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Manajerial #1 Aplikasi teori ekonomi dan alat pengambilan keputusan untuk mengetahui bagaimana organisasi dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih efektif. Managerial Decision Problems Economic theory Microeconomics Macroeconomics Decision Sciences Mathematical Economics Econometrics MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Application of economic theory and decision science tools to solve managerial decision problems OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS Managerial economics as an economics discipline Economics Macroeconomics Money, finance, banking Microeconomics “Sector” economics Labor economics Economics of IT and EC Managerial economics International Economics Regional Economics Economic Development Managerial economics as an economics discipline The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making Economic optimisation The value of the firm Economic constraints Product Price and Output Make or Buy Production Technique Stock Levels Advertising Media and Intensity Labor Hiring and Training Investment and Financing masalah keputusan manajerial Product price and output Make or buy Production technique Internet strategy Advertising media and intensity Investment and financing konsep ekonomi alat pengambilan keputusan Theory of consumer behaviour Numerical analysis Theory of firm Statistical analysis Forecasting Theory of market structures and pricing Game theory Optimisation ekonomi manajerial Use of economics concepts and decision making tools to solve managerial decision problems Optimal solutions The Process of decision-making Mengidentifikasi tujuan Mendefinisikan masalah Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik Mengimplementasikan keputusan Theory of the firm • Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka • Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasa untuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi, dan mengurangi biaya transaksi • Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan atau nilai perusahaan Expected Value Maximization Constraints and the Theory of the Firm Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi expectedvalue Kendala sumberdaya. Kendala sosial Limitations of the Theory of the Firm Teori alternatif menambah persepsi Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien The present value of all expected future profits Sales maximization Adequate rate of profit Management utility maximization Principle-agent problem Satisficing behavior 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Profit Market share Revenue growth Return on investment Technology Customer satisfaction Shareholder value Non-economic Objectives: 1. “A good place for our employees to work” 2. “Provide good products/services to our customers” 3. “Act as a good citizen in our society” Business Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit or accounting costs of production. Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit and implicit costs of production. Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its best alternative use. Profit merupakan signal untuk menunjukkan alokasi sumberdaya Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyal bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang diproduksi industri Profit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan yang diproduksi industri Risk-Bearing Theories of Profit Frictional Theory of Profit Monopoly Theory of Profit Innovation Theory of Profit Managerial Efficiency Theory of Profit Nilai marjinal • Nilai marjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel independen • Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif menjadi negatif • Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan menaik dan sebaliknya • Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total Poin utama The dependent variable is maximized when its marginal value shifts from positive to negative hubungan antara output dan profit perusahaan bejo OUTPUT PER DAY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL MARGINAL PROFIT PROFIT 0 100 100 250 150 600 350 1000 400 1350 350 1500 150 1550 50 1500 -50 1400 -100 1200 -200 AVERAGE PROFIT 100.0 125.0 200.0 250.0 270.0 250.0 221.4 187.5 155.6 120.0 Total, marginal, and average profit – Bejo Corporation 2000 TOTAL PROFIT PROFIT 1500 1000 MARGINAL PROFIT 500 0 -500 0 5 10 OUTPUT PER DAY 15 AVERAGE PROFIT Marginal v. Incremental Concept Marginal relates to one unit of output. Incremental relates to one managerial decision. Multiple units of output is possible. Incremental Profits Profits tied to a managerial decision. pilih alternatif yang menghasilkan hasil yang konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial Apa tujuan utama manajerial? Tergantung struktur kepemilikan Profit maximisation? Sales/revenue maximisation? The value of the firm maximisation? Profit per employee maximisation? Limited resourses Labour Capital Finance Raw materials Environment Limited capacity of market Demand Choice/Opportunity cost Mengapa perusahaan ada? Social Responsibility of Business Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial Melayani pelanggan Menyediakan lapangan kerja Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi perlu adanya etika bisnis Globalization of Economic Activity Goods and Services Capital Technology Skilled Labor Technological Change Telecommunications Advances The Internet and the World Wide Web