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Population
Geography
Demography – the statistical study of human populations
At that time there were probably
about 1 million humans on Earth
Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org
When Darwin published On the Origin of
Species there were 1 billion humans
Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org
When I was born there were
3.6 billion humans
Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org
WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE
DISTRIBUTED?
Densely Population Areas
Sparsely Population Areas
• East Asia
• arid lands
• South Asia
• tropical rainforests
• Southeast Asia
• highlands
• Europe
• high latitudes(coldlands)
• North America
Total Fertility Rate - the average number of
children a women will have in her
childbearing years. This rate varies from just
over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali).
The U.S. rate is 2.
2.1 is generally regarded as the
replacement rate (the rate at which a
population neither grows nor shrinks) in
the developed world. In less developed
countries this rate should be higher to
account for so many children not
reaching childbearing age.
Palestinian
Territories
Fertility
Rate
1975-1980
7.39
1980-1985
7.00
1985-1990
6.43
1990-1995
6.46
1995-2000
5.99
2000-2005
5.57
Total
fertility
rate
U.K.
1975-1980
1.72
1980-1985
1.80
1985-1990
1.81
1990-1995
1.78
1995-2000
1.70
2000-2005
1.66
Africa
Fertility
Rate
1975-1980
6.60
1980-1985
6.45
1985-1990
6.11
1990-1995
5.67
1995-2000
5.26
2000-2005
4.97
Doubling Time
• How long will it take for a population
of a given area to double in size?
• Divide 70 by the annual population
natural increase rate and you find the
doubling time.
World = 58
Sub-Saharan Africa = 30
Uganda = 20 years
Costa Rica = 80
U.S.A. = 128 years
Denmark = 333 years
Russia = ?
Japan = ?
Source: National Geographic Magazine
Example: Bangladesh
70 / R.N.I. => 70/2.09 = 33.5 years
Bangladesh with a population of
144.3 million people in 2005 will
have approximately 288.6
million people in 2038, if the
population continues to grow at
current rates.
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic transition occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and
high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic
development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. Usually it
is described through the "Demographic Transition Model" (DTM) that describes the
population changes over time.
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic transition occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and
high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic
development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. Usually it
is described through the "Demographic Transition Model" (DTM) that describes the
population changes over time.
Demographic Transition Model
Population Pyramids
Italy, 2000
AGE
4
80+ yrs.
75-79 yrs.
3
70-74 yrs.
65-69 yrs.
Males(%)
Females(%)
60-64 yrs.
55-59 yrs.
50-54 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
40-44 yrs.
35-39 yrs.
5
2
30-34 yrs.
25-29 yrs
20-24 yrs
15-19 yrs.
10-14 yrs.
1
5-9 yrs.
0-4 yrs.
10
8
6
4
2
0
PERCENT
2
4
6
8
10
Analysis of Italy’s
Population Pyramid
• 1. Decline in Birth Rate
• 2. Baby Boom
• 3. Fewer men due to World War I and II
• 4. More women due to: a. longer life
expectancy and b. World Wars (I and II)
• 5. More 75-79 yrs than 0-4 yrs. Signs of a
future worker shortage and an overall
declining population.
Italy, 2025
AGE
80+ yrs.
75-79 yrs.
70-74 yrs.
65-69 yrs.
Males(%)
Females(%)
60-64 yrs.
55-59 yrs.
50-54 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
40-44 yrs.
35-39 yrs.
30-34 yrs.
25-29 yrs
20-24 yrs
15-19 yrs.
10-14 yrs.
5-9 yrs.
0-4 yrs.
10
8
6
4
2
0
PERCENT
2
4
6
8
10
Italy, 2050
AGE
80+ yrs.
75-79 yrs.
70-74 yrs.
65-69 yrs.
Males(%)
Females(%)
60-64 yrs.
55-59 yrs.
50-54 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
40-44 yrs.
35-39 yrs.
30-34 yrs.
25-29 yrs
20-24 yrs
15-19 yrs.
10-14 yrs.
5-9 yrs.
0-4 yrs.
10
8
6
4
2
0
PERCENT
2
4
6
8
10
Mammoni: “Mama’s Boy”
p://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/11/22/why_italian_men_wont_leave_the_nest/#
Extremely High Birth and Death Rates
Persistent Poverty and Violence
tp://www.islamic-relief.com/submenu/appeal/somalia_crisis.htm
ttp://www.biyokulule.com/February_%201990s(4).htm
Stable Population Growth
Post War Baby Boom and Declining Birth Rate
://kotaku.com/gaming/only-in-japan/strange-japanese-game-center-name-226261.php
ttp://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539825
What factors influence population
distribution?
►Environmental
►What
factors--
type of natural resources are in
the area? Does it have oil, or arable
land or access to water?
 What is the climate like?
 Does it have capital resources such
as transportation and technology?
►Economic
factors--
What is the economic
development like?
What are the resources like?
►Political
factors--
What is the government policy?
Are there many conflicts?
Is it a rural/urban area?
What are the characteristics of
human populations?
►Birth
and Death rates-
How many people per 1000 are
born or die in a year?
►Age
Distribution--
How many people are in each
age category?
►Male/Female
distribution--
Are there more males or more
females? Why?
►Life
Expectancy--
How old can you expect to live?
►Infant
Mortality--
How many children die before
their second birthday?
►Urban
/Rural--
 Where do most people live? In the
city/country?
►GDP--
 Is the country’s GDP high or low?
►Ethnicity--
 Does the population have one
dominate ethnicity or many and do
they get along?
