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JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO ACTION: ☐ New Policy ☒ Revising Policy Number: CMS16.07 ☐ Superseding Policy Number ☐ Archiving Policy Number ☐ Retiring Policy Number Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 1 of 14 Effective Date: 06/2003 Review Dates: 10/22/03, 10/22/04, 10/21/05, 05/30/06, 10/13/06, 3/3/08, 3/2/09, 6/4/10, 8/23/11, 3/7/14, 9/4/15, Johns Hopkins HealthCare (JHHC) provides a full spectrum of health care products and services for Employer Health Programs, Priority Partners, and US Family Health Plan. Each line of business possesses its own unique contract and guidelines which, for benefit and payment purposes, should be consulted to know what benefits are available for reimbursement. Specific contract benefits, guidelines or policies supersede the information outlined in this policy. POLICY: For US Family Health Plan see TRICARE Policy Manual 6010.57-M, February 1, 2008, Nuclear Medicine: Chapter 5, Section 4.1. I. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers positron emission tomography (PET) medically necessary for the following Cardiac Indications: A. Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease: 1. PET scans using rubidium-82 (Rb-82) or N-13 ammonia done at rest or with pharmacological stress are considered medically necessary for noninvasive imaging of the perfusion of the heart for the diagnosis and management of members with known or suspected coronary artery disease, provided such scans meet EITHER one of the two following criteria: a. The PET scan is used in place of, but not in addition to, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), in persons with conditions that may cause attenuation problems with SPECT (obesity (BMI greater than 40), large breasts, breast implants, mastectomy, chest wall deformity, pleural or pericardial effusion); OR b. The PET scan is used following an inconclusive SPECT scan (i.e., the results of the SPECT are equivocal, technically uninterpretable, or discordant with a member’s other clinical data). B. Assessment of Myocardial Viability: Fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET scans are considered medically necessary 1. for the determination of myocardial viability prior to re-vascularization, either as a primary or initial diagnostic study or following an inconclusive SPECT. The greater specificity of PET makes a SPECT following an inconclusive PET not medically necessary. JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 2. 3. II. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 2 of 14 The identification of members with partial loss of heart muscle movement or hibernating myocardium is important in selecting candidates with compromised ventricular function to determine appropriateness for revascularization. Diagnostic tests such as FDG-PET distinguish between dysfunctional but viable myocardial tissue and scar tissue in order to affect the management decisions in members with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. PET-CT fusion is considered experimental and investigational for cardiac and neurologic indications; a PET scan without CT is adequate to evaluate the brain and myocardium. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for the following Oncologic Indications, when the following general and disease-specific criteria for diagnosis, staging, restaging and monitoring are met, and the FDG-PET scan is necessary to guide management: A. General Criteria 1. Diagnosis: The PET results may assist in avoiding an invasive diagnostic procedure, or the PET results may assist in determining the optimal anatomic location to perform an invasive diagnostic procedure. In general, for most solid tumors, a tissue diagnosis is made prior to the performance of PET scanning. PET scans following a tissue diagnosis are performed for the purpose of staging, not diagnosis. Therefore, the use of PET in the diagnosis of lymphoma, esophageal carcinoma, colorectal cancers, and melanoma is rarely considered medically necessary. 2. Staging: PET is considered medically necessary in situations in which clinical management of the member would differ depending on the stage of the cancer identified and Either: a. the stage of the cancer remains in doubt after completion of a standard diagnostic work-up, including conventional imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasound); OR b. the use of PET would potentially replace one or more conventional imaging studies when it is expected that conventional study information is insufficient for the clinical management of the member. 3. Re-staging: PET is considered medically necessary for re-staging after completion of treatment for the purpose of detecting residual disease, for detecting suspected recurrence in persons with signs or symptoms of recurrence, or to determine the extent of recurrence. Use of PET is also considered medically necessary if it could potentially replace one or more conventional imaging studies when it is expected that conventional study information is insufficient for the clinical management of the member. PET for post- treatment surveillance is considered experimental and investigational, where surveillance is defined as use of PET beyond the JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 3 of 14 completion of treatment, in the absence of signs or symptoms of cancer recurrence or progression, for the purpose of detecting recurrence or progression or predicting outcome. 4. Monitoring: PET for monitoring tumor response during the planned course of therapy is not considered medically necessary except for breast cancer. Restaging occurs only after a course of treatment is completed. 