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Social Studies
Chapters 1 & 2
Chapter 1 Vocabulary
• geography: the study of the world and its
features
• landform: a physical feature of the earth’s
surface, such as a mountain
• climate: the type of weather in a place
over a long period of time
• conservation: the protection and careful
use of natural resources
Ch.1 Voc. Continued
• region: an area with certain characteristics
that sets it apart from surrounding areas
• economy: the system people use to
produce goods and services
• trade: buying and selling goods
• environment: the things that surround
someone, including water and land
• ecosystem: a community of animals and
plants interacting with their environment
Important Landforms
• North America is covered with large areas of
mountains and plains
– Interactive Map
• Rocky Mountains- West part of U.S.
• Appalachian Mountains- East part of U.S.
(extend from Alabama to Maine)
Important Landforms
• Great Lakes- Northeastern part of U.S.
and surrounding Michigan (includes Lake
Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron,
Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie)
Important Landforms
• Great Plains
Important Landforms
Mississippi River
Mississippi
River
Natural Resources
• renewable resources: can be replaced or
renewed
– examples: wood, fisheries
• non renewable resources: cannot be
replaced once used
– examples: oil, coal, and copper
• flow resources: can only be used at a
certain time or place
– examples: wind, sunlight, and water
Other Resources
• capital resource: a tool, machine, or
building people use to produce goods and
services
– examples: tractors, ovens, computers
• human resource: a person and the skills
and knowledge he or she brings to a job
– ex.: farmers, inventors, teachers, principals
• scarcity: a lack of something
– causes people to have to choose what they
need more
Regions
• The U.S. is divided into regions
– can be divided by climate, which is affected by
landforms and distance from the Equator
Regions
• Can also be defined by its resources
– ex.: Appalachian Mountain region has many coal
mines
• Resources are important for the growth of a
region’s economy
• People and businesses in different regions trade
with each other to make more goods available to
consumers (someone who buys goods and
services)
– Much trade occurs at U.S. ports
Question:
• How do you think the land affects people?
– Consider location and resources
• People often live near resources such as
water, transportation routes, or jobs. Why
do you think this is true?
– People settle in a place where they are able
to make a living and places they enjoy
– Environment may sway a persons decision
– Sometimes people effect ecosystems by living
in certain environments
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
• migration- movement of people or
animals from one region to another
• civilization- a culture with cities, a
government, and many different jobs for
people to do
• nomad- a person who moves around and
does not live in one place
• barter- to exchange goods without using
money
Ancient Americans
• Scientists think the first Americans came to the
U.S. over a land bridge that linked Asia and
North America
– This land bridge is known as Beringia.
– People migrated over this land bridge to hunt large
animals.
– Eventually the Ice Age ended and ice melted to form
water that covered the land bridge.
– The people who migrated over spread across North
and South America and became known as the PaleoIndians.
Civilizations Develop
• Paleo-Indians lived by hunting animals
– These animals began to die off and they had
to start depending on agriculture (farming or
growing plants).
– Started to raise crops such as corn, beans,
and squash.
– This caused them to stay in one place and
they began to build villages and cities, which
began the growth of civilizations.
Civilizations Develop
• Some ancient people began to build large,
complex villages that included mounds.
– These people became known as Mound Builders.
• There were also people known as Ancient
Pueblo peoples.
– Lived in large buildings made of mud and stone with
many rooms.
– Also built underground rooms called kivas, which
were used for religious ceremonies.
• Aztecs ruled in Central Mexico where they had
built hundreds of buildings and roads.
– Made their own calendar and built large temples
Pacific Northwest Indians
• Coastal area that stretches from Alaska to northern
California
• Hunted and gathered everything they needed
– Caught salmon, shellfish, whales, and seals
– Gathered berries and fern roots
– Hunted geese, deer, elks, and bears
– Used wood for canoes, large houses, and totem poles
Some Pacific Northwest Indians
• Tlingit (KLINK-it)
– One of the largest American Indian groups in
Pacific Northwest
– Built villages near the coast or rivers
– Made clothing and blankets from bark
– Divided into clans (a group of related families)
– About 17,000 Tlingit live in southeastern
Alaska today where most fish or work in
forests cutting wood
Southwest Indians
• Region that includes all of present-day Arizona,
& New Mexico, and parts of Utah, Colorado,
Nevada, Texas, southern California, and northern
Mexico
• Region was very dry
– Had to build their homes with sticks, stones and a clay
called adobe
– Lack of rain made agriculture difficult, so had to use
irrigation (a way of supplying water to crops with
streams, ditches, or pipes)
• The Hopi
– Used irrigation to grow beans, squash, and corn
– Thought of themselves as caretakers of the land
– Held religious ceremonies
Plain Indians
• Great Plains lie in center of North America
• Eastern Plains
– Pawnee and Omaha Indians were successful farmers
because of the plentiful rainfall
– Built earth lodges (homes made of bark, earth, and
grass)
– Spent Spring and Fall farming, but left during the
Summer and Winter to hunt buffalo
• Western Plains
–
–
–
–
Dry land made farming difficult
Buffalo were an important resource
Used buffalo for food, tools, rope, covers, etc.
Nomads who followed the buffalo herds usually lived
in teepees
Some Plain Indians
• The Comanche
– Nomads
– Fierce warriors on horseback
– Became one of the most powerful Plains groups, or
nations
– Wealthy and strong people who owned many horses
and controlled a large area of the Plains
– Divided into groups and each group had leaders
called chiefs
– About 8,500 Comanche live in the U.S. today, mostly
in Oklahoma working as farmers and ranchers
Eastern Woodlands
• A large varied region that has hills, mountains
and plains, but the whole area receives plenty of
rain
– Stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi
River, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes
• Hunted deer, bears, and rabbits for food
• Did not rely on one single source for food, like
the Plain Indians did
• Farmers
– Planted corn, beans, and squash
• Built different houses and made clothing for
different climates
Some Eastern Woodland Indians
• The Haudenosaunee
– Lived in what is now New York state
– Separated into nations
– Haudenosaunee League, made up of five of the
nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas,
and Senecas
– This league made decisions together, but only the
chiefs had a voice
– Nations traded with other Woodland Indians
– Bartered for goods
– More than 50,000 Haudenosaunee live in North
America today
Review
• What does migration mean and how does it
apply to the beginning of civilization in the U.S.?
• How do scientist believe the first Americans
came to the U.S.?
• Name a group of Pacific Northwest Indians that
we have discussed.
• Why did Southwest Indians use irrigation?
• What one animal did the Plain Indians depend
greatly on?
• How many Indian nations made up the
Haudenosaunee League?