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DELENG/2002/8668 VIPNET NEWS A monthly newsletter of Vigyan Prasar Network of Science Clubs - VIPNET MARCH 2009 VOL. 7 NO. 3 PRICE: Rs. 2.00 iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k&[kxzkl l czãkaM esa vusd jkspd ?kVuk,a ?kfVr gksrh jgrh gSa ftudk voyksdu gekjs eu esa jksekap vkSj dkSrwgy iSnk djrk gSA lfn;ksa ls ekuo izÑfr dh ,slh vusd ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu djrs gq, vius vuqHko vkSj Kku ds vk/kkj ij bu ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k djrk jgk gSA vkdk'k esa fctyh dk peduk] /kjrh dk dafir gksuk ;kuh Hkwdia vkSj lw;Z xzg.k tSlh ?kVuk,a jksekap mRiUu djus ds lkFk ekuo eu esa bu ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa tkuus dh mRlqdrk iSnk djrh jgh gSaA lw;Z xzg.k ,slh gh vn~Hkqr ?kVuk gS tks ekuo eu dks izkphu dky ls gh vkdf"kZr djrh jgh gSA rc rd mls bl izkÑfrd ?kVuk dk oSKkfud i{k ekywe ugha Fkk] vkSj mlus bl ?kVuk ds lkFk dbZ feFkd tksM+ fy, FksA bl ys[k ds ek/;e ls ge iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk dks le>us ds lkFk gh blls tqM+h fofHkUu ckrksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl djsaxsA gesa vk'kk gS iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k ;kuh [kxzkl lw;Zxzg.k tks fd 22 tqykbZ] 2009 dks gksxk mls ns[kuk ge lcds fy, jksekapdkjh vuqHko gksxkA b Inside fo'ks"k ys[k iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k&[kxzkl foiusV laokn% [kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ka fodklokn ds tud & MkfoZu Astronomical Breakthroughs of 20th Century What are Dakshinayan and Uttarayan? dc gksrk gS [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk rc ?kfVr gksrh gS tc i`Foh vkSj lw;Z ds chp panzek vk tkrk gS vkSj mldh Nk;k i`Foh ij iM+rh gSA bl Nk;k ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igys Hkkx dks izPNk;k ;kuh iw.kZ Nk;k dgrs gSa tcfd nwljs Hkkx dks miNk;k dgrs gSaA iw.kZ Nk;k 'kadq ds vkdkj dh gksrh gS ftlesa lw;Z dk izdk'k lh/ks izos'k ugha dj ikrk gSA iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa iwjk va/kdkj gksrk gSA iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa mifLFkr isz{kd dks lw;Zo`Rr panzo`Rr ls iwjh rjg <dk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,sls lw;Z xzg.k dks [kxzkl ;kuh iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA blls fHkUu miNk;k esa lw;Z dk ds izdk'k dk dsoy ,d Hkkx gh igaqp ikrk gSA miNk;k okys {ks=k esa vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,sls {ks=k esa panzo`Rr] lw;Zo`Rr dks vkaf'kd rkSj ij <drk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA miNk;k dk {ks=k O;kid gksus ds dkj.k vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k dks dkQh cM+s {ks=k ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj i`Foh ij xzg.k dh iw.kZ Photo Quiz Astronomy Puzzle VIPNET Questionnaire vkfo"dkjd tks nqfu;k dks jks'ku dj x;k i`Foh miNk;k lw;Z pUnzek lkbUVwu xksyw dh lksp Nk;k 'ks"k i`"B 3 ij--“The Sun was eclipsed; it was all gone. It was like ink and without light. The stars were all visible (or: stars were visible in the daytime).”... Hyaku Rensho rch Volume 7 Ma 09 20 foiusV laokn [kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ak Camp on Computer Education lh-oh- jkeu lkbal Dyc] ;equk uxj] gfj;k.kk Abdur Rafay Memorial Club of IT, Ara, }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009 ds Bhojpur, Bihar organised a three day miy{; esa [kxksy foKku xfrfof/k;ka vk;ksftr dh xb±A bu xfrfof/k;ksa esa foKku izlkj }kjk camp on Information Technology during January 27-29, 2009 at rural area of Koilwar, Bihar. A large number of students participated in the camp. Students and teachers were trained on various aspects of computer education, its applications and job opportunities. fodflr djkbZ xbZ ,LVªksukWeh xfrfof/k fdV fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jghA bl fdV esa miyC/k fiugksy dSejk] lksyj fQYVj ¼lw;Z ,oa lw;Z xzg.k dh Nk;k ns[kus ds fy,½] lu Mk;y] LVkj Mk;y] vkfn vusd xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh [kxksy foKku ds izfr fnypLih c<+hA cPPkkasa ds lewg cukdj vyx&vyx xfrfofèk;ksa dks nksgjk;k x;kA fdV ds lkFk miyC/k LdkbZ okfPkax pkVZ ls jkf=k vkdk'k voyks d u dk vkua n Hkh fy;k x;kA Dyc }kjk viuh fjiksVZ esa ftu vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dks n'kZ;k x;k gS mlesa 'kkfey gSa & jk"Vªh; iznw"k.k fujks/k fnol] pkYlZ MkfoZu ds thou ij ppkZ] jk"Vªh;Z foKku fnol] e'k:e dh [ks r h dk voyks d u vkfn 'kkfey Fks A foKku iq L rd forj.k lkbal fjlpZ Dyc] ckank] m-iz- }kjk Dyc ds iwoZ funs'kd ,oa LFkkid lnL; Lo- Jh foosd xqIrk dh ;kn esa ^^foKku iqLrd** forj.k lekjksg vk;ksftr dj foKku iqLrdksa ,oa if=kdkvksa dh izfr;ka Nk=kksa dks forfjr dh xb±A foKku dh iqLrdsa forfjr djus dk eq[; mnsn~'; fu/kZu o es/kkoh Nk=ksa esa foKku v/;;u ds izfr #fp tkx`r djuk gSA VIPNET NEWS VIPNET Orientation Programme in Tamil Nadu The first and the last sensitization programme for formation of VIPNET Clubs in the state of Tamil Nadu was organized at PSGR Krishnammal environment among students. In January 3- 4, 2009 clubs members visited various Eco & Science tourist spots of Bhopal like Regional Science Centre, Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Van Vihar Safari Park, Bharat Bhawan, Machhali Ghar (Aquarium). Club also organised a Science Fest 'Spectrum 2008' during December 13, 2008 in celebration of second anniversary of the club. Learning Farm Tactics Members of Kalpana Chawala Science Club, Ram Shanti Vidya Mandir, Pandhurna visited a farm to observe agriculture activities and soil degradation under their project. As per College for women, Peelamede, Coimbatore during Feb 19-20, 2009. The programme was organized jointly with Tamil Nadu S&T centre, Chennai. During the workshop participants were oriented for taking up activities by forming science clubs in the school about 60 teachers representing various schools attended the workshop. Each participate was given resource materials in the form of poster, CD and kits to start the activities in the science club. The department of education was also included in the programme. During the programme about 50 exhibits on Do-ItYourself were also displayed, explaining scientific phenomena and the principals. In Tamil Nadu two such workshops have already being organized in the past at Chennai and Trichi. Study Tour to Bhopal Eureka Science Club, Delhi Public School, Vijaipur, M.P. organised a study tour to Bhopal. Objective of this tour was to develop awareness on science & 2 the report students were inspired through the activities highlighted in VIPNET News. Yaga Camp Members of Aryabhatta Science Club, Sarawati Shishu Vidya Mandir, Sohela, Bargarh, Orissa organised a Yoga Camp on occasion of National Youth Day, January 12, 2009. Special lecture on "Coming genext and our aim" was also organised in the camp. izLrqfr% fufe"k diwj [email protected] Note: All VIPNET Clubs are advised to send their reports monthly or quarterly, because it is difficult for us to mentioned all your annual activities in a single report. -Editor March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009 i`"B 1 dk 'ks"k Hkkx--Nk;k ugha iM+rh] dsoy miNk;k gh iM+rh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa èkjrh ij vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA panzoR` r us iwjh rjg <d fy;k gSA gkykafd fdlh Hkh iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dks i`Foh ds vR;ar lhfer {ks=k esa gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vuwBk la;ksx lw;Z xzg.k ds le; cnyko lw;Z dk O;kl panzek ds O;kl ls 400 xquk gS vkSj i`Foh ls mldh nwjh Hkh èkjrh lw;xZ gz .k ds le; vkdk'k esa va/ksjk Nk tkrk gS] ysfdu panez k dh Nk;k i`Foh ls pkan dh nwjh dh rqyuk esa 400 xquk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd i`Foh ls ns[kus ij ds vR;ar lhfer {ks=k ij iM+us ds dkj.k f{kfrt ls yxk i`Foh dk ok;qeaMy gesa lw;Z vkSj panzek nksuksa dk vkdkj yxHkx leku yxrk gSA blfy, [kxz k l ml le; Hkh izdk'keku jgrk gSA ;g lw ; Z xz g .k ds nkS j ku pa n z e k lw ; Z ds Path of Total Solar Eclipse ( 22 July, 2009) ?kVuk ekuo ds lkFk vU; tho&tarqvksa iw j s xks y s dks <d ys r k gS A dks pfdr dj ns r h gS A ftldh lw;Z xzg.k ds laca/k esa ,d vkSj vuwBk la;ksx mYys[kuh; gSA panzek vkSj lw;Z ds vkdkj ,oa i`Foh ls mudh nwjh esa ,slk vuqikr gS fd i`Foh ls mudh dks.kh; vkÑfr yxHkx ,d tSlh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA gkykafd muds vkHkklh vkdkj /kjrh ls mudh ?kVrh&c<+rh jgus okyh nwjh ds QyLo:i cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g rks ge tkurs gh gSa fd i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek ,d o"kZ esa iwjh dj ysrh gSA i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek vaMkdkj d{kk esa djrh gS ftlls o"kZ Hkj lw;Z ls i`Foh dh nwjh cnyrh jgrh gS vkSj blds lkFk gh lw;oZ R` r ds vkHkklh vkdkj ;kuh dks.kh; O;kl esa Hkh ekewyh lk varj vkrk jgrk gSA ftl le; i`Foh lw;Z ds lcls ikl gksrh gS vkSj mldh panzek dh nwjh lokZf/kd gksrh gS rc panez k dk vkHkklh vkdkj lw;Z ds vkHkklh vkdkj ls NksVk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;fn bl nkSjku lw;xZ gz .k gksrk gS rc lw;oZ R` r ls xqtjus okyk panzo`Rr mls iwjh rjg ugha <d ikrk vkSj panz ds bnZ&fxnZ lwjt dk fdukjk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl rjg ds lw;Z xzg.k dks dad.kko`fRr ;k oy;kdkj lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dks dsUnzh; lw;Z xzg.k Hkh dgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k Hk;fefJr izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA bl le; i{kh vius ?kksalyksa dh vksj oSls gh ykSVus yxrs gSa ftl izdkj og lw;kZLr ds le; ykSVrs gSaA Mk;eaM fjax The greatest solar eclipse of the 21st century is just a few months away. On Wednesday, 22 July 2009, a total eclipse of the sun will be visible from within a narrow corridor, which traverses a third of the Earth.This eclipse will cross India from West to East. The wide path of totality passes over the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and through highly populated regions of India. Millions of citizens will be able to watch the eclipse occurring in the sky over their cities, villages and landscapes. The eclipse will start off on the west coast of India and travel north east across the sub-continent passing over Varanasi and Darjeeling lasting for a duration of 4 minutes, then onward through Bhutan and Bangladesh till it reaches China. vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k esa panzo`Rr dk dsUnz lw;Zo`Rr ds dsUnz ij ls ugha xqtjrk gSA vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k esa panez k lw;Z ds ,d Hkkx dks gh <drk gSA panoz R` r ds lEidZ ds ckn gh lw;Zo`Rr ds vkdkj esa deh gksus yxrh gS vkSj ;g izfØ;k lw;Zo`Rr vkSj panzo`Rr ds dsUnzksa ds ,d&nwljs ds ;FkklaHko lehi vkus rd tkjh jgrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa xzg.k viuh vf/kdre lhek rd igaqp pqdk gksrk gSA lw;oZ R` r ds O;kl vkSj xzg.k ds nkSjku fn[kkbZ nsus okys mlds y?kqRre pki dh pkSM+kbZ ds vuqikr ds vkèkkj ij xzg.k dh lhek dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA iw.kZ Nk;k okys {ks=k esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh izs{kd dks yxrk gS fd lw;Zo`Rr dks VIPNET NEWS 3 xzg.k ds nkSjkuk lw;Zo`Rr ds y?kq vkdkj ds csgn irys pki ds yqIr gksus ij ghjs dh vaxwBh ¼Mk;eaM fjax½ tSls n`'; lkeus vkrs gSaA ;g panzek dh ?kkfV;ksa ls izR;kofrZr gksus okyk izdk'k gksrk gSA blds QkSju ckn panzek ds fdukjs ds èkals gq, fgLls pedhys eksrh ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;s xzg.k ds nkSjku lcls var esa vn`'; gksrs gSaA bu pedhys èkCcksa dks ßcsyh dh ef.kdk,aÞ dgk tkrk gSA lw;Zo`Rr ls panzo`Rr ds nwljs lEidZ ds lkFk gh ;s ef.kdk,a yqIr gks tkrh gSAa bl le; rd panoz R` r lw;oZ R` r dks iwjh rjg vkPNkfnr dj pqdk gksrk gSA ;g lw;Z xzg.k dh pje fLFkfr gksrh gSA lw;Z xzg.k dk [kxksyfoKkfu;ksa ds fy, egRo lw;xZ gz .k ds nkSjku panoz R` r ds pkjksa vkSj lw;Z ls izLQqfVr yky iz{ksi ,oa o.kZeMa y dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl le; T;knk pedhys xzg ,oa rkjs Hkh utj vkrs gSAa lw;Z ds /koy vkHkkeaMy dk foLrkj lw;oZ R` r ds O;kl ls vfèkd gksrk gS] blhfy, xzg.k ds nkSjku panoz R` r] lw;oZ R` r dks rks vkPNkfnr dj ysrk gS] ij mlds vkHkkeaMy dks ugh <d ikrkA iw.kZ Nk;k ds iFk ds rkieku esa dbZ fMxzh fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku viuk;h tkus okyh lko/kkfu;ka lw;Z xzg.k ls igys vkSj ckn dh fLFkfr esa ;kuh vkaf'kd lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku lw;Z dh rst ped ls vka[kksa dh fgQktr djuk vko';d gSA lw;Z xzg.k dks fo'oLr fQYVj ;k ,slh vfr mn~Hkkflr 'osr&';ke ,Dl js IysVksa ls ns[kuk pkfg, ftu ij pkanh ds feJ.k dk ysi p<+k gksA March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku o"kZ 2009 lw;Z xzg.kksa dh vko`fRr lw;Z xzg.k dks fo'ks"kdj [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dks i`Foh ds lhfer Hkkx ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lw;Z xzg.k lky esa nks ls ikap ckj gksrk gSA gkykafd o"kZ esa ikap ckj lw;Zxzg.k dh fLFkfr dks viokn gh ekuk tk ldrk gSA fiNyh ckj lu~ 