5. The fusion of PET and CT imaging into a single system (PET/CT fusion) is considered medically necessary for any oncologic indication where PET scanning is considered medically necessary. B. Disease-Specific Criteria 1. Characterization of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules (SPNs): a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for the characterization of newly discovered SPNs in persons without known malignancy when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (above) are met AND the following conditions are met: • A concurrent thoracic CT has been performed, which is necessary to ensure that the PET scan is properly coordinated with other diagnostic modalities; AND • A single indeterminate or possibly malignant lesion, more than 0.8 cm and not exceeding 4 cm in diameter, has been detected (usually by CT). b. The primary purpose of the PET scan of SPN should be to determine the likelihood of malignancy in order to plan the management of the member. c. A biopsy is not considered medically necessary in the case of a negative PET scan for SPNs, because the member is presumed not to have a malignant lesion, based upon the PET scan results. d. In cases of serial evaluation of SPNs using both CT and regional PET chest scanning, such PET scans are not considered medically necessary if repeated within 90 days following a previous negative PET scan. 2. Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC): a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis, staging and restaging of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSLC) when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. 3. Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC): a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for staging of persons with SCLC that has been determined to be of limited-stage after standard staging evaluation (including CT of the chest and upper abdomen, bone scan, and brain imaging). JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 4 of 14 Mesothelioma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for diagnosis and staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. According to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (2010), PET-CT scans may be useful in the pre-treatment evaluation of mesothelioma Colorectal Cancer and Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for diagnosis*, staging, and restaging of colorectal cancer and small bowel adenocarcinoma when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. b. According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), medical evidence supports the use of FDG-PET as a useful tool in determining the presence of hepatic/extra-hepatic metastases in the primary staging of colorectal carcinoma, prior to selecting the treatment regimen. Use of FDG-PET is also supported in evaluating recurrent colorectal cancer or small bowel adenocarcinoma where the member presents with clinical signs or symptoms of recurrence. c. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of colorectal cancer is rarely considered medically necessary. Anal Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis of anal canal carcinomas when medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II.A. listed above) are met. According to NCCN guidelines (2013), the routine use of a PET-CT scan for staging or treatment planning for anal cancer has not been validated Hodgkins Lymphoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis*, staging and restaging of Hodgkins lymphoma when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma is rarely considered medically necessary. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (including post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and Castleman’s disease): JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 9. 10. 11. 12. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 5 of 14 a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis*, staging and restaging of non-Hodgkins lymphoma when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of non-Hodgkins lymphoma is rarely considered medically necessary. Melanoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis*, staging, and restaging of melanoma when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. FDG-PET is considered experimental and investigational and not medically necessary for use in evaluating regional nodes in persons with melanoma. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of melanoma is rarely considered medically necessary. Esophageal Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for the diagnosis*, staging and re-staging of esophageal carcinoma when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. Medical evidence is present to support the use of FDG-PET in pre-surgical staging of esophageal cancer. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of esophageal cancer is rarely considered medically necessary. Gastric Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET is considered medically necessary for diagnosis,* staging and re-staging of gastric carcinoma when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. Consensus guidelines support the use of FDG-PET in the pre-surgical staging of gastric cancer. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of gastric cancer is rarely considered medically necessary. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET is considered medically necessary for diagnosis*, staging and re-staging of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. Consensus guidelines support the use of FDG-PET in the pre-surgical JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 13. 14. 15. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 6 of 14 staging of GIST. b. A diagnostic tissue sample is usually obtainable without PET localization. Therefore, PET for diagnosis of GIST is rarely considered medically necessary. Head and Neck Cancers: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis, staging, and restaging of head and neck cancers when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II.A. listed above) are met. The head and neck cancers encompass a diverse set of malignancies of which the majority is squamous cell carcinomas. Persons with head and neck cancers may present with metastases to cervical lymph nodes but conventional forms of diagnostic imaging fail to identify the primary tumor. Persons with cancer of the head and neck are left with 2 options, either to have a neck dissection or to have radiation of both sides of the neck with random biopsies. PET scanning attempts to reveal the site of primary tumor to prevent adverse effects