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People and Places
1 Planet, 6.7 Billion People
•Element: item or thing
Issue: item, thing, or concern
•Affect: to impact; to influence
Overview
• What’s the most important
element of geography?
– Climate?
– Physical systems?
– Culture?
• Answer: POPULATION
• Population affects
everything else in geography
• The people and places of
the Earth (where they live)
are the greatest issue facing
the world today…
The question is: How much can the Earth hold?
Activity: Who Lives Where?
• What continent has the
most people?
• What countries have the
largest cities?
• The goal of this activity
is to locate the world’s
20 largest cities and
see if we can understand
WHY PEOPLE LIVE
THERE
The question is: How much can the Earth hold?
The “Spheres”
•
•
We now know WHERE
people live, but now we
need to understand WHY
People don’t just decide to
live in New York City for
the heck of it
–
•
There’s a reason that they’re
there!
The location of people is
determined by the 4
spheres:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Ecosphere
•
All 4 of these spheres make
the biosphere…
The Earth’s lithosphere surrounds us all. It is
mountains, valleys, plateaus, and canyons
The Atmosphere
•
•
Atmo: air or smoke
Sphere: area or region
–
•
The atmosphere is all
around us
–
–
•
atmosphere: the “air area”
It’s the air we breath
It’s the clouds we see in the
sky
Hard to say which
“sphere” is the most
important, but we couldn’t
survive without the
atmosphere
The atmosphere might be
the most important “sphere” of all
Our understanding of the
atmosphere is limited mainly to the
quality of the air we breath. The
United States, Western Europe,
and China have the world’s worst
pollution. In the United States,
California and the Northeast have
the worst atmospheric air quality
The Hydrosphere
•
•
Hydro: water or liquid
Sphere: area or region
–
•
The hydrosphere is all the
water around us
–
–
–
–
•
hydrosphere: the “water
area”
Oceans
Lakes
Rivers
Rain and evaporation
Most of where humans live
is determined by the
hydrosphere (for example,
how much rain falls there?)
The hydrosphere is everything from oceans
to lakes to rivers to rain and evaporation
The Boulder Creek Flood Plane
Every 100 years, Boulder Creek floods well over normal
rates. Boulder High School is right in the flood path
Boulder
High
School
Most water
Least Water
This graph shows the rate of flow for Boulder Creek.
It flows the most in mid-May, and flows the least in mid-March
The Lithosphere
•
•
Litho: stone
Sphere: area or region
–
•
The lithosphere is
everything we stand on
–
–
–
–
•
lithosphere: the “stone area”
Mountains
Valleys
Plateaus
Canyons
It’s the interaction of the
lithosphere that makes a
place difficult to live in…
The interaction of parts of the lithosphere
can make certain places a deadly place to live
The Ring of Fire is a name
for the series of volcanoes
around the Pacific Ocean
Mexico
The Ecosphere
•
•
Eco: environment
Sphere: area or region
–
•
The ecosphere is all
around us
–
–
•
ecosphere: the “environment
area”
It’s the trees, birds, flowers,
grass, etc.
Human beings are a huge
part of the ecosphere
Different parts of the world
have different ecospheres,
meaning different things
live in certain areas
The ecosphere is all living things –
from humans and trees to plants and animals
The Biosphere
•
•
Bio: life
Sphere: area or region
–
•
The biosphere is a
combination of all 4
spheres
–
•
•
biosphere: the “life area”
It’s the interactions between
the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere,
and ecosphere
There is really only one
biosphere – Earth!
You can have different
ecospheres, but only one
biosphere!
The ecosphere is all living things –
from humans and trees to plants and animals
Activity: Why Live There?
•
•
•
We now know WHERE
people live, but now we
need to understand WHY
Look at specific parts of the
world, and see how those
countries and regions are
effected by the spheres
Then, for example, see if
you can understand why all
of China’s population is on
the coast
–
HINT: It’s the hydrosphere!
Why do all of China’s people live on the coast?
Scotland
England
•Famine: having no food or nothing to eat
Opportunity: An exciting chance or event
•Climate: the weather; “Colorado has a good climate because it’s never too hot or too cold”
Migration
•
•
•
We now understand WHY
people live where they do,
but then, why would people
leave?
migration: the movement
of people from one place to
another
People migration for 2
reasons
1. push factor: something that
“pushes” you out of your
home, like war, famine,
disease, etc.
2. pull factor: something that
“pulls” you out of your home,
because another place is
more attractive (better job,
climate, opportunities, etc.)
Early man migrated out of Africa in search for water
“Pull Factor”
•
•
You leave a certain place
because of the idea that
somewhere else is
BETTER!
