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HIV/AIDS and Food Security: a long term emergency Marcela Villarreal FAO How does HIV/AIDS Impact Food Security? • • • • Loss of agricultural labour Impoverishment of households Loss of knowledge (IK) Macro economic impact: food imports Loss of agricultural labour force 2000-2020 Uganda Zimbabwe Rwanda Botswana Malawi Ethiopia Percentage loss of agriculture labour force Kenya South Africa Namibia 2020 2000 Mozambique 0.0 10 10.0 20 20.0 30.0 Impoverishment of households • Sale of productive resources for care / funerals – Ethiopia: Average treatment and mourning costs exceed average annual farm incomes – Kenya: 49-78% of household income lost when one person dies from AIDS • Shift to less labour-intensive crops – Less cash crops – Less nutritious crops Sustainability of food production undermined • Transmission of knowledge between generations (household and institutional) undermined • Decrease in range of crops leads to decrease in plant diversity and genetic resources • Social safety nets are undermined – Irreversible collapse of the social asset base Loss of skills and capacities • • • • Household level Indigenous knowledge Institutions Governance and capacity to respond to crises Risk factors • • • • • Migration Undiversified sources of livelihoods Gender based violence Gender inequality Food insecurity Resilience Macro economic implications Average annual loss in GDP growth per capita due to HIV/AIDS estimated at 0.7% in Africa Ethiopia Kenya Uganda 0.6 1.3 0.8 World Bank, 2000 HIV/AIDS: Prevalence and Impact Double Orphans Deaths Prevalence Hypothetical Curves HIV/AIDS: Responses High Prevalence Low Impact Low Prevalence High Impact Low Prevalence Low Impact High Prevalence High Impact Responses • Immediate vs long term • Emergency interventions with a development perspective • Interventions that take into account the long term • Window of opportunity Policy issues