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How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics (for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium) Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila positive Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens positive Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila H2S production positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens positive Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila H2S production positive Aeromonas hydrophila negative negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Litmus milk acid Alcaligenes Citrobacter faecalis freundii alkaline Pseudomonas fluorescens Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila H2S production positive Aeromonas hydrophila negative acid fast negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Litmus milk acid Alcaligenes Citrobacter faecalis freundii alkaline Pseudomonas fluorescens not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila H2S production positive Aeromonas hydrophila negative acid fast negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Litmus milk acid Alcaligenes Citrobacter faecalis freundii alkaline Pseudomonas fluorescens not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Catalase produced positive Mycobacterium leprae negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Aeromonas hydrophila Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium leprae Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Acid-fast staining Galactose fermentation positive Alcaligenes faecalis Aeromonas hydrophila H2S production positive Aeromonas hydrophila negative acid fast negative Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Litmus milk acid Alcaligenes Citrobacter freundii faecalis alkaline Pseudomonas fluorescens not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Catalase produced positive Mycobacterium leprae negative Hemolysis positive Mycobacterium Streptococcus smegmatis pneumoniae negative Corynebacterium xerosis
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