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Striving For Excellence
National Product and Its
Fluctuation
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Striving For Excellence
NATIONAL INCOME
National Income Accounting and Determination
NATIONAL INCOME APPROACH
1. Production Approach = value added approach.
Y = P1Q1 + P2Q2 + ...+ PnQn.
2. Income Approach.
Y = Yw + Yr + Yi + Yp)
3. Expenditure Approach.
Y = C + I + G + (X-M)
Warning:
1. Price
2. Underground Economy.
3. Intermediate Product (value Added System). 2
Striving For Excellence
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PN RIILPN YG DIHIT ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN
PN NOMINAL YG YG DIHIT ATAS DASAR HARGA
BERLAKU/HARGA PASAR
PDB riil t= (PDB nominalt/IH)t x 100
Menghit pertumb ekonomi:
(PDB t – PDB t-1)/ PDB) x 100
UNDERGROUND ECONOMYDO IT YOUR SELF
PRODUCTION, BARTER
INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT (VALUE ADDED SYSTEM) YG
DIHIT ADL NILAI DARI FINAL PRODUCT
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Striving For Excellence
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PDB KONSTAN 2006-2010
PDB HARGA BERLAKU 2006-2010
IHK 2006-2010
MENCARI KONSEP2 PENDAPATAN
NASIONAL DAN KETERKAITANNYA
1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP}
2. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
3. NET NATIONAL PRODUCT (NNP)
4. NATIONAL INCOME (NI)
5. PERSONAL INCOME (PI)
6. PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME
(DI)
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Y  P1* Q1  P 2 * Q 2  ....  PnQn
n

PiQi
i 1
OUTPUT
2009
2010
P
Q
JERUK
10
15
150 15
20
300
200
APEL
15
5
75 20
10
200
120
TOTAL
PiQi
225
P
Q
500
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FAKTOR PRODUKSI:
1. FP TENAGA KERJAUPAH/GAJI
(WAGE/w)
2. FP TANAHSEWA (RENT/r)
3. FP
MODAL/KAPITALBUNGA/INTEREST/i
4. FP KEWIRAUSAHAANLABA/PROFIT
()
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4 SEKTOR DALAM PEREKONOMIAN:
1. SEKTOR RUMAH TANGGA (HOUSEHOLD
SECTOR)PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI (C).
2. SEKTOR BISNIS/SWASTA (BUSINESS
SECTOR) PENGELUARAN INVESTASI (I).
3. SEKTOR PEMERINTAH (GOVERNMENT
SECTOR)PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH (G)
4. SEKTOR LUAR NEGERI (FOREIGN
SECTOR)NET EXPORT (X-M)
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Striving For Excellence
NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
1. Aggregate
2. Decision makerssectors.
-Household Sector.
-Business Sector.
-Government Sector.
-Foreign Sector.
3. Every dollar spent by someone becomes revenue to
anothers.
4. The flow of Monetary spending.
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Striving For Excellence
GNP
EKSPANSI
UPPER
TURNING
POINTKRIS
ISRESESI/
DEPRESIL
OWER
TURNING
POINTREC
OVERY/REVI
VAL
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NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
Agreggate Expenditure
-Household SectorCONSUMPTION (C)
-Business SectorINVESMENT (I)
-Government SectorGOVERNMENT
EXPENDITURE FOR GOODS AND SERVICES (G)
-Foreign SectorNET EXPORT (X-M)
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NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
CONSUMPTION (C)
C = f (Y)
C = Co + cY
Y = Pendapatan
C = Tingkat Konsumsi
Co = Autonomos Consumption
c = Kecenderungan konsumsi (mpc = marginal propensity
to consume)mpc= C/Y menunjukkan seberapa
besar kenaikan konsumsi akibat kenaikan pendapatan
sebesar 1 unitterletak antara 0-1.
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NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
C
C = Co + cY
C
Co
Y
Y
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NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
CONSUMPTION AND SAVING
Y=C+S
S=Y–C
S = Y – (Co – cY)
S = Y – Co – cY
S = -Co + (1- c)Y
S = -Co + sY.
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NATIONAL INCOME ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION
CONSUMPTION AND SAVING
Y = Pendapatan
S = Tingkat Tabungan
-Co = So = Autonomos Saving
1-c = s = Kecenderungan menabung (mps =
marginal propensity to save)mpc= S/Y
menunjukkan seberapa besar kenaikan
tabungan akibat kenaikan pendapatan
sebesar 1 unitterletak antara 0-1.
MPC + MPS = 1
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C = 50 + 0.75Y
I = 50
Y KESEIMBANGAN?
POSISI KESEIMBANGANY = AE
(AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE)
Y=C+I
Y = 50 + 0.75Y + 50
Y – 0.75Y = 50 + 50
(1- 0.75)Y = 100
0.25Y=100
Y= 400
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C = 50 + 0.75Y
I = 50
Y KESEIMBANGAN?
POSISI KESEIMBANGANY = AE
(AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE)
Y=C+I
Y = 50 + 0.75Y + 50
Y – 0.75Y = 50 + 50
(1- 0.75)Y = 100
0.25Y=100
Y= 400
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PEND SUNTIKAN DAN BOCORAN
Y = C +I
Y= C + S
C+I = C+SI=S
C = 50 + 0.75YS=-50+0.25Y
I=S
50 = -50+0.25Y
0.25Y=100
Y= 100/0.25=400
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C = 50 + 0.75Y
I = 50
G = 100
Tx=50+0.2Y
Tr=20
dG=50 (tidak dibiayai dg pajak)
dG=50 (yg dibiayai dg pajak lumpsum)
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DUA SEKTOR
Y=C+I
TIGA SEKTOR
Y=C+I+G
EMPAT SEKTOR
Y = C + I + G + (X – M)
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CAMPUR TANGAN PEM
1. PAJAK
LUMPSUM:BESARNYA DITENTUKAN, MIS :50
PROPORSIONAL: PEM MENENTUKAN TARIF
PAJAK
•PJK PROGRESIF: TARIF NAIK SERING DG
KENAIKAN PEND
•PJK REGRESIF:TARIF PAJAK MENURUN
SEIRINMG KENAIKAN PEND.
•PJK PROPORSIONAL: TARIF PAJAK SAMA UTK
SEMUA TK PEND.
2. TRANSFER PAYMENT (Tr)PENGALIHAN
DAYA BELI DR PEM KPD MASY, CONTOH: BLT,
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BEASISWA