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Some helpful definitions • Somatic cell – any cell forming the body of an organism – diploid • Germ cell – gametes – sperm and ova – haploid • Sexual reproduction – the creation of offspring from two parents – results in a unique combination of genes inherited from the mother and the father – consists of two phases – mitosis and fertilization Human Genome More helpful definitions • Diploid – – – – two copies are present of each chromosome each chromosome has its homologous partner present somatic cells are diploid 2n = 46 (humans) • Haploid – One copy of each chromosome present – Germ cells are haploid – n = 23 (humans) • Autosome – Non-sex chromosome – Chromosomes 1-22 Meiosis • The process that transforms 1 diploid cell into 4 haploid cells • First described in sea urchin eggs • Required for sexual reproduction: • Keeps the chromosome number the same after fertilization • Introduces genetic variation through recombination
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