For me, I came to Boulder
because CU offered me
something that other
schools and states couldn’t!
–
And I stayed here, because of
the following “pull factors”
•
•
•
•
Friends
Job
Environment
the Buffs!
I’m pretty awesome…
“Pull Factor”
•
•
•
What happens if a
place is “too
attractive”?
Read the provided
article from the Daily
Camera and see what
happens when people
“Rush to the Rockies”
Be ready to discuss
what you read and
what you thought…
TIME Magazine cover – September 6, 1993
•Migration: to move from one place to another
“Push Factor”
•
•
Much sadder than “pull
factors”
People are “pushed” out
of the places they live for
many of the following
reasons:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
War
Disease
Climate change
Bad economy
Sadly, the world is full of
“push factors”, such as
the “forced migration”
that occurred between
India and Pakistan…
An Indian boy sits atop an Indian refugee camp
England
India
- 1858 -
England
India
•Partition: to divide or split
•Riot: A war or battle, usually within a city
The Partition of India
•
•
•
After years of colonial rule,
India, gets its
independence from
England
1947: Britain splits India
into two regions: Pakistan
(Muslim) and India (Hindu)
Bloody riots and civil wars
as Muslims and Hindus
pass each other the road to
their new homes
–
–
•
7,000,000 Muslims went from
India to Pakistan
7,200,000 Hindus went from
Pakistan to India
Hatred between the two
countries continues today…
The partition of India resulted in
14 million
people
displaced
Mohandas
K. Gandhi
•Transport: To send or deliver somewhere
Activity: Forced Migration
•
What is it like to be
pushed out of your
home?
– Even if the British
thought they were doing
the right thing?
•
Try to transport yourself
back in time: What
would YOU have done?
•Colonization: When one country sends its own people into another, to make a new life and establish contacts
•Resource: Something you need, like water, food, oil, etc.
Function: To work; to get something done
“Push” AND “Pull Factors”
•
•
There are examples in
history where people are
pushed AND pulled out of
their home location
A perfect example of this is
colonization
–
–
•
Pushed out because of a
need for land and resources
Pulled out because of the
attraction of “what’s out there”
Today, all countries, as a
whole, function on push
AND pull factors…
For the Europeans, colonization was a push (need
for resources) and pull factor (“what’s out there”)
Activity: Taking the Lion’s Share
•
Get into groups of 6, and
from there, break into
groups of 2
–
–
•
•
Partner 1: Find the countries
in an atlas
Partner 2: Color in the
countries on your
transparency
When you have finished
locating and coloring, share
your map with the rest of
your group
On your own personal map,
color in the countries and
the nations that owned
them…
All major European powers scrambled for Africa
British Empire
French Empire
Spanish Empire
Population
•
Currently, there are 6.7
billion people in the
world
– That’s 6,700,000,000…
•
•
•
•
We are
here…
How much higher can it
go?
Is it getting better or
worse?
Which countries have
grown the most?
Which countries have
grown the least?
Where will it end?
Activity: Charting Population
•
•
•
Use the data provided
to chart the growth of
the world, along with
the growth of the
individual continents
Then, answer the
questions provided
Is it one continent’s
problem, or is it all of
ours?
Are we getting too close to the edge?
•Expert: Someone who knows a lot about something; “I’m an expert on the environment of Colorado”
•Snapshot: A quick look at something; “I was watching TV and I saw a snapshot of the Iraq War”
Charting Population
•
•
How do the experts make
sense of population?
demograph: a graph that
measures the increase and
decrease in population
–
–
•
demo: people
graph: map
Demographers use
population pyramids to
show the snapshot of a
country’s population trends
for a given year
Are we getting too close to the edge?
Male
Female
30 – 34 year
old males
3%
3%
•Rapid: Fast
Population Pyramids
•
3 kinds of pyramids
1.
Rapid Growth Pyramid
•
•
2.
Slow Growth Pyramid
•
•
•
3.
Fat on the bottom
TONS of little kids (who will
eventually become adults) and
VERY FEW old people
Relatively “square-shaped”
Maybe a slight bulge toward the
bottom-half of the pyramid
Population of that country is
growing, but not quickly
Negative Growth Pyramid
•
•
•
Fatter on the top or in the middle
than it is on the bottom
More old people than kids
When the old people die off,
there’s no one to take their place
What kind of population pyramid is this?
Afghanistan
United States
Review
•
What kinds of
population pyramids
are these?
What kind of population pyramid is this?
