Download POPULATION & MIGRATION MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION

APHG Review
2009/2010
Keller - APHG
POPULATION & MIGRATION
MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION
POPULATION
• 6.6 billion people
• 80% in “Pings”
• Over 50% in urban
areas
DENSITY
• Density – number of
people per square
mile
• Agricultural - # of
farmers per unit of
arable land
• Physiological - # of
people per unit of
arable land
DISTRIBUTION
• The arrangement of something across
Earth’s surface
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
COMPOSITION
• Pyramids – bar graph
representing the
distribution of
population by age and
sex
• Ethnic patterns in US
Population Pyramids
Sudan, 2000
United States, 2000
Italy, 2000
POPULATION & NATURAL HAZARDS
• Technology and Innovation
 Agricultural Revolution
 Industrial Revolution
 Medical Revolution
•
•
•
•
Black Plague
Irish Potato Famine
World Wars
AIDS
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
total fertility rate
infant mortality rate
life expectancy
Natural increase rate
(BR-DR)
doubling time
dependency ratio
J-curve
pyramids
carrying capacity
OVERPOPULATION
Excessive population of an area to the
point of overcrowding, depletion of natural
resources, or environmental deterioration
Thomas Malthus
• British economist in 1798
• Population limited by the
means of food production
• Population will increase
with food production
• Private checks – “moral
restraint, celibacy, chastity
• Destructive checks – war,
poverty, pestilence,
famine
What is the
“carrying capacity”
related to today?
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• Based on Western
Europe’s experiences
• Stage 3 - personal
choices – most critical
stage
• Stage 4 – social
customs - women
POPULATION POLICIES
• China’s One-Child Policy
• India’s policy – democracy, education,
family planning
• United States – norms/mores (1750, 1950);
changing demographics
MIGRATION
• Long-term movement of a person from one
political jurisdiction to another
• Immigrate/Emigrate
Political
Economic
Environmental
Cultural
MIGRATION
• Push Factors
• Pull Factors
MIGRATION
• Forced migration
• Voluntary migration
CULTURAL PATTERS
AND PROCESS
CONCEPTS OF
CULTURE
CULTURE –
The way of life
of a group of
people
Think: ABC’S of
CULTURE!
CONCEPTS OF
CULTURE
TRAIT –
A single
attribute of
culture, such
as wearing a
turban in a
Muslim
society
CONCEPTS OF
CULTURE
COMPLEX –
Combination of
traits; related
set of traits,
such as
prevailing
dress codes,
cooking, eating
utensils
CONCEPTS OF
CULTURE
SYSTEM –
Combined cultural complexes;
Northern China eats wheat;
Southern China eats rice; both
speak a similar language;
shared history, philosophy,
cultural traditions & attitudes
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
The imprint of cultures on the land creates
distinct and characteristic examples
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
1. VALUES AND PREFERENCES –
 language, religion, entertainment,
government buildings
 “atmosphere” – easy to perceive, difficult to
define
“Wall
Street”
“China Town”
“Main Street”
“Little Italy”
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY
2. SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPES –
size of Hindu/Buddhist temples are smaller
than Islamic mosque or Christian church
toponyms (New York, Washington, D.C.,
Palestine/Rome/Paris Texas)
CULTURE HEARTH
Point of origin
and source of
cultural growth
and diffusion
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
From the
hearths,
cultural
innovations
and ideas
spread to
other areas
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
PERCEPTION
Varying ideas
and attitudes
about space,
place, and
territory
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
Process in
whichACCULTURATI
ON
a culture is
substantially
changed through
interaction with
another culture but
it does not
completely
disappear
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
REGIONS –
areas in which
there is a degree of
homogeneity in the cultural
characteristics; areas with
similar landscapes
1
2
3
4
5
–
–
–
–
–
the Americas
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Far East/Orient
South Asia
CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
6 – Southeast Asia
7 – Oceania
8 – Middle East/Arab World
9 – West Africa
10 – Sub-Saharan
Africa
LANGUAGES
Family – shared but distant origins (Indo-European)
Branch – collection of languages related through a common ancestor
(Romance, Germanic)
Group – collection of languages within a branch that share common
origin and display relatively few differences in grammar and