1935 esa ikap ckj lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh vkSj ,slh ?kVuk vxyh ckj lu~ 2206 esa ?kfVr gksxhA 'kke 5%29 ij gksxkA foKku izlkj bl volj ij vius pqus gq, foiusV Dycksa ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ,d dSEi dk Hkh vk;kstu djsxkA ftldh tkudkjh ge vxys vad esa nsaxsA ,sls djsa lw;Z xzg.k ns[kus dh rS;kjh " lw;Z xzg.kksa dh vof/k ,d iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh vf/kdre vof/k dsoy lk<+s lkr feuV gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd panzek dh vuqizLFk dkV vkdkj esa xzg.k ds nkSjku ml ij iM+us okyh i`Foh dh Nk;k ls dkQh NksVh gksrh gS tcfd mldk vkHkklh vkdkj lw;Z ds vkHkklh vkdkj ls FkksM+k gh cM+k gksrk gSA ;gka mYys[kuh; gS fd ;fn i`Foh Hkh viuh /kwjh ij panz Nk;k dh lkekU; fn'kk esa ¼if'pe iw.kZ lw;Zxzg.k dk ,d n`'; ls iwoZ½ gh ugha ?kqerh] rks [kxzkl lw;Z xzg.k dh vof/k vkSj de gksrhA " " " " lw;Z xzg.k pØ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk vekoL;k dks ?kfVr gksrh gSA gkykafd gj vekoL;k dks lw;Z xzg.k ugha gkssrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd panzek dh d{kk dk ry Økafro`Rr ds ry ds lkis{k >qdk gksrk gS] vFkkZr ml d{kk ds ry ds lkis{k >qdk gksrk gS] ftlesa i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek djrh gSA nksuksa ryksa ds chp 5 fMxzh dk dks.k curk gSA blfy, panzek lw;Z ds Åij ;k uhps ls xqtj ldrk gSA " " 2009 dk lw;Z xzg.k " 21oha lnh ds lcls vf/kd le; rd ns[ks tk ldus okys iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk esa dqN gh eghus cps gSaA 22 tqykbZ] 2009 dks iM+us okyk iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k Hkkjr] iz'kkar egklkxj vkSj phu esa ns[kk tk ldsxkA lw;Z xzg.k dh vfèkdre vof/k 6 feuV 38 lsdsaM rd gksxhA bl xzg.k ds Nk;kiFk dh vfèkdre pkSM+kbZ 256 fdyksehVj gksxhAbl lw;Z xzg.k dk egRo varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksfydh o"kZ dh n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA D;k u djsa " " Hkkjr esa dgka ls ns[kk tk ldsxk lw;Zxzg.k 22 tqykbZ] 2009 ds fnu djksM+ksa Hkkjrh; iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh vn~Hkqr vkSj jkspd vkdk'kh; ?kVuk dks ns[kus dk vkuUn mBk ldsaxsA blds ckn Hkkjr esa vxy iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k 20 ekpZ] 2034 esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA gkykafd 15 tuojh 2010 dks Hkh lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk ?kfVr gksxh ysfdu ;g dsoy nf{k.kh Hkkx ;kuh dU;kdqekjh vkSj vkne ds iqy ds vklikl fn[kkbZ nsxkA oSls bl ckj Hkkjr esa iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk dks ,d n'kd ckn ns[kk tk,xkA blls igys iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk 1995 ,oa 1999 esa ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA bl o"kZ 22 tqykbZ] cq/kokj ds fnu ?kfVr ;g xzg.k xqtjkr ds lqjr 'kgj ls xqtjrk gqvk Hkkjr esa if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj gksxkA xzg.k dh bl ?kVuk dks xqtjkr] e/;izns'k] mRrjizn's k] fcgkj] >kj[k.M] if'pe caxky] vle] es|ky;] v:j.kkpy izn's k vkfn izn's kksa esa ns[kk tk ldsxkA xzg.k dk vkjaHk Hkkjrh; le;kuqlkj yxHkx VIPNET NEWS iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dh 'kq:vkr ls igys lw;Z dk dsoy ijkofrZr izfrfcEc ns[kuk gh mfpr gSA lw;Z ds izfrfcEc dks fdlh fiu ds cjkcj fNnz ls Nk;k ;qDr 'ksMsM nhokj ij izsf"kr djsaA Nk;k ;qDr nhokj ij lw;Z ds izfrfcEc dks izsf"kr djus ds fy, ,d NksVs ls niZ.k dks dkxt ls <d dj mlesa 1 ls 2 lsaVhehVj ds o`Rrh; fNnz dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh lQsn dkxt vFkok LØhu ;k fQj nhokj ij lw;Z ds izfrfcEc dks iz{ksfir djus ds fy, NksVh nwjchu dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA NksVh nwjchu dk iz;ksx djrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku vo'; j[kuk pkfg, fd ;fn bldk dksbZ Hkkx IykfLVd dk gS rks mls lw;Z ds izdk'k dh xehZ rFkk fi?kyus ls cpkuk gksxkA xzg.k ds nkSjku vkaf'kd :i ls <ds lw;Z dks lh/kk gh fdUrq lqjf{kr <ax ls ns[kus ds fy, oSKkfud rjhds ls ijhf{kr o izekf.kr fQYVj dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A fQYVj dh fQYe ij fdlh Hkh rjg dh [kjksap ;k eksM+us ls og lw;Z xzg.k dks lqjf{kr <ax ls ns[kus ds fy, Bhd ugha gksrk gSA blfy, lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, vPNs fQYVj dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k ds nkSjku] lw;Z dks :d&:d dj ns[ksa vFkkZr lw;Z xzg.k dh ?kVuk dks yxkrkj u ns[ksaA ;g mfpr gksxk fd lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, dksbZ vuqHkoh O;fDr lkFk gks tks lw;Z xzg.k ds ckjs esa vPNs ls tkurk gksA " " uaxh vk[kksa ls lw;Z xzg.k dh vkaf'kd vFkok oy;kdkj voLFkk esa ns[kus dh ps"Bk u djsaA fdlh Hkh ,sls fQYVj dk iz;ksx u djsa tks lw;Z dh n`'; rhozrk dks ?kVkrk gksA lw;Z xzg.k dks ns[kus ds fy, jaxhu fQYe] /kq,a ls dkys fd, x, ;k jaxhu cuk, x, dkap ftls LeksDM Xykl Hkh dgk tkrk gS] /kwi ds p'es] ukWu&flYoMZ 'osr ';ke ¼CySd ,aM OgkbV½ fQYe] QksVks xzkfQd] U;wVªy MsfUlVh fQYVlZ rFkk iksyjkbftax fQYVlZ dk iz;ksx u djsaA jaxhu ikuh esa cuus okyh lw;Z dh ijNkbZ dks ugha ns[ksaA ¼;g ys[k foKku izlkj }kjk [kxzkl 2009 ds fy, rS;kj dh tk jgh lanHkZ lkexzh ij vk/kkfjr gS½ izLrqfr% ch- ds- R;kxh ,oa uouhr xqIrk [email protected], [email protected] 4 March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009 ASTRONOMY PUZZLE 3 ! ! ! ! fp= igsyh& 36/Photo Quiz - 36 Answers of puzzle are hidden in the box. The answers are either vertical, horizontal, diagonal or in reverse order. Sample answer is shown in the puzzle. Last date of receiving correct entries: May 15, 2009. Winners will get an Astronomy activity kit as a prize. Please send your entries to:- Astronomy Puzzle-3, VIPNET News, Vigyan Prasar, A-50, Sector 62, Noida-201 307 # ;g fp= fdl izfl¼ oSKkfud dk gS\ # Identify the picture of the famous Scientist's? mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk% 15 ebZ] 2009 MªkW }kjk p;fur fotsrkvksa dks iqjLdkj Lo:i foKku izlkj ds izdk'ku Hksts tk,¡xsA vius tokc bl irs ij Hkstsa%& foiusV fp= igsyh & 36] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk VIPNET Photo Quiz - 36, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sec. 62, Noida Correct Answer of Photo Quiz 34 Clues 1. A zodiacal constellation which has the symbol as a balance. 2. A prominent zodiacal constellation seen in the southern sky during the night sky of June to September 3. A zodiacal constellation known as Dhanu 4. A zodiacal constellation which has the Messier object M30 (globular cluster). 5. A zodiac known as Kumbha 6. A last zodiacal constellation 7. A constellation known as Saptarishi. 