of random biopsies or unneeded radiation. Thyroid Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met, for staging of thyroid cancer of follicular cell origin previously treated by thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation with an elevated or rising serum thyroglobulin (Tg) greater than 10 ng/ml and negative I-131 whole body scintigraphy. b. FDG-PET is considered not medically necessary for determining which members with metastatic thyroid cancer are at highest risk for death, because this information is for informational purposes only and has not been demonstrated to alter member management. c. FDG-PET scans are considered experimental and investigational for other thyroid cancer indications, including: • Use for the initial staging of post-surgical thyroid cancer of cell types that concentrate I-131 poorly; OR • Use of FDG-PET for re-staging of previously treated thyroid cancer of medullary cell origin in persons with an elevated serum calcitonin and negative standard imaging tests. Thymic Malignancies: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis, staging, and restaging of thymic malignancies (thymomas and thymic carcinomas) when the general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 16. 17. 18. 19. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 7 of 14 Breast Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for members with breast cancer for the following indications, where general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met: • Initial staging of members with stage III or higher when conventional imaging is equivocal; OR • Monitoring tumor response to treatment for persons with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer when a change in therapy is contemplated; OR • Restaging of members with known metastases; OR • Evaluating suspected recurrence (new palpable lesions in axilla or adjacent area, rising tumor markers, changes in other imaging which are equivocal or suspicious). b. FDG-PET is considered experimental and investigational for the initial diagnosis of breast cancer and for the staging of axillary lymph nodes. c. Positron emission mammography is considered experimental and investigational. Cervical Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnostic workup of cervical cancer, for detection of pre-treatment metastases (staging) in women who are newly diagnosed with cervical cancer and have negative conventional imaging (CT or MRI), and for restaging of cervical cancer when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II. A. listed above) are met. Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube Cancer and Primary Peritoneal Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for re-staging (detecting recurrence) of previously treated women with a rising CA-125 level who have negative or equivocal conventional imaging (CT or MRI) when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II.A listed above) are met. b. FDG-PET scans are considered experimental and investigational for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer and primary peritoneal cancer. Testicular Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for re-staging (detecting recurrence) of testicular cancer in men with previously treated disease who have a residual mass with normal or persistently elevated serum markers (e.g., alpha fetoprotein or serum chorionic gonadotropin) when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II.A. listed above) are met. JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 8 of 14 b. FDG-PET scans are considered experimental and investigational for diagnosis, staging and monitoring of testicular cancer. Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytomas: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for evaluating suspected plasmacytomas (staging) in persons with multiple myeloma and for restaging of persons with solitary plasmacytomas. Ewing Sarcoma, Chordoma and Osteosarcoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis, staging and restaging of osteosarcoma, chordoma, and Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Soft Tissue Sarcoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for soft tissue sarcomas. FDG-PET scans are considered medically necessary for staging prior to resection of an apparently solitary metastasis, or for grading unresectable lesions when the grade of the histopathological specimen is in doubt. b. FDG-PET scans are considered experimental and investigational for restaging of Soft tissue sarcomas. Neuroendocrine Tumors: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for the diagnosis, staging and restaging of persons with pheochromocytoma/ paragangliomas and other neuroendocrine tumors when general medical necessity criteria for oncologic indications (II.A. listed above) are met. Pancreatic Tumors: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans medically necessary for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic tumors where imaging tests (CT or MRI) are equivocal. FDGPET scans are considered experimental and investigational for restaging of pancreatic cancer Brain Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET scans are considered medically necessary for diagnosis and staging, where lesions metastatic from the brain are identified but no primary is found, and for restaging, to distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis. Occult Primary: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET is considered medically necessary for staging in carcinomas of unknown primary site in tumors of indeterminate histology where the primary site cannot be identified by endoscopy or other imaging studies JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. III. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 9 of 14 (CT, MRI) and where loco-regional therapy for a single site of disease is being considered. FDG-PET scans are considered experimental and investigational for diagnosis or re-staging of carcinomas of unknown primary. Paraneoplastic Syndromes: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG- PET medically necessary for diagnosis and staging of persons suspected of having a paraneoplastic syndrome. Merkel Cell Carcinoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for evaluating (i) the possibility of a skin metastasis from a non-cutaneous carcinoma (e.g., small cell carcinoma of the lung), especially in cases where CK20 is negative, (ii) to evaluate regional and distant metastases, and (iii) the extent of lymph node and/or visceral organ involvement. Penile Cancer: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for evaluation of persons with penile cancer who have positive lymph nodes (PLNs) and an abnormal CT or MRI. Uterine Sarcoma: a. When benefits are provided under the member’s contract, JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary for diagnosis, staging and restaging of persons with uterine sarcoma in persons with known or suspected extrauterine disease. FDG-PET in Place of 99mTc Skeletal Scintigraphy a. Due to an interruption in production, there is a temporary shortage of technetium 99-m (99mTc), which is used in nuclear medicine for skeletal scintigraphy (bone scans). During this shortage, JHHC will consider FDGPET an acceptable alternative to bone scans for detecting skeletal abnormalities for medically necessary indications. NaF-18 PET a. JHHC considers NAF-18 PET experimental and investigational for identifying bone metastasis of cancer because of insufficient evidence. Cargon-11 labeled 5-HTP PET a. JHHC considers carbon-11 labeled 5-HTP PET experimental and investigational for carcinoid and all other indications because of insufficient evidence. Neurologic Indications: A. JHHC considers FDG-PET medically necessary only for pre-surgical evaluation for the purpose of localization of a focus of refractory seizure activity. JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO B. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 10 of 14 JHHC considers PET scans experimental and investigational for Alzheimer disease (including the use of florbetapir-PET and flutemetamol F18-PET for imaging Beta-amyloid), dementia, Huntington disease, Parkinson’s disease, or other neurological indications not listed as medically necessary in this policy because of insufficient evidence of its effectiveness. IV. Other Indications: A. FDG-PET is considered medically necessary for diagnosis, staging and re-staging of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. V. PET scanning with a gamma camera is considered experimental and investigational for all indications because of insufficient evidence of its effectiveness. VI. PET/MRI is considered experimental and investigational for all indications because of insufficient evidence of its effectiveness. VII. PET scans for routine screening of asymptomatic members are not considered medically necessary, regardless of the number and severity of risk factors applicable to the member. VIII. Unless specific benefits are provided, JHHC considers PET scans experimental and investigational for all other indications. BACKGROUND: Positron Emission Tomography, also known as PET scan, is a type of medical imaging test that allows providers to evaluate how well a patient’s tissues and organs are functioning. It is often referred to as a type of nuclear medicine. Tracers, which determine areas in the body that have elevated levels of chemical activity, are often swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a patient prior to the procedure. The higher levels of chemical activity in a specific area can help alert providers of a disease. PET scans routinely help detect numerous conditions in patients, including certain cancers, brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s, and heart disease. In addition to detecting diseases, a PET scan can also be beneficial for measuring other important body functions, such as blood flow regulation, oxygen use, and the metabolism of glucose. CODING INFORMATION: CPT Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association. JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 11 of 14 Note: The following CPT/HCPCS codes are included below for informational purposes. Inclusion or exclusion of a CPT/HCPCS code(s) below does not signify or imply member coverage or provider reimbursement. The member's specific benefit plan determines coverage and referral requirements. All inpatient admissions require preauthorization. PRE- AUTHORIZATION REQUIRED Compliance with the provision in this policy may be monitored and addressed through post payment data analysis and/or medical review audits Employer Health Programs (EHP) **See Specific Summary Plan Description (SPD) CPT ® CODES 78459 78491 78492 78608 78609 78811 78812 78813 78814 78815 78816 HCPCS CODES G0219 Priority Partners (PPMCO) refer to COMAR guidelines and PPMCO SPD then apply policy criteria US Family Health Plan (USFHP), TRICARE Medical Policy supersedes JHHC Medical Policy. If there is no Policy in TRICARE, apply the Medical Policy Criteria DESCRIPTION Myocardial imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), metabolic evaluation Myocardial imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), perfusion; single study at rest or stress Myocardial imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), perfusion; multiple studies at rest and/or stress Brain imaging, positron emission tomography (PET); metabolic evaluation Brain imaging, positron emission tomography (PET); perfusion evaluation Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; limited area (eg, chest, head/neck) Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; skull base to mid-thigh Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; whole body Positron emission tomography (PET) with concurrently acquired computed tomography (CT) for attenuation correction and anatomical localization imaging; limited area (eg, chest, head/neck) Positron emission tomography (PET) with concurrently acquired computed tomography (CT) for attenuation correction and anatomical localization imaging; skull base to mid-thigh Positron emission tomography (PET) with concurrently acquired computed tomography (CT) for attenuation correction and anatomical localization imaging; whole body PET imaging whole body; melanoma for noncovered indications JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO G0235 G0252 Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 12 of 14 PET imaging, any site, not otherwise specified PET imaging, full and partial-ring PET scanners only, for initial diagnosis of breast cancer and/or surgical planning for breast cancer (e.g., initial staging of axillary lymph nodes) REFERENCES STATEMENT: Analyses of the scientific and clinical references cited below were conducted and utilized by the Johns Hopkins HealthCare (JHHC) Medical Policy Team during the development and implementation of this medical policy. Per NCQA standards, the Medical Policy Team will continue to monitor and review any newly published clinical evidence and adjust the references below accordingly if deemed necessary. CLINICAL: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Kuruvilla, D., Lipton, R. (2015). Appropriate use of neuroimaging in headache. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 19(6), p.490. Cerfolio, R., Bryant, A. (2006). Maximum Standardized Uptake Values on Positron Emission Tomography of Esophageal Cancer Predicts Stage, Tumor Biology, and Survival. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,82, p.391-395. Blodgett, T, Meltzer, C., et al. (2007). PET/CT: Form and Function [Abstract]. Journal of Radiology, 242(2), p.360-385. Buck, A., Herrman, K., et al. (2010). Economic Evaluation of PET and PET/CT in Oncology: Evidence and Methodologic Approaches. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 51(3), p.401-412. Knopman, D., DeKosky, S., Cummings, J., et al. (2001). Practice Parameter: Diagnosis of Dementia (An Evidence-Based Review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Journal of the American Academy of Neurology, 56(9), p.1143-1153. Retrieved: http://www.neurology.org/content/56/9/1143.full.html Hayes, Inc. (2013). Medical Technology Directory: Positron Emission for Treatment Planning of Lung Cancer. Retrieved: https://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers/displaySubscriberArticle.do?articleId=9466 Hayes, Inc. (2014). Medical Technology Directory: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Combined Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) for Breast Cancer Staging. Retrieved: https://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers/displaySubscriberArticle.do?articleId=11247 Hayes, Inc. (2015). Medical Technology Directory: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for Alzheimer’s Disease. Retrieved: https://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers/displaySubscriberArticle.do?articleId=2056 JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 13 of 14 HEALTH PLAN: 9. 10. 11. 12. Empire-Blue Cross/Blue Shield. (2015). Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and PET/CT Fusion. Policy Number: RAD.00002. Retrieved: http://www.empireblue.com/medicalpolicies/policies/mp_pw_a050587.htm Aetna. (2015). Clinical Policy Bulletin: Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Policy Number: 0071. Retrieved: http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/1_99/0071.html United Healthcare. (2015). Coverage Summary: Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/ Combined PET-CT (Computed Tomography). Policy Number: P-003. Retrieved: https://www.unitedhealthcareonline.com/ccmcontent/ProviderII/UHC/enUS/Assets/ProviderStaticFiles/ProviderStaticFilesPdf/Tools%20and%20Resources/ Policies%20and%20Protocols/UnitedHealthcare%20Medicare%20Coverage/Positro nEmissionTomographyPET_FDG_UHCMA_CS.pdf CIGNA. (2013). Medical Coverage Policy: Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Policy Number: 0091. Retrieved: http://www.cardiogen.com/sites/Bracco/BraccoDocuments/Cardiogen/CardiogenPri vateCoverage/Cigna2013Positron%20Emission%20Tomography%20(PET)%20Cig na%20Medical%20Coverage%20Policy.pdf REGULATORY: 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). (2013).Medicare National Coverage Determinations: Chapter 1, Radiology: 220.6-Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Retrieved: http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-andGuidance/Guidance/Transmittals/Downloads/R156NCD.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). (2010). Medicare National Coverage Determinations: Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET) for Initial Treatment Strategy (PI) in Solid Tumors and Myeloma. Retrieved: http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-andGuidance/Guidance/Transmittals/downloads/R124NCD.pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). (2009). Decision Memo for Positron Emission Tomography (FDG) for Solid Tumors. Retrieved: http://www.snm.org/docs/PET_PROS/CMS%20PET%20Decision%20Memo%20A pril%202009.pdf TRICARE. (2008). Policy Manual 6010.57-M, February 1, 2008, Radiology, Chapter 5, Section 4.1. Retrieved from: http://manuals.tricare.osd.mil/ Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS). (2010). Medicare National Coverage Determinations: FDG PET for Solid Tumors and Myeloma. Retrieved: http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-andGuidance/Guidance/Transmittals/downloads/R120NCD.pdf JOHNS HOPKINS HEALTHCARE Medical Policy: Positron Emission Tomography Department: Medical Management Lines of Business: EHP, USFHP, PPMCO 18. 19. 20. 21. Policy Number CMS16.07 Page 14 of 14 COMAR. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan 10.34.19.01. and 10.34.19.02. Retrieved: http://www.dsd.state.md.us/comar/SearchTitle.aspx?scope=10 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2014). Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Information on PET Drugs. Retrieved: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/Manufacturing/ucm08578 3.htm# Health Quality Ontario (Presented to the Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee). (2010). Positron Emission Tomography for the Assessment of Myocardial Viability: An Evidence-Based Analysis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 10(16), p.1-80. Machac, J. (2001). PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Argentine Federation of Cardiology: 2nd Virtual Congress of Cardiology. Retrieved from: http://www.fac.org.ar/scvc/llave/PDF/machaci.PDF