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Manajerial #1
Aplikasi teori ekonomi dan alat
pengambilan keputusan untuk
mengetahui bagaimana organisasi
dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih
efektif.
Managerial Decision Problems
Economic theory
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Decision Sciences
Mathematical Economics
Econometrics
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Application of economic theory
and decision science tools to solve
managerial decision problems
OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO
MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS
Managerial economics as an economics discipline
Economics
Macroeconomics
Money, finance, banking
Microeconomics
“Sector” economics
Labor economics
Economics of IT and EC
Managerial economics
International Economics
Regional Economics
Economic Development
Managerial economics as
an economics discipline
The role of managerial
economics in managerial
decision making
Economic optimisation
The value of the firm
Economic constraints
 Product Price and Output
 Make or Buy
 Production Technique
 Stock Levels
 Advertising Media and Intensity
 Labor Hiring and Training
 Investment and Financing
masalah keputusan manajerial
Product price and output
Make or buy
Production technique
Internet strategy
Advertising media and intensity
Investment and financing
konsep ekonomi
alat pengambilan keputusan
Theory of consumer behaviour
Numerical analysis
Theory of firm
Statistical analysis
Forecasting
Theory of market structures and
pricing
Game theory
Optimisation
ekonomi manajerial
Use of economics concepts
and decision making tools to
solve managerial decision
problems
Optimal solutions
The Process of decision-making
Mengidentifikasi tujuan
Mendefinisikan masalah
Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi
Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik
Mengimplementasikan keputusan
Theory of the firm
• Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana
perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka
• Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan
sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasa
untuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi,
dan mengurangi biaya transaksi
• Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan
atau nilai perusahaan

Expected Value Maximization



Constraints and the Theory of the Firm



Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek
Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi expectedvalue
Kendala sumberdaya.
Kendala sosial
Limitations of the Theory of the Firm



Teori alternatif menambah persepsi
Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi
Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien
The present value of all expected future profits
 Sales maximization

Adequate rate of profit
 Management utility maximization

Principle-agent problem
 Satisficing behavior
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Profit
Market share
Revenue growth
Return on investment
Technology
Customer satisfaction
Shareholder value
Non-economic Objectives:
1. “A good place for our employees to work”
2. “Provide good products/services to our
customers”
3. “Act as a good citizen in our society”
Business Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit or
accounting costs of production.
Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit
and implicit costs of production.
Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its
best alternative use.
Profit merupakan signal untuk menunjukkan alokasi
sumberdaya
Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyal
bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang
diproduksi industri
Profit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa
pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan
yang diproduksi industri
Risk-Bearing Theories of Profit
Frictional Theory of Profit
Monopoly Theory of Profit
Innovation Theory of Profit
Managerial Efficiency Theory of Profit
Nilai marjinal
• Nilai marjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan
variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel
independen
• Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif
menjadi negatif
• Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan
menaik dan sebaliknya
• Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total
Poin utama
The dependent variable is maximized when its
marginal value shifts from positive to negative
hubungan antara output dan profit
perusahaan bejo
OUTPUT
PER DAY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TOTAL MARGINAL
PROFIT
PROFIT
0
100
100
250
150
600
350
1000
400
1350
350
1500
150
1550
50
1500
-50
1400
-100
1200
-200
AVERAGE
PROFIT
100.0
125.0
200.0
250.0
270.0
250.0
221.4
187.5
155.6
120.0
Total, marginal, and average profit – Bejo Corporation
2000
TOTAL
PROFIT
PROFIT
1500
1000
MARGINAL
PROFIT
500
0
-500 0
5
10
OUTPUT PER DAY
15
AVERAGE
PROFIT

Marginal v. Incremental Concept
Marginal relates to one unit of output.
 Incremental relates to one managerial
decision.
 Multiple units of output is possible.


Incremental Profits

Profits tied to a managerial decision.
pilih alternatif yang menghasilkan hasil yang
konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial
Apa tujuan utama manajerial?
Tergantung struktur kepemilikan
Profit maximisation?
Sales/revenue maximisation?
The value of the firm
maximisation?
Profit per employee
maximisation?
Limited resourses
Labour
Capital
Finance
Raw materials
Environment
Limited capacity of market
Demand
Choice/Opportunity cost

Mengapa perusahaan ada?



Social Responsibility of Business




Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen
Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial
Melayani pelanggan
Menyediakan lapangan kerja
Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi
 perlu adanya etika bisnis
Globalization of Economic Activity
 Goods and Services
 Capital
 Technology
 Skilled Labor
Technological Change
 Telecommunications Advances
 The Internet and the World Wide Web