8. The brightest star in the night sky. 9. A star Procyon lies in the constellation. 10. A brightest star in the constellation Lyra and also known by Abhijeet. 11. A constellation known as Hansa in Indian mythology. $ Dr. Arvind C. Ranade [email protected] Hkwy lq/kkj fiNys vad esa jsfM;ks /kkjkokfgd dk uke ^rkjksa ls ijs* fn;k x;k FkkA bl / kkjkokfgd dks vc vkdk'kok.kh }kjk ^flrkjksa ls vkxs* uke fn;k x;k gSA vr% ikBd ^rkjksa ls ijs* dks ^flrkjksa ls vkxs* i<+saA & laiknd VIPNET NEWS 5 This is Titan, the first known moon of Saturn, discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and second largest moon of our solar system. Titan is the sixth moon from Saturn. It has a diameter roughly 50% larger than Earth’s moon. Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. Its dense and opaque atmosphere prevented understanding of Titan’s surface until the arrival of the Cassini–Huygens mission in 2004. Titan has liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Polar Regions. These are the only large, stable bodies of surface liquid known to exist anywhere other than Earth. The surface is geologically young; although mountains and several possible volcanoes have been discovered. It is relatively smooth and few impact craters have been discovered. Titan is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere made up of largely nitrogen and its climate includes methane and ethane clouds. Name of the winner: Shehzad S. Hathi, Rajkot, Gujarat If you want to know more about Vigyan Prasar, its publications & software, besides the next moves of VIPNET Science Clubs, please write to us at the address given below:Vigyan Prasar A-50, Institutional Area, Sector 62, Noida (U.P.) 201 307 Regd.Office : Technology Bhawan, New Delhi -110 016 Phone : 0120 240 4430, 240 4435 Fax : 0120 240 4437 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009 fodklokn ds tud & MkfoZu rF;ksa ,oa erksa dks O;Dr djus dh fgEer dj tkrs Fks vkSj dHkh&dHkh blds dkj.k mUgasa èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa ds dksi dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA ,sls gh dqN izfl) Økafrdkjh oSKkfudksa esa pkYlZ MkfoZu dk uke vxz.kh gSA MkfoZu 19oha lnh ds egku oSKkfudksa esa ls ,d FksA MkfoZu us vius thoudky esa 25 iqLrdksa dh jpuk dhA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd MkfoZu ds thou vkSj dk;ks± ij nqfu;kHkj esa gtkjksa iqLrdsa fy[kh xbZ gSaA 12 Qjojh 1809 esa Jwtcjh] baXySaM ds ,d le`) ifjokj esa tUesa pkYlZ MkfoZu us ,fMucxZ ;wfuoflZVh ls vk;qfoZKku dh i<+kbZ dh FkhA gkykafd bl nkSjku MkfoZu ds dhV laxzg vkSj fpfM+;ksa dks fugkjus ds vius 'kkSd dks dk;e j[kdj izÑfr ls fe=krk dks tkjh j[kkA lu~ 1831 esa ikap o"kks± ds fy, pkYlZ MkfoZu ,p ,l chxy $ ch- ds- R;kxh ,oa uouhr xqIrk uked tgkt ls oSKkfud ;k=kk ij fudysA ;k=kk ds nkSjku mUgksua s ykW;y dh HkwxHkZ foKku ij vk/kkfjr ^fizfa liYl vkWQ ft;ksykWth* [email protected], [email protected] uked iqLrd i<+hA bl fdrkc esa MkfoZu us i<+k fd thok'e i`Foh uo eu dh ,slh izo`fÙk gS fd og izÑfr ds jgL;ksa dks tkuus ij gtkjksa lky igys ik, tkus okys thoksa ds lcwr gSaA bl fopkj us MkfoZu dks dks csrkc jgrk gS vkSj tc ;s jgL; mlls lacfa /kr gksa rks mldk dkQh izHkkfor fd;k vkSj mUgksaus viuh ;k=kk ds nkSjku ;g ik;k fd gj }hi ij jksekap vkSj vf/kd c<+ tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd ekuo ,d gh iztkfr ds vyx&vyx i{kh gSAa ,slk mUgksua s nf{k.k vesfjdk ds xkykikxksl eu esa lfn;ksa ls ;g tkuus dh mRlqdrk jgh gS fd mldk vkfoHkkZo /kjrh }hi ij fofHkUu izdkj ds if{k;ksa dks ns[kdj vuqHko fd;k FkkA ;k=kk ds vius ij dSls gqvk\ fdl izdkj mlds vkpkj&fopkj ,oa 'kkjhfjd lajpuk vU; vuqHkoksa ij mUgksaus baXySaM ykSVdj xgu fparu&euu fd;k vkSj thou ds fodkl izkf.k;ksa ls vyx gS vkSj og fdu&fdu pj.kksa o izfØ;kvksa ls xqtjdj vkt dh igsyh dks lqy>kus dh dksf'k'k djus yxsA bl izdkj MkfoZuokn /khjs&/khjs vius tUe dh vksj c<+ jgk FkkA MkfoZu us vius dh voLFkk rd igaqpk\ fo'o esa bruh vè;;u vkSj voyksdu ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fofo/krk dSls vkSj D;ksa mRi=k gqbZ\ bl o"kZ iwjs fo'o esa pkYlZ MkfoZu dh 200oha t;arh dks fd tks izk.kh vius vki dks i;kZoj.k ds vuqdy w mijksDr ftKklkvksa dks ysdj vkfndky èkwe/kke ls euk;k tk jgk gSA mudh tUeHkwfe baXySaM esa bl <ky ys r s gS a ogh vius uLy dks vkxs c<+ k ikrs ls gh vusd fo}kuks]a ,oa cqf)thfo;ksa us iwjs vk;kstu dk uke ^MkfoZu 200* j[kk x;k gSA ogka 1 gSa ;k bl nqfu;k esa vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ dks thr vius&vius rdZ izLrqr fd, ,oa mUgsa tqykbZ 2009 ls MkfoZu ls tqM+s jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe dks vkjaHk ysrs gSaA MkfoZu us fodklokn ds fl)kUr ds fofHkUu iqLrdksa o èkeZxzUFkksa esa fy[kkA fd;k tk,xk tks 24 uoEcj 2009 rd pysxkA bl o"kZ varxZr crk;k fd ikS/kksa vkSj izkf.k;ksa dh gkykafd foKku vkSj /keZ nksuksa ds }kjk MkfoZu dh ;qxkardkjh fdrkc ^vkWu fn vksfjftu vkWQ larkuksRifÙk dh 'kfDr miyC/k [kk| lkexzh dh thou ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu Lis'kht* ds Ms<+ lkS o"kZ iwjs gq, gSaA bl iqLrd dk rqyuk esa dgh vf/kd rst j¶rkj ls pyrh gS] èkkj.kkvksa ij vyx&vyx er izLrqr MkfoZuokn dks izpkfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izÑfr esa lHkh lthoksa ds eè; fd, x, gSa vkSj ;g Hkh lR; gS fd vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd lu~ 1859 esa ^vkWu izkphu dky esa fofHkUu dky[kaMksa esa vius vfLrRo ds fy, fujarj la?k"kZ py jgk gSA fn vksfjftu vkWQ Lis'kht* dh 1200 izfr;ka Nih Fkha tks fd fdlh ,d er dks iwjh rjg ls ekU;rk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i os gh izk.kh thfor cp igys gh fnu fcd xbZ FkhaA ugha fey ikbZA blhfy, vyx&vyx ikrs gSa tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lokZf/kd vuqdwy izns'kksa esa vyx&vyx /keZ ,oa erksa dks gksrs gSaA bl izdkj thou dk la?k"kZiw.kZ Øe ekuus okys yksxksa dh thou ds fodkl dks ysdj fofHkUu ekU;rk,a izpfyr vuojr pyrk jgrk gS vkSj blh izfØ;k ds nkSjku 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSa jgh gSaA vkSj thoksa dk fodkl gksrk jgrk gSA bl izdkj ubZ ih<+h esa i;kZoj.k ds izfr vius 16oha&17oha lnh ds ckn ls gh leLr fo'o esa foKku ds izfr ftKklk dks vuqdwfyr djus dh [kwch mlds vfLrRo dks dk;e j[krh gSA MkfoZu ds c<+ jgh Fkh ftlls ,slk ekgkSy cuus yxk Fkk tks ,d vksj oSKkfudkas dks fodklokn ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl esa Js"B fdLesa detksj ubZ [kkstksa ds fy, mdlk jgk Fkk rks nwljh vksj /kkfeZd xqVksa ds fy, foKku fdLeksa ls vkxs c<+ tkrh gSa vkSj detksj iztkfr ds lnL;ksa dks izÑfr vius rjhdksa lEer uohu /kkj.kk,a muds ijaijkxr ,oa /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ds le{k pqukSrh ls [kRe dj nsrh gSA uspjq y lsyDs 'ku ;kuh izkÑfrd oj.kokn ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj mRi=k dj jgs FksA vusd oSKkfud lekt esa O;kIr va/kfo'oklksa ,oa izkphu vPNs Lrj dh uLyksa dks gh vkxs c<+usa dk ekSdk fey ikrk gSA /kkj.kkvksa ds LFkku ij viuss u, rF;ksa dks izpkfjr djuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu MkfoZu ds vuqlkj lHkh thoksa dk viuk yk[kksa&djksM+ksa o"kks± dk bfrgkl jgk /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa ds Hk; ds dkj.k vf/kdrj vius u, o Øakfrdkjh fopkjksa gS vkSj ekuo bl tSoh; fodkl ds f'k[kj ij vkrk gSA muds vuqlkj ekuo vkt dks lkoZtfud ugha dj ikrs FksA ysfdu dqN oSKkfud dHkh&dHkkj vius ds ouekuq"kksa ljh[ks fdlh vkfn dfi ekuo 'kk[kk ls fodflr gqvk gSA MkfoZu us ek VIPNET NEWS 6 March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009 viuk ;g er vius nh?kZdkyhu voyksduksa ,oa v/;;u ds ckn O;Dr fd;k Fkk ysfdu bl er dk rRdkyhu iknfj;ks]a /kekZoyfEc;ksa us MVdj fojks/k fd;k D;ksfa d MkfoZu ds fopkj ikjEifjd /kkfeZd fopkjksa lss esy ugha [kkrs FksA ;gh ugha ml le; ds vusd oSKkfudksa rd us MkfoZu ds fopkj dks cscqfu;kn vkSj cdokl crk;k gkykafd MkfoZu ds oSKkfud leFkZdksa dh la[;k vis{kkÑr dgha vf/kd FkhA ysfdu /kkfeZd izHkkoksa ds dkj.k ml le; vke turk MkfoZu ds fodklokn ds fl)kUr dks vkRelkr ugha dj ikbZ vkSj vusd lekpkj i=kksa esa MkfoZu ij O;ax fy[ks x, ,oa mu ij dkVwuZ cuk, x,A oj.kokn ds fl)kUr dk lgkjk ysdj nqcZy yksxkasa dks vkSj nck;k vkSj ,slk djrs gq, MkfoZu ds fodklokn fl)kUr dk lgkjk fy;kA ,sls yksxksa us fodklokn ds fl)kUr dh O;k[;k vius&vius fglkc ls dhA dqN yksxksa us muds fl)kUrksa dks rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k djrs gq, dgk fd nqfu;k esa detksj yksxksa dks rks lekIr gksuk gh gSA 20oha lnh ds vkjaHk esa detksj oxZ ds yksxksa ds 'kks"k.k ds ihNs rdZ fn;k tkus yxk Fkk fd izÑfr esa Js"B vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gh fodkl dh jkg esa vkxs c<+rk gS] nqcy Z ,oa detkjs O;fDr dks rks izÑfr Lo;a lekIr cgqr yacs le; rd fo'o ds dj nsrh gSA bl izdkj MkfoZuokn vusd Hkkxksa esa ;k rks MkfoZu ds er dh xyr O;k[;k dj dqN yksx dks rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k fd;k x;k ;k viuk mYyw lh/kk djrs jgsA blh mls le>us esa Hkwy gqbZ ftlls izdkj oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa vkt tuekul esa MkfoZuokn dkQh le; Hkh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka vius O;kikj rd vius ewy :i esa ugha igaqpkA MkfoZu ds vuqlkj ekuo viuh orZeku voLFkk esa fodkl dh fofHkUUk izfØ;kvksa ls dks foLrkfjr djrs gq, dgrh gaS fd yksxksa us vusd o"kks± rd MkfoZu dks xqtj dj igqapk gS tks Js"B gS ogh cktkj esa fVd ,sls oSKkfud ds :i esa ;kn j[kk ftlus canjksa dks vkneh dk iwoZt crk;k FkkA ysfdu lPpkbZ ;g gS fd MkfoZu us ik,xk vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i dqVhj m|ksx lfgr y|q m|ksxksa dks dkQh balkuksa vkSj dfi;ksa ds fdlh la;qDr iwoZt dh ckr dh FkhA muds vuqlkj canj ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA rks viuh fodkl ;k=kk ds nkSjku ekuo fodkl dh 'kk[kk ls cgqr igys gh vyx MkfoZu us dHkh ,slk lkspk Hkh ugha gksxk fd muds fopkjksa dh bl izdkj jkLrk viuk pqds FksA MkfoZu ds bl fl)kUr dks rc cy feyk tc thok'eksa ds ls Hkh O;k[;k dh tk,xhA yksxksa dks bl ckr dks le>uk pkfg, fd MkfoZu :i esa dfi;ksa] canjksa ,oa ekuoksa ds vfLFk iatj ds v/;;u djus ds nkSjku ekuo us viuk fl)kUr izkÑfrd lanHkZ esa fn;k Fkk] lkekftd ifjizs{; esa ughaA ds vkfn iwot Z ^jkekfiFksdl* dks ,d djksM+ o"kZ izkphu ekuk x;k tks fd ,d dfi muds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh tho dk 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj loZJs"B gksuk ekuo ls izFke ekuokÑfr ds :i esa mRiUu gqvk FkkA mldh izkÑfrd l{kerk ds Lrj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA tc ekuo Lo;a dks dqN yksxksa vkSj laLFkkvksa us MkfoZu ds izkÑfrd oj.kokn vkSj fodklokn ds yk[kksa o"kks± ds yacs fodkl Øe esa j[kdj ns[krk gS rks mls viuh lgh fLFkfr fl)kUr dh O;k[;k viuh LokFkZflf) djus vkSj vius fopkjksa dks izpkfjr djus dk cks/k gksus ds lkFk gh ikjLifjd izse vkSj lfg".kqrk ij vk/kkfjr thou ds fy, Hkh dhA ,sls yksxksa esa dqN ,sls rkuk'kkgksa dk uke Hkh gaS ftUgksaus izkÑfrd 'kSyh dh laHkkouk,a c<+ tkrh gSaA ysfdu vkt lHkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj dj jgs gSa fd fiNys lkS&Ms<+ lkS o"kks± ds nkSjku tho'kkL=k ds rgr ftrus Hkh Økafrdkjh 'kks/k gq, gSa os izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls MkfoZuokn ls izHkkfor VIPNET Questionnaire 157 jgs gSaA ;g [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd MkfoZu ds fodklokn dks tUe fy, gq, Ms<+ lkS lky gks pqds gSa vkSj vc muds er dks cgqla[; yksxksa ds }kjk ekU;rk fey pqdh gSA # foiusV iz'ukoyh 157 Question 1: How do we can measure the height of a tree? iz'u 1% ge ,d isM+ dh ÅapkbZ dSls uki ldrs gSa\ Question 2 : Why some plants need little water to grow? iz'u 2% dqN ikS/kksa dks mxus ds fy, cgqr de ikuh dh vko ;drk gksrh gSa] D;ksa\ Astronomy Puzzle - 1 Name of the Winner: 1. Saurav Kumar, Chapra, Bihar mÙkj izkIr djus dh vafre frfFk%& 15 ebZ] 2009 MªkW ds }kjk rhu fotsrkvksa dk p;u gksxk vkSj mUgsa iqjLdkj Lo:i foKku izlkj dh iqLrdsa Hksth tk,¡xhA vki vius mÙkj fgUnh ;k vaxt sz h esa bl irs ij Hkst ldrs gaS %& foiusV iz'ukoyh &157] foKku izlkj] ,&50] lsDVj 62] uks,Mk 2. Shehzad S. Hathi, Rajkot, Gujarat 3. Narendra Patidar, Mansour, M.P. Congratulations! Winner will receive an Astronomy Kit. VIPNET Questionnaire -157, VIGYAN PRASAR, A-50, Sector 62, Noida VIPNET NEWS " 7 March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 foiusV iz'ukoyh 153 ds mÙkj D;ksa vkSj dSls tSo&fofo/krk D;k gS\ ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k D;k gS\ tSo&fofo/krk ls rkRi;Z gekjh i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys fofHkUUk iztkfr;ksa ds tho&tUrqvksa ,oa isM+&ikS/kksa ls gS tks fd ty] Fky ,oa fofHkUUk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=kksa esa ik, tkrs gSAa tSo&fofo/krk esa iztkfr;ksa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=kksa ds chp thu&Lrjh; fofo/krk Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gS bl izdkj tSo&fofo/krk lHkh izdkj ds thou dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA yxHkx 3-8 fcfy;e o"kZ igys i`Foh ij thou dh mRifÙk ds le; ls i`Foh ij thoksa esa cgqr vf/kd fofof/kdj.k gqvk gSA fo'o esa 15 yk[k ls vf/kd tkfr;ksa ds lk{; ,df=kr fd, tk pqds gaS ysfdu vHkh 60 yk[k tkfr;ka [kkst rFkk ukedj.k dh izrh{kk esa gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ¼ikfjra=k½ izdf` r dh fØ;k'khy bdkbZ gS ftlesa lHkh oufLifr;ka] tho&taUrq vkSj lw{e tho ¼tSfod dkjd½ vkil esa vkSj vkl&ikl ds HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrs gSaA ,d ikfjfLrfrdh ra=k ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgus okys tho/kkfj;ksa ls cuh ,d iw.kZ :i ls Lora=k bdkbZ gS] ftlesa dh tho/kkjh ,d nwljs ds lkFk lkeku O;ogkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k lkekU;r% dbZ [kkn~; Ja[kykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tks fd ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds vanj tho&/kkfjr;ks dh vkRe fuHkZjrk dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k ds vaxzsth i;kZ; bZdksflLVe 'kCn dk fuekZ.k 1920 esa jkW; DyseQSu us fd;k ftldk vFkZ mUgksaus crk;k fd ^^i;kZoj.k ds HkkSfrd ,oa tSfod vO;oksa dk feyu**A rRi'pkr fczfV'k bZdksykWftLV vkFkZj VSalys us bZdks flLVe dks dqN bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k & ^^,d lai.w kZ ra=k-- ftlesa fd u dsoy tho&/kkfj;ksa ds lady q 'kkfey ga]S cfYd HkkSfrd dkjdksa dk lesdu ,d i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA** ikfjra=k izd`fr dh ,d fØ;k'khy bdkbZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tgka ij tho/kkjh vU; thotarv q ksa ls rFkk vkl&ikl ds HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ls fØ;k djrs gSaA eq[;r% ikfjra=k LFkyh; ,oa tyh; nks Js.kh;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA LFkyh; ikfjra=kksa esa taxy] ?kkal ds ekSnku ,oa jsfxLrku vkrs gSa ,oa tyh, ikfjra=kksa esa >hysa] rkykc] nynyh {ks=k] ue Hkwfe] ufn;ka ,oa Tokj uneq[k o leqnz vkfn 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA ,d ikfjra=k ds ?kVdksa esa mRikndrk] ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k & vkgkj Ja[kyk] vkgkj tky] ÅtkZ {kfr 'kkfey gSaA ;s ?kVd ,d nwljs ls lEcafèkr gksrs gSaA leqnzh tSo&fofo/krk dk jkspd ut+kjk Hkkjr fo'o ds egk tSo&fofo/krk okys {ks=kksa esa vkrk gS vkSj fo'o ds 28 tSo&fofo/krk ^gkWV LikWV* esa ls nks Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSA ,d losZ{k.k fjiksVZ ¼1999½ ds vuqlkj ns'k esa djhc 49 gtkj ikS/kksa dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 81 gtkj tho&tarqvksa dh iztkfr;ka gSa] tks fd fo'o dh oufLifr;ksa dk 12-5 izfr'kr ,oa tho&tUrqvksa dk 6-5 izfr'kr gSA tSo&fofo/krk dk vè;;u ,d jkspd fo"k; gS tks gesa vk'p;Z ls Hkj nsrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd i`Foh ij 20 gtkj phfV;ksa dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 3 yk[k Hk`xa ksa dh iztkfr;ka] 28 gtkj eNfy;ksa dh iztkfr;ka vkSj 20 gtkj ls vf/kd vkWjfdM dh iztkfr;ka gSaA rkykc dk ikfjra=k gekjs tSo&eaMy esa iztkfr ds Lrj ij ,oa tSoh; laxBu ds Lrj ij dksf'kdkvksa ds v.kqvksa ls ysdj thokse ¼ck;kse½ rd cgqr fofo/kr feyrh gSA tSo&fofo/kr 'kCn lkekftd tho&foKkuh ,MoMZ foylu }kjk tSfod laxBu ds izR;sd Lrj ij mifLFkr fofo/krk dks n'kkZus ds fy, izpfyr fd;k x;k gSA tSo&fofo/krk esa vkuqokaf'kd fofo/krk] iztkfr;k fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh; fofo/krk 'kkfey gSA vkuqokf'kd fofoèkrk esa ,d tkrh vkuqokaf'kd Lrj ij vius forj.k {ks=k esa fofo/krk n'kkZ ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa 50 gtkj ls vf/kd vkuqokaf'kd :i ls fHkUUk /kku dh rFkk ,d gtkj ls vf/kd vke dh tkfr;ka gSaA tkrh; fofo/ krk esa ;g fHkUUkrk tkfr Lrj ij gksrh gSa tSls if'peh ?kkV dh mHk;pj tkfr;ksa dh fofo/krkA ikfjfLFkfrdh; fofo/krk ikfjra=k Lrj ij gksrh gSA tSls dh Hkkjr ds jsfxLrku] o"kkZ ou] eSaxzkso] dksjy jhQ] ue Hkwfe vkfnA izd`fr dh bl le`) tSo&fofo/krk ds fuekZ.k esa yk[kksa o"kks± dk jkspd bfrgkl jgk gSA vkt gesa viuh tSo&fofo/krk ds laj{k.k dh vko';drk gS rkfd gekjh ouLifr;ksa vkSj tho&tarqvksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks fouk'k ls cpk;k tk ldsA VIPNET NEWS ikfjra=k dh ifjdYiuk esa tks fopkj fn;k mlesa ,d LFkkuh; i;kZoj.k esa lHkh thfor inkFkZ nwljs inkFkZ lHkh vU; inkFkks± ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrs gSa ikfjra=k ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d ;wthu vksMe ds vuqlkj ^^,d ikfjra=k og bdkbZ gS ftlesa ,d lekt ds lHkh tho/kkjh vius HkkSfrd okrkj.k ds lkFk fØ;k djrs gSa ftlls dh ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k gksrk gS] ftlls fd tSfod fofoèkrk vkSj tSfod pØ ,d fudk; ds vanj pyrk jgrk gSA** izLrqfr% fufe"k diwj [email protected] 8 March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009 Astronomical Breakthroughs of 20th Century Presented by: Kapil Tripathi [email protected] The International Union has launched 2009 as International year of Astronomy (IYA2009). It is a global celebration of astronomy and its contribution to society and culture with strong emphasis on education, public engagement and the involvement of young people. In last century many discoveries were made in the field of astronomy. Cap journal (Published by IAU) published an article on top ten achievements in the field of Astronomy. On that basis following few Astronomical breakthroughs are given here in this article. The Milky Way Our Galaxy (the Milky Way) is a collection of about hundred billion stars (1011 ) mostly arranged in a disc like shape. Several stars are much brighter than Sun, while many are fainter. Our Sun is just an average star located at a centre of the galaxy (light year is the distance covered by light ray in a one year). The Milky Way is not the only galaxy in the Universe. Many of the fuzzy nebular blobs that Charles Messier (1730-1817) charted in the mid-18th century are actually distant star systems just like our own. The breakthrough achieved in 1923, when Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) used the 100 inch Hooker reflector and discovered a Cepheid variable( an important type of variable star which have short periods to form a few days to few weeks and regular in their behavior and seen not only in our galaxy but also in other external galaxies). Soon it was realized that the Universe contained over 1011 galaxies and not just the one. This is a marvelous example of an astronomical breakthrough achieved in last century. The Universe is expanding The American astronomer Edwin Hubble made the observations in 1925 and was the first to prove that the universe is expanding. He proved that there is a direct relationship between the speeds of distant galaxies and their distances from Earth. This is now known as Hubble’s Law. The Hubble Space Telescope was named after him, and the single number that describes the rate of the cosmic expansion, relating the apparent recession velocities of external galaxies to their