vocabulary (West Germanic: English, German, Dutch
Lingua Franca – common language understood by many people
although they each speak another language
Pidgin – language that has a small vocabulary and is combined and
distorted from two or more languages
LANGUAGES
2007 Statistics
LANGUAGE FAMILY
Indo-European
Sino-Tibetan
MAJOR LANGUAGE
#/MILLIONS
Spanish
488
Hindi
Portuguese
Bengali
Russian
274
269
259
220
English
Mandarin Chinese
468
1322
Japanese-Korean
Japanese
Korean
185
75
Afro-Asiatic
Arabic
312
RELIGION
difficult to define, but contains some common
characteristics:
1 – belief in a god or gods 3 – literature/book
2 – rituals
4 – ethics/rules
monotheism – belief in one god
polytheism – belief in more than one god
animism – a soul or spirit is attributed to various
phenomena
universalizing – actively seeking converts *CONFLICT*
ethnic – closely identified with a specific cultural group
RELIGION 2007 statistics
RELIGION
TOTAL #
%
Christianity
2,112,000
33.32
Islam
1, 344,000
21.01
Hinduism
832,000
13.26
No Religion
541,420
11.77
Buddhism
373,760
5.84
Atheism
148,480
2.32
Sikhism
22,400
.35
Judaism
14,720
0.23
RELIGION
Cultural Landscape
 food eaten/meals
 festivals/clothing
 temples/mosques/churches
 statues/figurines
ETHNICITY
Combination of a people’s culture (traditions,
customs, language, & religion) and racial
ancestry
Ethnic cleansing is the slaughter or forced
removal of one ethnic group from its home by
another group
Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia, Quebec,
Holocaust(?)
GENDER
Roles performed culturally as
designated by gender
Women still perform the majority of
the domestic work
In the workplace, women do not
get paid the same as men or
have the same number of
opportunities
Urban landscapes – statues and
monuments typically male (war
heroes, etc.)
POPULAR CULTURE
Massive,
homogene
ous,
diffuse
rapidly,
technologi
cal
FOLK CULTURE
Traditional,
small,
individualistic,
family, little if
any technology
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Territoriality
• The attempt by an individual or group to
affect, influence, or control people,
phenomena, and relationships, by
delimiting and asserting control over a
geographic area
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Sovereignty
Principle that final
authority over social,
economic, and political
matters should rest with
the legitimate rulers of
independent states and
be recognized by other
states and codified by
international law
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Unitary State
• An internal
organization of a
state that places
most power in the
hands of central
government
officials
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Federal State
• Allocation of
strong power to
units of local
government
within the
country
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Democratization
The transition to a more
democratic political regime
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation
• a group of people who possess common
cultural traits
• Kurdistan
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
• State
• a political entity that possesses
sovereignty over an area delimited by
internationally recognized boundaries
• Mexico
POLITICAL DEFINITIONS
Nation-state
•a political unit that
contains one
principal national
group that gives it
its identity and
defines its territory
•United Kingdom
RISE OF NATION-STATES
1. in response to the rise of nationalist political
philosophies during the 18th century
2. humans want to be close to those of similar
background
3. necessary and logical component of the
transition from feudalism to capitalism
4. logical accompaniment of economic growth
based on expanding technologies
5. arose from the collapse of local communities
and the need for effective communication
within a large unit
GROWTH THEORIES
Wallerstein’s World Systems
•World is divided into three spheres:
core
semi periphery
periphery
GROWTH THEORIES
RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
1. Size will increase as culture develops
2. Growth of a state is subsequent to other
manifestations of the growth of the
people
3. Growth from a process of annexing
smaller members
4. Boundaries are peripheral organs that
take part in all transformations of the
state
GROWTH THEORIES
RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH
5. As state grows, it will strive to occupy
some politically valuable locations
6. Initial stimulus for growth is external
7. Tendency to grow continually increases
in intensity
GROWTH THEORIES
What connection is there
between these growth theories
and the concepts of
Environmental Determinism
and
Possiblism?