•Trend: Something you can measure or see over a certain amount of time; rising oil prices are a “trend”
•Stage: A period of time or a part of something larger; “My football team and I are in the weight training stage”
Demography
•
Population Pyramids
show a snapshot of a
specific country’s
population in a specific year
–
•
•
But what about population
trends?
According to
demographers, each
country goes through
specific population trends,
called stages
By studying these stages,
you can predict where a
country’s population will
end up…
What kind of population pyramid is this?
Demography
•
How does population
increase?
–
•
How does population
decrease?
–
•
•
Answer: Mothers have
babies!
Answer: People die!
birth rate: how fast (or
slow) the mothers of a
country have babies
death rate: how fast (or
slow) people of a country
die
Population is determined by rates of birth and death
Quick Quiz
•
•
•
If a country is growing
quickly, do they have a
high or low birth rate,
and a high or low death
rate?
If a country is growing
slowly, what kinds of
birth rates and death
rates do they have?
If a country’s population
is dropping, what kinds
of birth rates and death
rates do they have?
Population is determined by rates of birth and death
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Equal
Birth
High Birth
High Birth
Low Birth
High Death
Low Death
Low Death
Equal
Death
•Industrial Revolution: When a country becomes focused on factories and business, not farming
Stage 1: High Birth, High Death
•
High birth rates and high
death rates together
–
•
•
High infant mortality rate (or
high baby death rate)
means many babies won’t
survive first year of life
because of poor health
conditions
Population doesn’t grow or
decrease much
Typical of agricultural
countries that haven’t
reached the Industrial
Revolution yet
Stage 1: HIGH birth rates and HIGH death rates
•Significantly: Something important or worth noting; something big
Stage 2: High Birth, Low Death
•
High birth rates and low
death rates
–
•
•
•
Babies are living past their
first birthdays. The elderly are
kept alive longer with better
food and medicine
Population grows
significantly!
Usually occurs when
societies change from
agriculture to industry.
Eventually people will stop
having as many babies
because they don’t need
‘em!
Stage 2: HIGH birth rates and LOW death rates
•Urbanized: Moving from small towns and the countryside to the big cities
•Achieve: To get to a certain level; to accomplish or win something
Stage 3: Low Birth, Low Death
•
Low birth rates and low
death rates together
–
–
•
•
•
Fewer babies born, because
families don’t “need” them.
The elderly are kept alive
because of medicine,
nutrition, and health care
Also, most families have
“urbanized”
Population doesn’t grow or
decrease much
Typical of world powers
(U.S., Japan, Canada, etc.)
This is what ALL countries
hope to achieve
someday…
Stage 3: LOW birth rates and LOW death rates
Stage 4: Equal Birth and Death
•
Well, it’s not really real…
–
•
Basically, this is a
PERFECT model, and one
the world power’s hope to
achieve some day
–
•
Because ideally, one baby is
born for every one person that
dies
France, Germany, and Japan
are the closest
In a perfect world, the
population would never
grow because when one
person comes in, the other
goes out!
Stage 4: EQUAL birth rates and EQUAL death rates
Equal
Birth
High Birth
High Birth
Low Birth
High Death
Low Death
Low Death
Equal
Death
Stage 1: High Birth, High Death
• 1758:
– Birth: 32,000
– Death: 32,000
• No population growth
•Substantial: Something important; a lot of something
Stage 1: High Birth, High Death
• 1795:
– Birth: 32,000
– Death: 27,000
• 5,000 population growth
– Substantial, but not
continuous…
Stage 2: High Birth, Low Death
• 1860:
– Birth: 33,000
– Death: 17,000
• Population growth of
16,000!
Stage 2: High Birth, Low Death
• 1895:
– Birth: 27,000
– Death: 15,000
• Population growth of 12,000
• Pretty much the same with
rest of the trends of Stage 2
Stage 3: Low Birth, Low Death
• 1918:
– Birth: 20,000
– Death: 18,000
• Population growth of only
2,000.
Stage 3: Low Birth, Low Death
• 1977:
– Birth: 12,000
– Death: 12,000
• By estimates, the
population has not grown at
all!
***After 1975, Sweden will
enter Stage 4 in which their
Total Fertility Rate is less
than or equal to 2.5
How Many Babies Are Born?
•Exponentially: A math term; a lot
To Sum Up…
•
•
•
Population affects everything
around us
There a number of push and pull
factors that either attract us to a
certain place, or force us out
Over the past few centuries, the
population of the world has
increased exponentially
–
•
•
•
And every country in the world
has gone through (and is going
through) the Demographic
Transition Model to reach
where they are today
Demographics is the study of
population
Population Pyramids show a
snapshot of a specific country’s
population for a single year
Ideally, every country would be in
the Fourth Stage of the DTM…