Edwin Hubble distance, is called the Hubble Constant. This was the one of the major breakthroughs in the field of astronomy. triggered by Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on special relativity and the introduction of mass-energy equivalence, this being exemplified by the iconic equation E = mc2. Before that astrophysicists like Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) had to show that centre of a star was some what extraordinary. He also realizes that stars were gaseous throughout and that stars owed their stability to the balance between the force exerted by gravity and the opposing pressure exerted by gas and radiation. This gave the better Sir Arthur Stanley understanding of stellar evolution. There are only two common types of stars Slightly before our understanding of how stellar energy was gained came the realization that the vast majority of stars are essentially of just two types, the so-called “dwarfs” and “giants”. The year 1910 saw certain astronomers drawing up lists of stellar luminosities and surface temperatures (as time went by these lists were extended to include radii and masses). Hertzprung (1911) and Hyades. Russell (1914) research shows that commonest were the “dwarfs”. Less common were the “giants”. We now understand the composition of the baryonic matter in the Universe The generation of stellar energy In year 1900, astronomers realized that stars were old, well over a billion years old, and that they were very luminous for much the greater part of their life. But astronomers did not know how the huge amounts of stellar energy were produced. The breakthrough was VIPNET NEWS 9 Fred Hoyle In 1900, the general consensus was that stars were made of “Earth”. Since 1925 astronomers started to realize that stars are predominantly made of hydrogen and helium, this clearly being a major paradigm shift. Cecelia Payne used the equations developed by Meghnad Saha to convert March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 International Year of Planet Earth 2007 - 2009 spectroscopic line strengths into atomic number counts and eventually stellar photospheric compositions. A second important breakthrough in this field was the realization that stars has following composition; metal rich Population I and metal poor Population II. This was discovered by Walter Baade in 1943. In 1957 the work of Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William Fowler and Fred Hoyle helped in explaining how hydrogen helium mix produced just after the Big Bang, and nuclear process that converts hydrogen into helium and extends the sequence on to the production of carbon and oxygen, silicon, sulphur, argon and calcium iron ect. The Microwave Background Radiation It is one thing to suggest that the Universe started with a “big bang”. It is one thing to measure an expanding Universe, but it is another to work out what made it expand. Robert Henry Dicke et al. (1965) realized that a Big Bang would not only accelerate matter away from a singularity but would also produce extremely hot radiation that would cool as the Universe expanded. If the Universe was 13,000,000,000 yr old it should have a radius of 13,000,000,000 light years, and the radiation should now have a temperature of only a few K. This corresponds to an energy emission maximum at a wavelength of a millimetre or so. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of Bell Telescope Laboratories detected the background radiation in 1965 when trying to eliminate static that was interfering with their satellite communication system. This breakthrough immediately converted cosmology to a vibrant exciting subject. Dark Matter Dark Matter is hypothetical matter that is undetectable by its emitted radiation, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark matter is postulated to explain the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and other evidence of “missing mass” in the universe. The first person to provide evidence and infer the existence of a phenomenon that has come to be called “dark matter” was Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky, of the California Institute of Technology in 1933. He applied the virial theorem to the Coma cluster of galaxies and obtained evidence of unseen mass. Fritz Zwicky Zwicky estimated the cluster’s total mass based on the motions of galaxies near its edge. When he compared this mass estimate to one based on the number of galaxies and total brightness of the cluster, he found that there was about 400 times more mass than expected. The gravity of the visible galaxies in the cluster would be far too small for such fast orbits, so something extra was required. This is known as the “missing mass problem”. Based on these VIPNET NEWS conclusions, Zwicky inferred that there must be some non-visible form of matter which would provide enough of the mass and gravity to hold the cluster together. Exoplanetary systems An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet beyond the Solar System, orbiting a star other than the Sun. As of March 2009, 342 exoplanets are listed in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. The vast majority have been detected through radial velocity observations and other indirect methods rather than actual imaging. Most announced exoplanets are massive gas giant planets thought to resemble Jupiter, but this is a selection effect due to limitations in detection technology. Projections based on recent detections of much smaller worlds suggest that lightweight, rocky planets will eventually be found to outnumber extrasolar gas giants. Extrasolar planets became a subject of scientific investigation in the mid-19th century. Many astronomers supposed that such planets existed, but they had no way of knowing how common they were or how similar they might be to the planets of the Solar System. The first confirmed radial velocity detection was made in 1995. Solar neutrino problem Inside the Sun nuclear fusion reaction takes place which converts four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium, neutrinos (a fundamental particle which has no mass and no electric charge) and energy. The excess energy is released as gamma rays and as kinetic energy of the particles, including the neutrinos— which travel from the Sun’s core to Earth without any appreciable absorption by the Sun’s outer layers. Ray Davis (left) and John Bahcall As neutrino detectors became sensitive enough to measure the flow of neutrinos from the sun, it became clear that the number detected was lower than that predicted by models of the solar interior. In various experiments, the number of detected neutrinos was between one third and one half of the predicted number. This came to be known as the solar neutrino problem. In the late 1960s, Ray Davis’s and John N. Bahcall’s was the first to measure the flux of neutrinos from the sun and detect a deficit based on Standard Solar Model and found neutrino has a mass. For this achievement in year 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics was given to above scientists. Source: The Top ten Astronomical Breakthroughs of the 20 century by David W. Hughesand Richard de Grijs, CAP journal, issue1/2007. 