Colonialism and Imperialism
• Core – higher levels of
education, salaries, more
technology
• Semi-periphery –
transition between the
two
• Periphery – lower
levels of education,
salaries, less technology
INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY
Ethnic homogeneity of countries
vary, but the extent of a state’s
cultural diversity often
influences its political stability
CHANGES IN POLITICAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Ethnic diversity can be a strong
centrifugal force – leading to civil
disorder, international conflict,
unspeakable human rights abuses
Yugoslavia
CHANGES IN POLITICAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Centripetal Forces
Unifying tendencies,
such as a
widespread
commitment to a
national culture,
shared ideological
objectives, and a
common faith
CHANGES IN POLITICAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Supranationalism
Organization
involving three or
more nation-states
involving formal
political,
economic, and/or
cultural
cooperation to
promote shared
objectives
CHANGES IN POLITICAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Devolution
Process by which
regions within a
state demand
and gain
political strength
and growth
authority at the
expense of
central
government
BOUNDARIES
I.
Generic Boundaries
•
identified on the basis of their
inherent characteristics
•
natural or physical, ethnographic or
cultural, historical, geometric
BOUNDARIES
I.
•

Generic Boundaries:
Natural boundary
follows a river or
mountain range

arguments over mineral
and usage rights, bridge
construction and
maintenance, territory
lost as a result of course
changes over time
BOUNDARIES
• Ethnographic
boundary
Cultural differences
mark separation
Partition of India
BOUNDARIES
• Geometric
Using grid
systems
such as
latitude and
longitude or
township and
range
BOUNDARIES
Compact State
Distance from center
to any boundary
does not vary
significantly
Prorupted State
Compact state with a
large projecting
extension
BOUNDARIES
Fragmented State
Includes several
discontinuous
pieces of territory
Perforated State
A state that
completely
surrounds
another one
BOUNDARIES
Elongated State
States with long
and narrow
shape
AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL LAND USE
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION
• NEOLITHIC
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
• SECOND AG
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
• THIRD AG
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS
• Upper SE Asian
Mainland
• Lower SE Asian
Mainland
• Eastern India
• SWA
• East African Highlands
•Meso-America
•North-Central China
•Mediterranean Basin
•Western Sudan
•Andean Highlands
•Eastern South America
AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES
• Nigerian women
spread seeds
•Slash and burn in
Peru
•Center pivot irrigation
in Oregon
AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE
ZONES
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Hunting &
Gathering
• Shifting
Cultivation
(slash-andburn)
• Pastoral
Nomadism
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Subsistence Ag
• Commercial Ag
• Mixed Crop &
Livestock
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Dairy Farming
• Grain Farming
• Livestock
Ranching
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Mediterranean Ag
• Commercial
Gardening/Fruit
Farming
• Plantation Farming
AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
• Columbian Exchange
• NAFTA
von THUNEN MODEL
• Originator of
spatial models
• Focused on
maximizing the
profit from his
agricultural lands
von THUNEN MODEL
• “Isolated state”
– no trade
connections
• Possessed only
one market
• Located centrally
in the state
• Uniform soil,
climate, level of
terrain
• All farmers lived
equal distance
from market and
had equal access
to it
• Farmers sought
maximum profits
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• The complex of seed and
management
improvements adapted
to the needs of intensive
agriculture that have
brought larger harvests
from a given area of
farmland
• 1965-1995, world cereal
production rose 90%,
mostly due to increased
crop yields rather than
expanding cropland
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• 1965-1983 average yields
• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• PEDS haven’t
slowed down –
always pushing
to find new
technologies
• Advancements
in PINGS (Mali)
has helped
delay famine
and extended
life
expectancies
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS
• New variations of seeds/plants
• Irrigation
• Mechanization
• Fertilization
• Use of pesticides
• More food
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of
land
• Ground water depletion
• Conflict between agricultural societies
and urban sprawl
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Blending of primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary sectors
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Increased
mechanization
•Development
of
biotechnology
HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE
FUTURE
• Will we be able to produce enough food for
the world’s people? At what cost –
economic and environmental?
