while many are fainter. Our Sun is just an
average star located at a centre of the galaxy (light year is the distance
covered by light ray in a one year). The Milky Way is not the only
galaxy in the Universe. Many of the fuzzy nebular blobs that Charles
Messier (1730-1817) charted in the mid-18th century are actually
distant star systems just like our own. The breakthrough achieved in
1923, when Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) used the 100 inch Hooker
reflector and discovered a Cepheid variable( an important type of
variable star which have short periods to form a few days to few
weeks and regular in their behavior and seen not only in our galaxy
but also in other external galaxies). Soon it was realized that the
Universe contained over 1011 galaxies and not just the one. This is a
marvelous example of an astronomical breakthrough achieved in last
century.
The Universe is expanding
The American astronomer Edwin Hubble made the observations in
1925 and was the first to prove that the
universe is expanding. He proved that
there is a direct relationship between
the speeds of distant galaxies and their
distances from Earth. This is now
known as Hubble’s Law. The Hubble
Space Telescope was named after him,
and the single number that describes
the rate of the cosmic expansion,
relating the apparent recession
velocities of external galaxies to their
Edwin Hubble
distance, is called the Hubble Constant.
This was the one of the major breakthroughs in the field of astronomy.
triggered by Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on special relativity
and the introduction of mass-energy equivalence, this being
exemplified by the iconic equation
E = mc2. Before that astrophysicists
like Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington
(1882-1944) had to show that
centre of a star was some what
extraordinary. He also realizes that
stars were gaseous throughout and
that stars owed their stability to the
balance between the force exerted
by gravity and the opposing
pressure exerted by gas and
radiation. This gave the better
Sir Arthur Stanley
understanding of stellar evolution.
There are only two common types of stars
Slightly before our understanding of how stellar energy was
gained came the realization that the vast majority of stars are
essentially of just two types, the so-called “dwarfs” and “giants”.
The year 1910 saw certain astronomers drawing up lists of stellar
luminosities and surface temperatures (as time went by these
lists were extended to include radii and masses). Hertzprung
(1911) and Hyades. Russell (1914) research shows that
commonest were the “dwarfs”. Less common were the “giants”.
We now understand the composition of the baryonic
matter in the Universe
The generation of stellar energy
In year 1900, astronomers realized that stars were old, well over a
billion years old, and that they were very luminous for much the
greater part of their life. But astronomers did not know how the huge
amounts of stellar energy were produced. The breakthrough was
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9
Fred Hoyle
In 1900, the general consensus
was that stars were made of
“Earth”.
Since
1925
astronomers started to realize
that stars are predominantly
made of hydrogen and helium,
this clearly being a major
paradigm shift. Cecelia Payne
used the equations developed
by Meghnad Saha to convert
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009
spectroscopic line strengths into atomic number counts and
eventually stellar photospheric compositions. A second
important breakthrough in this field was the realization that
stars has following composition; metal rich Population I and
metal poor Population II. This was discovered by Walter Baade
in 1943. In 1957 the work of Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey
Burbidge, William Fowler and Fred Hoyle helped in explaining
how hydrogen helium mix produced just after the Big Bang,
and nuclear process that converts hydrogen into helium and
extends the sequence on to the production of carbon and oxygen,
silicon, sulphur, argon and calcium iron ect.
The Microwave Background Radiation
It is one thing to suggest that the Universe started with a “big
bang”. It is one thing to measure an expanding Universe, but it
is another to work out what made it expand. Robert Henry
Dicke et al. (1965) realized that a Big Bang would not only
accelerate matter away from a singularity but would also
produce extremely hot radiation that would cool as the Universe
expanded. If the Universe was 13,000,000,000 yr old it should
have a radius of 13,000,000,000 light years, and the radiation
should now have a temperature of only a few K. This corresponds
to an energy emission maximum at a wavelength of a millimetre
or so. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of Bell Telescope
Laboratories detected the background radiation in 1965 when
trying to eliminate static that was interfering with their
satellite communication system. This breakthrough
immediately converted cosmology to a vibrant exciting subject.
Dark Matter
Dark Matter is hypothetical matter that is undetectable by its
emitted radiation, but whose presence can be inferred from
gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark matter is postulated
to explain the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and other
evidence of “missing mass” in
the universe. The first person
to provide evidence and infer
the existence of a
phenomenon that has come to
be called “dark matter” was
Swiss astrophysicist Fritz
Zwicky, of the California
Institute of Technology in
1933. He applied the virial
theorem to the Coma cluster
of galaxies and obtained
evidence of unseen mass.
Fritz Zwicky
Zwicky estimated the
cluster’s total mass based on the motions of galaxies near its
edge. When he compared this mass estimate to one based on
the number of galaxies and total brightness of the cluster, he
found that there was about 400 times more mass than expected.
The gravity of the visible galaxies in the cluster would be far
too small for such fast orbits, so something extra was required.
This is known as the “missing mass problem”. Based on these
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conclusions, Zwicky inferred that there must be some non-visible
form of matter which would provide enough of the mass and gravity
to hold the cluster together.
Exoplanetary systems
An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet beyond the Solar
System, orbiting a star other than the Sun. As of March 2009,
342 exoplanets are listed in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia.
The vast majority have been detected through radial velocity
observations and other indirect methods rather than actual
imaging. Most announced exoplanets are massive gas giant planets
thought to resemble Jupiter, but this is a selection effect due to
limitations in detection technology. Projections based on recent
detections of much smaller worlds suggest that lightweight, rocky
planets will eventually be found to outnumber extrasolar gas
giants.
