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United States in World War II “The Good War” “The Greatest Generation” Who were the major players in the war? What was the war all about? Why did the US get involved? What were the lasting effects of the war? Major Powers Involved Axis Powers • Japan • Italy • Germany Allied Powers • Great Britain • Russia • United States Results of WWII •Ends the Great Depression •Role of Gov’t Changes •US = Leading Role in International Affairs Holocaust • Lebensraum: clean living space • Purified Race: • • • • • • • • Jews Slavs Non-whites Mental Disabilities Physical Disabilities Gypsies Homosexuals Incurable Ill Holocaust • Holocaust: • Systematic murder of 6 million Jews (Plus 5 million more) • Anti-Semitism: • Hatred of Jews • Blamed all Problems on Jews • Nuremburg Laws/Star of David Holocaust • Kristallnacht: “Night of the Broken Glass” • November 9-10, 1938 • Nazi Brownshirts attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues • 30.000 blamed and arrested after • 1939: Final Solution: • A policy of genocide “the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population” Holocaust • Ghetto: segregated Jewish areas (sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls) • Concentration Camps • Final Stage: 6 death camps in Poland • 12,000 killed within a day A. Presidential Election of 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third term 2. Republican Candidate: Wendell Willkie 1. Democratic Candidate: 3. Electoral Count: FDR 449 to Willkie 82. Popular vote much closer. FDR and Wendell Willkie B. U.S. Foreign Policy 1940s: Franklin D. Roosevelt 1. By 1940, France had fallen to the Germans and Britain was in great financial crisis 2. Washington was questioning the wisdom of neutrality 3. Congress passed the first peacetime draft on September 6, 1940 C. From Cash and Carry to Lend-Lease 1. As a result of Britain’s financial crisis, the U.S. passed the Lend-Lease Bill, patriotically number HR 1776, in March of 1941 2. The Lend-Lease Bill eventually provided over $50 billion worth of arms and equipment to those nations fighting aggressors 3. This was a direct change in the Neutrality Laws of the 1930s FDR Signs the Lend-Lease Bill D. Undeclared War 1. The Axis Powers viewed the Lend-Lease Bill as an unofficial declaration of war 2. German U-Boats began attacking U.S. merchant ships and U.S. destroyers in the Atlantic 3. Robin Moor – Merchant ship sunk by U-boat 4. Greer- Destroyer, attacked E. Atlantic Charter 1. Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland 2. Both leaders agreed that the people had the right to choose their own form of government and proposed a new League of Nations (many other factors were included) F. Pearl Harbor 1. Japan joined the Berlin-Rome Axis in June of 1940 2. Late 1940, Washington imposed the first of many embargoes on Japan – Japan was VERY dependent on U.S. steel, scrap iron, and oil 3. Negotiations between Japan and Washington took place in November and early December of 1941 4. U.S. State Department insisted the Japanese leave China – if they complied the U.S. would began some trade 5. Japan refused the offer – which meant war 6. U.S. officials were aware of this decision early – cracked the code of the Japanese diplomats to Japan 7. As a democracy the U.S. could not strike first 8. U.S. knew the Japanese would attack in the Pacific – they did not know where 9. DECEMBER 7, 1941 – Sunday morning without warning – Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – over 2,000 Americans died 10. “A date which will live in infamy” – FDR addressed Congress the following day – Congress was one vote shy of a unanimous decision for war 11. December 11, 1941 – Italy and Germany declared war on the U.S. I. Mobilizing for Defense A. Government expanded the military: • Enlarged draft • WAAC- Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps allowed women to serve in non-combat positions in Army • Minorities- could serve but usually in segregated units • American Indians served as code talkers in the Pacific B. Government Control • War Production Board-directed conversion of factories • Industries were converted to produce war goods- no cars just tanks, planes boats, and guns • Office of Price Admin (OPA)- rationed items such as gas, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, and butter; also froze prices and raised taxes • Production of goods was how we planned to win C. Wartime Costs- over $330 Billion • Some was borrowed – national debt went from $49 bil 1941 to $259 bil in 1945 • Government also increased the income tax and sold war bonds to finance the war Paying for the War Paying for the War D. Promoting War (propaganda) • Government used media to create prowar movies & songs to build support for war and troops • Disney made cartoons to build support for war • Hollywood hired to make pro-war movies E. Office of War Mobilization --their job was to recruit people into places where labor shortages existed 1. women- nurses, volunteers, Pilots, laborers in factories E. Office of War Mobilization (Cont.) 2. Americans cut back on consumption and grew gardens, recycled, changed clothing styles to help conserve materials, became very patriotic, etc. 3. The West coast practiced black outs and drills due to fears of more attacks by Japanese Duties of a responsible citizen of US 4.