1 0 # March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 Astronomy Activity Cornner What are Dakshinayan and Uttarayan? Aim: Understanding the Dakshinayan (Sun’s declination to South) and Uttarayan (Sun’s declination to North). Tools: 1 meter stick, Calendar and Watch. Procedure: To do the experiment follows the procedure below. 1. Locate the plane surface from where you can see the Sun without any obstacle. 2. With the help of magnetic compass mark the SouthNorth line on the ground and furthermore East-West line; crossing each other in an exact proportion. This will make 4 quadrants as shown in figure below. Sun reaches its maximum to the south (South declination) on 21 December and to the north (North declination) on 21 June. These are called Winter and Summer Solstices respectively. These dates may vary with ±1 or ±2 days. Observation Table Time of Observation: 8:00 AM (You can fix up any day time!) Result: Draw the figure similar to what you observed at your observation location. $ Dr. Arvind C. Ranade [email protected] Direction at observation location & Shadow length 3. Fix meter stick exactly at the intersection of these lines i.e. at the origin (point O). Be sure that the stick is exactly perpendicular to the plane surface. You can use plumb line to see the exact verticalness of the stick. 4. Fix the day time observation which is to be constant for all the year. 5. Shadow of the stick will fall in any one of the quadrants made earlier. 6. Mark the tip of the shadow as a point in the quadrant. 7. Mark such points for four dates in the year. For more details look at the observation table. Theory Ayan means movement. Dakshinaya and Uttarayan indicate the Sun’s movement to South and North respectively. The correct definition is the sun’s declination to North or South. Since the earth’s axis is tilted by 23 ½ degree, the sun appears more to the north for 6 months and to the south for rest of the 6 months in a year. This is the reason that we experience winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere at the same time e.g. Australia is cold and India is hot at same time. VIPNET NEWS Form IV (see rule 8) Details of the ownership and other facts relating to monthly newsletter ‘VIPNET NEWS’. Place of Publication : New Delhi Periodicity of Publication : Monthly Name of the Publisher & the printer : Mrs. K.Dasgupta Misra (on behalf of Vigyan Prasar) Nationality : Indian Address : Vigyan Prasar C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi- 110016 Name of the Editor : B. K. Tyagi Nationality : Indian Address : Vigyan prasar C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi- 110016 Name & Address of the owner : Vigyan Prasar C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110016 I, Mrs. K.Dasgupta Misra to hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief, facts mentioned above are true. Sd/Mrs. K. Dagupta Misra 1 1 March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3 egku vkfo"dkjd vkfo"dkjd tkss nqfu;k dkss jks'ku dj x;k euh"k eksgu xksjs [email protected] xj ,Mhlu us fo|qr cYc dk vkfo"dkj u fd;k gksrk rks 'kk;n nqfu;k va/ksjs esa Mwch gksrhA oSKkfud Fkkel vYok ,Mhlu us ,d gtkj nks lkS ckj ds izk;ksfxd iz;klksa ds ckn fo|qr cYc dk vkfo"dkj 1879 bZ- esa fd;k Fkk vkSj iwjh nqfu;k jks'kuh ls ugk mBhA v vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd egt 3 ekg rd ,Mhlu us Ldwy dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk xzg.k dh FkhA ftKklq ckyd ,Mhlu viuh f'kf{kdk ls vius eu esa mBus okys <sjksa loky iwNk djrs Fks( elyu] fpfM+;k dSls mM+rh gS\ vkSj gokbZ tgkt fcuk fpfM+;ksa tSls ia[k ds dSls mM+rs gSa\ ,Mhlu ds bu lokyksa ls >aq>ykdj f'kf{kdk ds izLrko ij mUgsa Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;kA Ldwy ls csn[ky gksus ds ckn ,Mhlu dh eka us mUgsa ?kj ij gh f'k{kk iznku fd;k vkSj vkxs pydj mlh ,Mhlu us ,d gtkj ls Hkh vfèkd ekSfyd vkfo"dkj fd,A ,Mhlu dks foKku ds bfrgkl esa ,Mhlu moZj vkfo"dkjdksa es ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA mUgksua s vdsys 1093 vkfo"dkjksa ds vesfjdk esa isVVas djk;s FksA blds vykok Ýkal] teZuh vkfn ns'kksa eas Hkh vusd isVsaV muds uke gSAa ,Mhlu ds vfèkdka'k vkfo"dkj tulapkj ls tqMs+ jgs gSAa ,Mhlu ,d uSlfxZd izfrHkklaiUu oSKkfud FksA mudk tUe 11 Qjojh 1847 dks vesfjdk ds feyku ¼vksfg;ks½ uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA muds firk dk uke lSe,q y vksMxsu ,Mhlu vkSj eka dk uke uSUlh bZfy;V FkkA cgqi;ksxh fo|qr cYc dk vkfo"dkj dj ,Mhlu us nqfu;k dks jks'kuh ls txexk fn;kA ,Mhlu }kjk fo|qr cYc dk igyk izn'kZu 31 fnlEcj 1879 esa eSUyks ikdZ esa fd;k x;k] ftls ns[kus ds fy, gtkjksa dh HkhM+ meM+ iM+h FkhA ml le; ,Mhlu us dgk Fkk ßeSa fo|qr dks bruk lLrk cuk nwaxk fd dsoy vehjtkns gh eksecÙkh tyk,axsÞA eSUyks ikdZ] U;w tlhZ esa nqfu;k dk igyk vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk [kksydj Scientoon by: Pradeep K. Srivastava, [email protected] xksyw dh lksp What kind of light goes around the earth? A Satel-lite oSdfYid rdZ fp=kadu% ekulh esokM+h ,Mhlu us bfrgkl jp fn;kA vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds lw=k/kkj ds :i esa ,Mhlu dks ges'kk ;kn fd;k tkrk jgsxkA vkxs pydj ,Mhlu nqfu;k ds ,d [;kfrizkIr vkfo"dkjd cu x,A e/kqesg jksx dh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k 18 vDVwcj 1931 dks ,Mhlu dk fu/ku gks x;kA # Published and Printed by Mrs. K. Dasgupta Misra on behalf of Vigyan Prasar, C-24, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi-110 016 Printed at Multi Colour Services, 92a, DSIDC Shed, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi - 110 020 VIPNET NEWS 1 2 Editor : B. K. Tyagi Associate Editor : Nimish Kapoor Contributors : Kapil Tripathi, Dr. Arvind C. Ranade, Navneet Gupta Layout & design : Suman Pal March 2009 / Vol. 7 / No. 3