Extrasolar planets became a subject of scientific investigation
in the mid-19th century. Many astronomers supposed that such
planets existed, but they had no way of knowing how common they
were or how similar they might be to the planets of the Solar
System. The first confirmed radial velocity detection was made in
1995.
Solar neutrino problem
Inside the Sun nuclear fusion reaction takes place which converts
four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium, neutrinos (a
fundamental particle which has no mass and no electric charge)
and energy. The excess energy is released as gamma rays and as
kinetic energy of the particles, including the neutrinos— which
travel from the Sun’s core to Earth without any appreciable
absorption by the Sun’s outer layers.
Ray Davis (left) and John Bahcall
As neutrino detectors
became sensitive enough
to measure the flow of
neutrinos from the sun, it
became clear that the
number detected was
lower than that predicted
by models of the solar
interior. In various
experiments, the number
of detected neutrinos was
between one third and one
half of the predicted
number. This came to be
known as the solar neutrino
problem.
In the late 1960s, Ray Davis’s and John N. Bahcall’s was the
first to measure the flux of neutrinos from the sun and detect a
deficit based on Standard Solar Model and found neutrino has a
mass. For this achievement in year 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
was given to above scientists.
Source: The Top ten Astronomical Breakthroughs of the 20 century by
David W. Hughesand Richard de Grijs, CAP journal, issue1/2007.
1 0
#
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
Astronomy Activity Cornner
What are Dakshinayan and Uttarayan?
Aim: Understanding the Dakshinayan (Sun’s declination to
South) and Uttarayan
(Sun’s declination to North).
Tools: 1 meter stick, Calendar and Watch.
Procedure: To do the experiment follows the procedure
below.
1. Locate the plane surface from where you can see the Sun
without any obstacle.
2. With the help of magnetic compass mark the SouthNorth line on the ground and furthermore East-West
line; crossing each other in an exact proportion. This
will make 4 quadrants as shown in figure below.
Sun reaches its maximum to the south (South
declination) on 21 December and to the north
(North declination) on 21 June. These are called Winter and
Summer Solstices respectively. These dates may vary with ±1 or
±2 days.
Observation Table
Time of Observation: 8:00 AM (You can fix up any day
time!)
Result:
Draw the figure similar to what you observed at your observation
location.
$ Dr. Arvind C. Ranade
[email protected]
Direction at observation location & Shadow length
3.
Fix meter stick exactly at the intersection of these lines
i.e. at the origin (point O). Be sure that the stick is
exactly perpendicular to the plane surface. You can use
plumb line to see the exact verticalness of the stick.
4. Fix the day time observation which is to be constant for
all the year.
5. Shadow of the stick will fall in any one of the quadrants
made earlier.
6. Mark the tip of the shadow as a point in the quadrant.
7. Mark such points for four dates in the year. For more
details look at the observation table.
Theory
Ayan means movement. Dakshinaya and Uttarayan indicate the
Sun’s movement to South and North respectively. The correct
definition is the sun’s declination to North or South.
Since the earth’s axis is tilted by 23 ½ degree, the sun
appears more to the north for 6 months and to the south for
rest of the 6 months in a year. This is the reason that we
experience winter in the northern hemisphere and summer
in the southern hemisphere at the same time e.g. Australia is
cold and India is hot at same time.
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Form IV (see rule 8)
Details of the ownership and other facts relating to monthly
newsletter
‘VIPNET NEWS’.
Place of Publication
:
New Delhi
Periodicity of Publication
:
Monthly
Name of the Publisher &
the printer
:
Mrs. K.Dasgupta Misra
(on behalf of Vigyan
Prasar)
Nationality
:
Indian
Address
:
Vigyan Prasar
C-24, Qutab Institutional
Area, New Delhi- 110016
Name of the Editor
:
B. K. Tyagi
Nationality
:
Indian
Address
:
Vigyan prasar
C-24, Qutab Institutional
Area, New Delhi- 110016
Name & Address of
the owner
:
Vigyan Prasar
C-24, Qutab Institutional
Area, New Delhi-110016
I, Mrs. K.Dasgupta Misra to hereby declare that to the best of
my knowledge and belief, facts mentioned above are true.
Sd/Mrs. K. Dagupta Misra
1 1
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3
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[email protected]
xj ,Mhlu us fo|qr cYc dk vkfo"dkj u fd;k gksrk rks
'kk;n nqfu;k va/ksjs esa Mwch gksrhA oSKkfud Fkkel vYok
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U;w tlhZ esa nqfu;k dk igyk vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk [kksydj
Scientoon by: Pradeep K. Srivastava, [email protected]
xksyw dh lksp
What kind of light
goes around the earth?
A Satel-lite
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fp=kadu% ekulh esokM+h
,Mhlu us bfrgkl jp fn;kA vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds lw=k/kkj ds :i esa ,Mhlu dks
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vkfo"dkjd cu x,A e/kqesg jksx dh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k 18 vDVwcj 1931 dks
,Mhlu dk fu/ku gks x;kA
#
Published and Printed by Mrs. K. Dasgupta Misra on behalf of
Vigyan Prasar, C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110 016
Printed at Multi Colour Services, 92a, DSIDC Shed, Okhla
Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 020
VIPNET NEWS
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Editor
: B. K. Tyagi
Associate Editor : Nimish Kapoor
Contributors
: Kapil Tripathi, Dr. Arvind C. Ranade,
Navneet Gupta
Layout & design : Suman Pal
March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3