“Rosie the Riveter” Used to persuade women to work in the factories to replace the men at war. Women gained better pay and opportunities! People moved to where the war industry factories were located II. Discrimination in the War A. African Americans• Gained better job opportunities • Still served in segregated units in the war • A. Phillip Randolph- led movement to increase fairness for African Americans in jobs and the military • FDR passed an executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants and government jobs II. Discrimination in the War (Cont.) B. Zoot-suit riots- in LA where Hispanics were targeted for violence in 1943 C. Japanese-American Relocation 1. Internment- forced relocation of Japanese citizens of the US on the Pacific Coast to camps inside the US Individual liberty vs. National Security 2. Over 110,000 Japanese-Americans (2/3 were American born U.S. Citizens) were forced into internment camps in 1942 3. There was no evidence of disloyalty; US fears led to this as a matter of national security. Norman Mineta was one of these people. 4. Korematsu v. US, 1944 SC case upheld the internment on basis of national security. They remained imprisoned until 1945. Japanese Internment Individual Liberty vs. National Security • President Ford will repeal Executive Order 9066. • Ronald Reagan will later issue a formal apology letter to the Japanese Americans. • President Clinton presented a Medal of Honor to Fred Korematsu at the White House. • In 2001, George Bush formally apologized and each surviving internee would receive a nontaxed check for $20,000. III. War for Europe and N. Africa A. B. C. Battle for Atlantic- US and GB worked to defeat German U-boats East- Soviets turn back Germans at Stalingrad Operation Torch- Allied invaded N. Africa to liberate it Nov. 1942; led by Dwight Eisenhower D. 1943- we invaded Italy; it fell 1945 - Tuskegee Airmen vital to this effort E. June 6, 1944- D Day, Operation Overlord- Allied invasion at Normandy, France to liberate W. Europe -Supreme Allied Commander- Dwight D. Eisenhower F. Liberation of death camps began 1944+ G. FDR elected to 4th term 1944; died April 12, 1945; Harry S. Truman became new president H. Yalta Conference- meeting held Feb. 1945 to plan for post-war peace; divided Germany into 4 pieces and set framework for United Nations General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike) D- Day Invasion June 6, 1944 I. V-E Day: May 8, 1945 Victory in Europe when Germany surrendered IV. Pacific Front A. After Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked areas in the Pacific and East Asia 1. Included: China, Guam, Wake, the Philippines, Hong Kong; they planned to take over all the way to Australia. Pacific Theater of Operations 2. US aided China against Japan 3. Doolittle Raids- we retaliated on Japan April 1942 by bombing Tokyo Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 4. Japan conquered along way to Australia; they took the Philippines from us: • Many of our soldiers were captured and marched across Bataan Peninsula to prison camps- many died in process • Gen. Douglas MacArthur vowed to return and retake the island and free our soldiers 5. 1st Allied offensive in Aug. 1942 6. Used island hopping to free the islands/territories from Japan 7. Kamikaze- suicide-plane bombers used to attack our ships during battle to retake Philippines in 1944 General Douglas MacArthur Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests Election of 1944 Thomas Dewey (Rep) FDR (Dem) Feb. 1945 Iwo Jima B. Ending the War • Manhattan Project- US development of the atomic bomb • Pres. Truman- should we use the bomb? Why/ why not? • 1st dropped on Hiroshima August 6, 1945 • 2nd dropped on Nagasaki August 9, 1945 Mushroom Cloud V-J (Victory in Japan) celebrated Sept. 2, 1945 Kiss in Times Square when the surrender of Japan was announced. C. After the war… 1. 2. Nuremberg Trials- held Nazi leaders accountable for their actions and set precedent for declaring people guilty of crimes against humanity We occupied and rebuilt Germany and Japan to prevent another world war (we left them after WWI and look what happened!) D. Costs of War • • • • • Total direct and indirect costs of war may have reached as high as $4 trillion U.S. deaths 400,000 30 mil civilians died European infrastructure gone Holocaust- murdered 6 mil Jews E. Effects on the US: • Did not return to Isolationism- remained interventionist • Leading members of the United Nations and other organizations to promote collective security • Emergence of 2 world superpowers • Expanded the president’s powers and made the government bigger • Increased national debt and government role in economy