►Language--
 Do the people speak one language
or do they have multiple languages?
►Religion- Do the people share the same
religion or do they have multiple
ones?
►Education- Are the people highly educated?
What factors influence population
growth rates?
►Does
the country have modern
medicine and hygiene practices?
►What is the level of the average
education?
►Is the country industrialized and do
the people live in urban areas?
►What
is the level of economic
development? Does the country have
a primary, secondary, or tertiary
economy?
►What is the government’s policy
toward growth? Are there any
restrictions?
►What role do women play in the
society?
Push factors of immigration
►Push
factors are factors which
force people to move.
Overproduction
religious persecution
lack of job opportunities
agricultural decline
conflict
Political persecution
Natural hazards--droughts,
floods, famines, volcanic
eruptions
Limits on personal freedom
environmental degradation
(decline)
Pull factors of immigration
►Pull
factors attract people to an
area
Religion
Economic opportunity
Land availability
Political freedom
Ethnic and family ties
Arable land
What is the impact of migration on
regions?
►Language--multiple
languages
►Religion and religious freedom
►Customs/traditions--exchanged
►Cultural landscape--diffusion
►Diffusion--is the spreading of
ideas and traits
What is some evidence of cultural
interaction?
►The
spreading (diffusion) of US
culture to other regions of the
world
►popularization of other
cultures’ traditions in the US
Spatial Divisions as Forces of
Conflict and Cooperation
Spatial divisions are regions of
the Earth’s surface over which
groups of people establish social,
economic and political control.
Spatial divisions may generate
conflict and/or cooperation.
Examples of Spatial Divisions
►Neighborhoods
►School
districts
►Cities
and Counties
►Election
Districts
►Regional
Districts
►States
Reasons for Spatial Divisions
Why are spatial divisions necessary at
the local and regional levels?
1) Desire for government to be closer
to home;
2) need to solve local problems and
3) need to administer resources more
efficiently
►How
Reasons for Conflict
do spatial systems
generate conflict?
►1) Citizens may argue over
boundaries;
2) Citizens may have low
tolerance for different cultures;
3) Citizens may fight/compete
over scarce resources and
4) Citizens and/or politicians
may try to gain political
advantage
Political Advantage?
►Yes,
spatial divisions can be
created in order to manipulate
an electoral area, usually by
altering the boundaries. This is
known as gerrymandering.
This is done to gain an unfair
political advantage
in an election.
Reasons for Cooperation
1) Natural disasters
2) Economic advantages (attracts
new businesses)
3) Cultural similarities—ethnic
backgrounds
4) Addressing regional issues like
waste management, magnet
schools and transportation.
Urban Development
►Urbanization,
or the growing of
cities, was triggered by
industrialization.
►Patterns of urban development
occur according to site and
situation.
Site and situation
►Site
and situation are
important geographic concepts
when studying the growth of
cities.
►Site
city.
is the actual location of a
►Situation
is another name
for relative location—the
location of a city with respect
to other geographic features,
regions, resources, and
transport routes.
Site
►Harbor
Sites: NY City, Alexandria,
Egypt; Istanbul Turkey
►Island sites: Paris, Hong Kong,
Singapore
►Fall line sites: Richmond, VA
►Confluence sites: Khartoum,
Sudan; Pittsburg, PA
►Hilltop
sites: Rome, Athens,
Jerusalem
►Oasis Sites: Damascus, Syria
►Sites where rivers narrow:
London, Quebec City
Situation
►Istanbul—Command
of straits
and land bridge to Europe
►Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi
(Benares), India—Focal point of
pilgrimage
►Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an,
China; Timbuktu, Mali;
Singapore—Cities that grew up
around trade routes
►Capetown,
S.Africa—Supply
station for ships
►Omaha, Nebraska;
Sacramento, California—Cities
that grew up along the U.S.
Transcontinental railroad
►Novosibirsk,Vladivostok-Cities
that grew up along the TransSiberian Railroad
Functions of towns and cities
►Security
and defense
►Religious centers
►Trade centers (local and long
distance
►Governmental administration
►Manufacturing centers
►Service centers
Examples of a city changing functions
over time
►Rio de Janeiro—was the capital
but now is a tourist attraction
(Brasilia)
►Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—early
function was for frontier
defense, then shifted to steel
manufacturing, and now is the
home to many diverse services
►New
York City—has changed
from a center of coastal and
transatlantic trade to a center
for the Great Lakes and Erie
canal region to worldwide trade
and finances
►Mining towns– once the
resources were gone, many
towns became “ghost towns”
What influence do urban areas have on
their region and country?
►They are the home to monuments
which help bring pride and develop
nation-building.
►They are transportation and
communication centers.
►They are natural attractions for
immigrants.
►They
are the seed beds for
new ideas and technologies.
►Their diversity helps lead to
creativity in the arts.
►Many are the home to major
Universities which provide
educational opportunities.
►They
are the headquarters and
regional outposts of major
corporations.
►The major media outlets have
their centers there
(newspapers, radio, and
television).
What problems are associated with
growth of urban areas?
►Transportation problems, especially
since the automobile.
►Rich and poor neighborhoods are
usually isolated from one another.
►As overcrowding occurs, providing
essential services (water, sewage,
electricity) is a problem.
►Air,
water, and noise pollution
►Sprawl (spreading) of urban
areas takes agricultural land
out of production.
►Rapid migration results in
“shantytowns” on the edge of
Latin American, Asian, and
African cities.
►In
developing countries, major
cities are more connected to
the outside world than to less
developed regions in their own
countries