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Industrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Location theory
helps explain the
spatial positioning of
industries and their
successes or failures
• Transportation,
labor, energy,
infrastructure costs
are all a part in the
location of heavy
industries
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Weber’s least-cost
theory
• Growth or decline of
industries are
influenced by
political and
environmental
fluctuations
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries
that industrialized
• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
• North American
manufacturing
complex is the
largest in the
world today
• Asian Pacific
Rim is the fastest
growing
industrial region
in the world today
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Enormous gaps
between rich and
poor, both globally
and regionally
• Underlying
economic disparities
is a core-periphery
relationship among
different regions of
the world
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
• 21st century opened
with some countries
stuck in the primary
sector whereas some
were pushing the
quaternary sector
• Rapid development is
usually associated with
democracy, but some
are growing under
authoritarian regimes
as well
CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
• Spatial organization of world economy
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Declining cost of
transportation and
communication
led to enormous
changes in
tertiary sector in
20th century
• Technology is
accelerating the
pace of life
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Deindustrialization
in core has led to
growth of labor
intensive
manufacturing in the
periphery
• International labor
has increased
globalization leading
to both positive and
negative impacts
QUALITY OF LIFE
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY OF LIFE
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE &
SUSTAINABILITY
IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
& DEVELOPMENT
CRITIQUES OF MODELS
• Immanuel
Wallerstein’s World
Systems Theory
Core
Semi-periphery
Periphery
•
CRITIQUES
OF
MODELS
Alfred Weber – Least Cost
Theory
• #1 cost in industrial
location… transportation of
raw materials to factory as
well as finished product to
market
• Cost-minimizing and
Profit-maximizing theories
have their impact as well
URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been
the fireplaces of
civilization, whence light
and heat radiated out into
the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker
STATISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Total Population:
World: 6,666,825,298
USA: 304,052,606
Urban Population:
World: 340,094, 520 or 51%
USA: 243,545,650 or 80.1%
http://www.census.gov/main/www/
MEGACITIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Transportation
Access to water routes more
important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San
Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC,
Philadelphia, Washington
DC, Richmond Va.,
Columbia SC, Columbus
Ga.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITE – the physical
characteristics of a
specific area
Originally located for
commerce and
defense
peninsulas and
islands for earliest
cities (Venice,
Paris)
hills useful
because of
defense and
drainage (Rome)
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh
water
domestic
consumption
level of
industrialization,
standard of
living, and
population
growth
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on
earthquake and flood plains
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields
Birmingham, England – near coal deposits
Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally
located around diamond mines
Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of
Mexico
Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to
Corn Belt
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
 SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational
lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by
drought
FUNCTIONS OF A CITY
Jobs and Services
 Residential
 Trade and Commerce
 Manufacturing
 Public Administration
 Personal Services
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON
URBANIZATION
 Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years
since 1800
 Mechanization has brought an increased flow of
migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more
urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to
exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna,
St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US
JOHN BORCHERT
 Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward
Europe
Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small
domestic hinterlands
 Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)
Crude national railroad network
Railroads converged with internal waterways
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US
JOHN BORCHERT
 Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
Rapid development of iron and steel industries
Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and
Midwest
 Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)
Complex highway and air transportation
Improved amenities and speed led to increase
suburban development
Sunbelt migration
URBANIZATION
RANK-SIZE RULE AND MEGALOPOLIS
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always is proportionately
large and exceptionally expressive of national
capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly
at least twice as large as the next largest city and
more than twice as significant.
- Mark Jefferson
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
Not all countries have a
primate city
•India – New Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata, Bangalore
•China & Brazil – Beijing,
Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio
de Janeiro
RANK-SIZE RULE
• The second and subsequent smaller cities
should represent a proportion of the largest
city. The second city would be ½ the size
of the largest city; the third largest city
would be 1/3 of the size, etc.
- George Zipf
RANK-SIZE RULE
• Paris (2.2 million) v.
Marseilles (800,000)
•London (6.9 million) v.
Birmingham (1 million)
•Mexico City (9.8 million)
v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)
MEGALOPOLIS
• Jean Gottman (1950s)
• 300 mile stretch of BosWash
• Greek for “very large city”
• Inter-linked relationships between a variety
of culturally and political urban areas
MEGALOPOLIS
• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and
grew into villages, then cities, and now urban
areas
•As time progressed, the need for tight
communication between Boston and
Washington increased dramatically
•Currently contains 17% of the country’s total
population in only 1.5% of the total area of the
country
MEGALOPOLIS
• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and
communications linkages are most important
•Government center, banking center, media
center, academic center, immigration center,
clothing manufacturing, cultural center
•40% of all commercial international airpassenger departures have Megalopolitan origins
•30% of American export trade passes through the
ports of Megalopolis
PRIMATE CITY of the World
• New York, New York
• The City That Never Sleeps!
Tom Wurst
LoneStar College
Houston, Texas
[email protected]